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鼻咽癌T分期累及舌骨上頸部筋膜間隙規(guī)律的MRl探討

2017-09-29 08:30:38王蔚凌周瑤王榮品何璽劉昌杰
磁共振成像 2017年5期
關鍵詞:軸面舌骨鼻咽

王蔚凌,周瑤,王榮品,何璽,劉昌杰

鼻咽癌T分期累及舌骨上頸部筋膜間隙規(guī)律的MRl探討

王蔚凌,周瑤,王榮品*,何璽,劉昌杰

作者單位:貴州省人民醫(yī)院放射科,貴陽 550002

目的 應用MRI探討鼻咽癌侵犯舌骨上頸部筋膜間隙的規(guī)律及其與腫瘤T分期的關系。材料與方法 回顧性分析2013年7月至2016年3月貴州省人民醫(yī)院經(jīng)病理學證實的鼻咽癌初診患者200例,在治療前行MRI平掃及增強檢查。由2名有經(jīng)驗的影像診斷醫(yī)師結(jié)合中國鼻咽癌臨床分期工作委員會新修訂形成的“鼻咽癌2008分期”,觀察鼻咽癌對舌骨上頸部各筋膜間隙的侵犯情況及其與T分期的關系,進一步了解鼻咽癌的生長規(guī)律。結(jié)果 (1)鼻咽癌對舌骨上各筋膜間隙的侵犯率依次為:咽黏膜間隙(200例)、咽旁間隙(180例)、咀嚼間隙(139例)、咽后間隙(125例)、椎周間隙(119例)、頸動脈間隙(57例)、腮腺間隙(14例)、下頜下間隙(2例)、面頰間隙(1例)。(2)鼻咽癌T1期8例(4.0%)腫瘤僅局限于咽黏膜間隙; T2期34例,其中64.7% (22/34)腫瘤突破咽顱底筋膜侵犯咽旁間隙;T3期61例(30.5%)腫瘤對舌骨上各筋膜間隙的侵犯率依次為咽黏膜間隙(100%,61/61)、咽旁間隙(100%,61/61)、咽后間隙(77.0%,47/61)、咀嚼間隙(68.9%,42/61)、椎周間隙(67.2%,41/61)及頸動脈間隙(37.7%,23/61),下頜下間隙、腮腺間隙、面頰間隙及頸后間隙均未見侵犯征象;T4期97例(48.5%)腫瘤對舌骨上各筋膜間隙的侵犯率依次為咽黏膜間隙(100%,97/97)、咽旁間隙(100%,97/97)、咀嚼間隙(100%,97/97)、咽后間隙(80.4%,78/97)、椎周間隙(76.3%,74/97)、頸動脈間隙(35.1%,34/97)、腮腺間隙(14.4%,14/97)、下頜下間隙(2.1%,2/97)及面頰間隙(1.0%,1/97),頸后間隙未見受侵征象。(3)鼻咽癌向單側(cè)及雙側(cè)侵犯率分別為30.2% (58/192)和69.8%(134/192)。結(jié)論 鼻咽癌對于周圍的舌骨上筋膜間隙侵犯中,以咽旁間隙侵犯率最高。頸后間隙是唯一未受侵犯的舌骨上筋膜間隙。腫瘤向周圍生長的模式為:向側(cè)方浸潤多于向后方,向后方浸潤多于向側(cè)后方,向雙側(cè)浸潤明顯多于向單側(cè)浸潤。

舌骨上頸部筋膜間隙;鼻咽腫瘤;磁共振成像

鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma)是發(fā)生在鼻咽頂后壁和側(cè)壁黏膜的一種惡性腫瘤,是華南地區(qū)的常見惡性腫瘤之一,國內(nèi)外應用MRI進行鼻咽癌及其周圍組織結(jié)構(gòu)侵犯的研究已有較多報道,但多局限于鼻咽癌周圍個別或部分間隙的單一研究探討,對與其密切相關的舌骨上筋膜間隙尚缺乏一個全面的敘述。筆者回顧性研究鼻咽癌初診患者的MR圖像,結(jié)合中國鼻咽癌臨床分期工作委員會新修訂形成的“鼻咽癌2008分期”[1],探討鼻咽癌對舌骨上頸部各筋膜間隙的侵犯規(guī)律,并為放療靶區(qū)的確定提供依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 病例入選

2013年7月至2016年3月診治于貴州省人民醫(yī)院經(jīng)病理學證實的鼻咽癌初診患者200例[為了避免不同病理類型可能存在的統(tǒng)計學差異,故均選用非角化性(未分化)癌],男127例,女73例,年齡15~81歲,中位年齡46歲。在治療前均行MR平掃及增強檢查。已知有頭頸部其他疾病者不納入本組資料。

1.2 掃描方法

使用Siemens 3.0 T超導型MR成像儀。掃描范圍軸面從顳葉至C3椎體,冠狀面及矢狀面從顳葉至T1椎體。MR平掃均采用軸面T1WI (TR 385 ms,TE 15 ms),軸面T2WI (TR 4532 ms,TE 100 ms),矢狀面T1WI (TR 350 ms,TE 15 ms),冠狀面T2WI (TR 4120 ms,TE 100 ms),層厚均為5 mm,層間距均為1 mm;軸面DWI (TR 6000 ms,TE 58 ms,層厚4 mm,層間距1 mm)。增強檢查對比劑Gd-DTPA,總量0.2 mmol/kg體重,流率2.0 ml/s,使用高壓注射器經(jīng)肘靜脈注入。行FSE序列T1WI+Fs軸面、冠狀面及矢狀面掃描,掃描參數(shù)為TR 460 ms,TE 15 ms,層厚5 mm,層間距1 mm。然后將采集數(shù)據(jù)傳入圖像后處理工作站。

1.3 舌骨上頸部筋膜間隙的解剖定義

(1)下頜下間隙(SMS):位于口底,以下頜舌骨肌為界,將口底分為內(nèi)上的舌下間隙和外下的頜下間隙。(2)咽黏膜間隙(PMS):主要結(jié)構(gòu)為鼻咽及口咽,值得注意的是,腭帆提肌位于咽顱底筋膜內(nèi)側(cè),故也屬于咽黏膜間隙。(3)咽后間隙(RPS):為咽縮肌與椎前肌之間的脂肪間隙,上起顱底,下達縱隔。(4)椎周間隙(PVS):椎體周圍的肌群共同構(gòu)成椎周間隙,上起顱底,下達縱隔。(5)頸動脈間隙(CS):頸動脈間隙又稱頸動脈鞘,上達頸靜脈孔,下達主動脈弓。(6)咽旁間隙(PPS):也稱為莖突前間隙,嚴格地說,它并非由頸深筋膜圍繞而成,而是位于這幾層筋膜之間的脂肪充填間隙,范圍自顱底延伸至舌骨。(7)腮腺間隙(PS):位于下頜骨后緣,淺層筋膜分裂包繞腮腺,形成腮腺間隙。(8)咀嚼間隙(MS):位于下頜骨下緣,其內(nèi)包括下頜骨升支、翼內(nèi)肌、翼外肌、咬肌和顳肌。(9)頸后間隙(PCS):由外側(cè)包繞胸鎖乳突肌的頸深筋膜淺層和內(nèi)側(cè)的椎前筋膜構(gòu)成,從顱底向下延伸至鎖骨。(10)面頰間隙(BS):其內(nèi)界是上頜骨牙槽外緣的頰肌,后緣是咀嚼間隙[2]。

1.4 診斷標準

MR平掃T1WI呈稍低信號,T2WI呈稍高信號,增強后呈不均勻或(和)均勻強化,DWI高b值圖像呈高信號且ADC圖呈低信號視為腫瘤侵犯。顱底骨質(zhì)在T1WI上脂肪高信號消失,增強后有明顯強化為骨質(zhì)侵犯的診斷標準[3]。

根據(jù)Li等[4]的標準,將鼻咽部周圍舌骨上筋膜間隙鼻咽癌的侵犯率劃分為高危組(≥35)、中危組(≥5~<35 )和低危組(<5) 3個等級。高危組為PPS、MS、RPS、PVS受侵;中危組為:CS、PS受侵;低危組為:SMS、BS受侵。

1.5 MR圖像分析

由2名有經(jīng)驗的影像診斷醫(yī)師結(jié)合中國鼻咽癌臨床分期工作委員會新修訂形成的“鼻咽癌2008分期”[1],觀察鼻咽癌對舌骨上頸部各筋膜間隙的侵犯情況及其與T分期的關系。對不一致的征象與至少一名副主任醫(yī)師共同討論,并取得一致意見后確定,將仍有分歧意見的病例剔除病例觀察組。

1.6 統(tǒng)計學處理

采用Epidate軟件進行雙份錄入,通過統(tǒng)計軟件SPSS 13.0對鼻咽癌各舌骨上筋膜間隙的侵犯率、與鼻咽部緊鄰的三個舌骨上筋膜間隙的侵犯率、向周圍間隙單側(cè)及雙側(cè)侵犯率、T2、T3、T4期不同舌骨上筋膜間隙侵犯率相互比較,均采用卡方檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 舌骨上筋膜間隙的侵犯率

200例鼻咽癌各舌骨上筋膜間隙的侵犯率見表1,侵犯間隙分別為:咽黏膜間隙(PMS)、咽旁間隙(PPS)、咀嚼間隙(MS)、咽后間隙(RPS)、椎周間隙(PVS)、頸動脈間隙(CS)、腮腺間隙(PS)、下頜下間隙(SMS)、面頰間隙(BS)。其中頸后間隙(PCS)是唯一未受侵的間隙。鼻咽癌侵犯各間隙的MRI表現(xiàn)見圖1~9。

2.2 舌骨上筋膜間隙的侵犯率對比分析

鼻咽部緊鄰的三個舌骨上筋膜間隙的侵犯率進行兩兩對比分析,結(jié)果顯示腫瘤向側(cè)方的咽旁間隙浸潤多于向后方的咽后間隙,兩兩比較差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(表2);向后方的咽后間隙浸潤多于向側(cè)后方的頸動脈間隙,兩者之間差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(表3)。鼻咽癌向周圍間隙單側(cè)及雙側(cè)侵犯率進行對比分析,結(jié)果顯示,鼻咽癌向雙側(cè)浸潤明顯多于向單側(cè)浸潤,兩者之間差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(表4)。

表1 200例非角化性(未分化)鼻咽癌對各舌骨上筋膜間隙的侵犯率比較Tab. 1 Comparison of the invasion rates of the 200 cases of non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (undifferentiated)invasion to all suprahyoid fascial spaces

表2 咽旁間隙與咽后間隙的侵犯率比較Tab. 2 Comparison of the invasion rates between the PPS and the RPS

表3 咽后間隙與頸動脈間隙的侵犯率比較Tab. 3 Comparison of the invasion rates between RPS and CS

表4 鼻咽癌向周圍間隙單側(cè)及雙側(cè)侵犯率比較Tab. 4 Comparison of the invasion rates of between the unilateral and bilateral invasion of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma to the surrounding space

表5 鼻咽癌各T分期侵犯舌骨上筋膜間隙的結(jié)果(例)Tab. 5 Results of all T stages of nasopharyngeal carcinoma invasion to the suprahyoid fascial spaces (n)

圖1 FSE序列軸面T1WI增強示腫瘤僅局限于咽黏膜間隙,未突破咽顱底筋膜 圖2 FSE序列軸面T1WI增強示左側(cè)腭帆張肌明顯強化,提示病灶突破咽顱底筋膜侵及左側(cè)咽旁間隙 圖3 FSE序列軸面T1WI增強示左側(cè)翼內(nèi)外肌明顯強化,提示病灶侵及左側(cè)咀嚼間隙 圖4 FSE序列軸面T1WI增強,咽上縮肌及椎前肌間脂肪間隙消失,提示咽后間隙受侵 圖5,6 FSE序列軸面T1WI增強示病灶包繞右側(cè)頸動脈,并與腮腺分界不清,呈明顯強化,提示右側(cè)頸動脈間隙及腮腺間隙受侵 圖7 FSE序列軸面T1WI增強示雙側(cè)頭長肌呈明顯不均勻強化,提示椎周間隙受侵圖8 FSE序列軸面T1WI增強示右側(cè)上頜骨牙槽外方的脂肪間隙內(nèi)明顯不均勻強化,提示面頰間隙受侵 圖9 FSE序列軸面T1WI增強示右側(cè)頜下腺及周圍脂肪間隙內(nèi)見明顯強化灶,提示下頜下間隙受侵 圖10 FSE序列軸面T1WI增強示右側(cè)翼外肌明顯不均勻強化,其內(nèi)側(cè)翼內(nèi)肌信號尚均勻,未見異常強化灶Fig. 1 FSE sequence axial surface T1WI enhancement showed the tumor only confined to the PMS, without breaking the pharyngobasilar fascia.Fig. 2 FSE sequence axial surface T1WI enhanced showed on the left ensor palatinimuscle obvious reinforcement, suggesting the lesion broke through the pharyngeal fascia and the left PPS. Fig. 3 FSE sequence axial surface T1WI enhancement showed in the left medial pterygoid muscle strengthen,suggesting lesion invaded the left MS. Fig. 4 FSE sequence axial T1WI enhancement, pharyngeal muscle and intercostal muscle fat gap disappeared,suggesting the RPS invasion. Fig. 5, 6 FSE sequence axial surface T1WI enhancment showed lesions surrounded the right carotid artery, and had no clear boundary between parotid gland, was significantly enhanced, suggesting that the right CS and PS invasion. Fig. 7 FSE sequence axial surface T1WI enhancement in double side musculus longus capitis was obviously uneven reinforced, suggesting the PVS invasion. Fig. 8 FSE sequence axial surface T1WI enhancement showed signi ficant nonuniform reinforcement in the fat gap outside the right maxillary alveolar, suggesting the BS invasion.Fig. 9 FSE sequence axial surface T1WI enhanement showed the right side of the submandibular gland and the surrounding fat gap saw signi ficant enhancement lesions, the SMS was invaded. Fig. 10 FSE sequence axial surface T1WI enhancment showed on the right lateral pterygoid muscle obvious uneven reinforcement, its medial pterygoid was uniform, no abnormal strengthening.

2.3 本組鼻咽癌舌骨上頸部間隙侵犯程度

根據(jù)“鼻咽癌2008年分期標準”中T分期的各項標準,200例鼻咽非角化性(未分化)癌中T1期8例(4.0%),T2期34例(17.0%),T3期61例(30.5%),T4期97例(48.5%)。

MRI顯示鼻咽癌各T分期侵犯舌骨上筋膜間隙的結(jié)果見表5。

T1期8例,腫瘤均局限于咽黏膜間隙。T2期34例, 其中22例(64.7%)腫瘤突破咽顱底筋膜侵犯咽旁間隙,經(jīng)χ2檢驗,咽黏膜間隙侵犯率與咽旁間隙侵犯率之間的差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(χ2=4.753,P=0.029)。T3期61例,腫瘤各舌骨上頸部筋膜間隙的侵犯率由高到低依次為咽黏膜間隙(100%,61/61)、咽旁間隙(100%,61/61)、咽后間隙(77.0%,47/61)、咀嚼間隙(68.9%,42/61)、椎周間隙(67.2%,41/61)、頸動脈間隙(37.7%,23/61),其相互之間的差異,具有統(tǒng)計學意義(χ2=89.506,P<0.01)。腮腺間隙、下頜下間隙、面頰間隙以及頸后間隙均未見侵犯征象。T4期97例,腫瘤對舌骨上各筋膜間隙的侵犯率依次為咽黏膜間隙(100%,97/97)、咽旁間隙(100%,97/97)、咀嚼間隙(100%,97/97)、咽后間隙(80.4%,78/97)、椎周間隙(76.3%,74/97)、頸動脈間隙(35.1%,34/97)、腮腺間隙(14.4%,14/97)、下頜下間隙(2.1%,2/97)及面頰間隙(1.0%,1/97),其相互之間的差異,具有統(tǒng)計學意義(χ2=588.727,P<0.01)。頸后間隙未見受侵征象。

3 討論

3.1 鼻咽癌向周圍侵犯的特點

從各個間隙的解剖分布可以看出,高危組毗鄰于鼻咽腔或位于顱底中線上,而中危組和低危組與鼻咽腔距離較遠或與鼻咽腔間隔解剖屏障,由此表明鼻咽癌遵循從近到遠逐步進行局部侵犯,跳躍性擴散較少見,與文獻報道一致[5]。

而在高危組間隙中,咽旁間隙侵犯率最高,這與其特殊的解剖關系密不可分,雖然其內(nèi)側(cè)的咽顱底筋膜是一個有效的屏障,但在咽顱底筋膜的上部分,緊靠咽隱窩處有一個Morgagni竇開口于鼻咽腔[6],這是腫瘤進入咽旁間隙的薄弱點,而咽隱窩又是鼻咽癌最好發(fā)部位,因此咽旁間隙較其他間隙早期更容易受侵。

本研究定義鼻咽癌向雙側(cè)侵犯是基于腫瘤侵犯超過鼻咽中線,結(jié)果顯示腫瘤向雙側(cè)侵犯明顯多于單側(cè)侵犯。Sham等[7]研究247例患者鼻咽多點活檢病理確診單側(cè)鼻咽癌的發(fā)生率只有2.8%,與本研究結(jié)果一致。原因可能是因為鼻咽癌起源于鼻咽腔內(nèi)表面的黏膜上皮,該黏膜上皮部位表淺、左右連續(xù),沒有自然分界,使腫瘤極易跨過中線侵犯對側(cè),也可能是黏膜多處起源。

通過對緊鄰鼻咽部的舌骨上三個筋膜間隙侵犯率兩兩對比分析,得出鼻咽部側(cè)方的咽旁間隙侵犯率大于后方的咽后間隙、咽后間隙侵犯率大于側(cè)后方的頸動脈間隙,因此筆者可以認為鼻咽癌向周圍生長的大致規(guī)律為:向側(cè)方浸潤多于向后方,而向后方浸潤又多于向側(cè)后方。

3.2 T分期腫瘤對舌骨上頸部筋膜間隙侵犯的特點(按照“2008鼻咽癌分期標準”)

(1) T1期:腫瘤局限于鼻咽腔,向前不超過雙側(cè)上頜竇后壁連線;向下不超過C2椎體下緣,向側(cè)及向后腫瘤未突破咽顱底筋膜[3]。鼻咽癌早期發(fā)病隱匿,自行就診的患者只有10%~20%屬早期,絕大多數(shù)屬中晚期[8],所以雖然MRI診斷鼻咽部病灶的敏感度為100%,特異度和準確度均達到95%[9],但絕大多數(shù)患者就診時已屬于中晚期,因此T1期病例搜集困難,僅占全組病例的4%,腫瘤均局限于咽黏膜間隙,而對舌骨上其他筋膜間隙并未累及。(2) T2期:腫瘤侵犯鼻腔、口咽、咽旁間隙[3]。本組病例占全組病例的17%,其中64.7%的腫瘤同時侵犯了咽黏膜間隙及咽旁間隙,而35.3%的腫瘤未突破咽顱底筋膜侵犯咽旁間隙,僅局限于咽黏膜間隙內(nèi)。有文獻報道,1/4的T2期患者腫瘤侵犯僅局限于咽顱底筋膜[10],而本組數(shù)據(jù)也證明了此觀點。2008分期中椎前間隙受侵已被剔除T2分期[5],其原因可能是椎前間隙毗鄰于咽后間隙,向上與顱底相通、向下到達口咽、側(cè)方與咽旁間隙相連。椎前間隙受侵導致顱底骨質(zhì)、口咽及咽旁間隙受侵發(fā)生率明顯增加,并且可能導致患者預后較差[11]。(3) T3期及T4期:2008新分期將咀嚼間隙中的翼內(nèi)肌及翼肌間隙侵犯歸為T3,咀嚼間隙其他部分侵犯歸為T4。筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),大多數(shù)病例咀嚼肌間隙的侵犯一般沿翼內(nèi)肌、翼肌間隙、翼外肌、顳肌、咬肌由內(nèi)向外循序前進,與文獻報道一致[12],但有個別病例僅表現(xiàn)為翼外肌受侵(圖10),與腫瘤常規(guī)播散途徑不同。復習解剖發(fā)現(xiàn)翼外肌還有另一個頭起自于蝶骨大翼外側(cè)面,該起點高于翼內(nèi)肌的起點翼內(nèi)板和舟狀窩,當腫瘤突破咽顱底筋膜后可沿顱底外側(cè)面直接侵犯翼外肌。仔細觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)翼內(nèi)、外肌由腫大的淋巴結(jié)直接侵犯也不少見,腫大淋巴結(jié)侵犯咀嚼肌間隙與鼻咽部腫塊侵犯咀嚼肌間隙在臨床意義上是否不同尚待進一步研究。

另外,極少數(shù)病例中,與鼻咽部解剖位置較遠的下頜下間隙及面頰間隙出現(xiàn)了受侵征象,原因可能是鼻咽癌除了具有很強的局部侵襲力外,還可以通過黏膜下淋巴管隨淋巴引流而擴散到附近器官,而這種潛在、深部發(fā)展的浸潤,其侵及范圍不易估計,致使放射治療時病灶遺漏而造成鼻咽癌的復發(fā)。此外,有學者提出鼻咽癌多中心學說,即鼻咽癌病灶可以存在二個以上癌灶,而且也可以在同一鼻咽腔內(nèi)出現(xiàn)不同的癌變階段,一處癌灶治好了,另一處的癌前病變卻轉(zhuǎn)變成另一個癌灶,這可能是造成臨床復發(fā)的另一個原因。

鼻咽癌對于周圍舌骨上筋膜間隙的侵犯中,咽旁間隙侵犯率最高,頸后間隙是唯一未受侵犯的舌骨上筋膜間隙;鼻咽癌向雙側(cè)浸潤明顯多于向單側(cè)浸潤;向周圍生長的模式為:向側(cè)方浸潤多于向后方,向后方浸潤多于向側(cè)后方。

由于鼻咽癌周圍受侵犯組織無法進行病理學檢查,所以腫瘤對舌骨上筋膜間隙內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的浸潤并沒有金標準可供對照,同時人為因素也不可忽視,因此對于腫瘤侵及范圍,有可能存在一定偏差。頸后間隙是唯一未見受侵征象的舌骨上間隙,考慮到其內(nèi)含豐富的淋巴組織,是否首先發(fā)生淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移,有待進一步研究探討。

[References]

[1] Pan JJ. Revision of the 92 phase of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Chin J Radiat Oncol, 2009, 18(1): 2-6.潘建基. 鼻咽癌’92分期修訂工作報告. 中華放射腫瘤學雜志,2009, 18(1): 2-6.

[2] Jiang GH, Zhang ZL, Tian JZ, et al. Suprahyoid neck fascia space MR imaging. Radiol Pract, 2001, 16(1): 23-26.江桂華, 章志霖, 田軍章, 等. 舌骨上頸部筋膜間隙MR成像. 放射學實踐, 2001, 16(1): 23-26.

[3] Chen L, Liu LZ, Mao YP, et al. Grading of MRI-detected skull-base invasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and its prognostic value. Head Neck, 2011, 33(9): 1309-1314.

[4] Li WF, Sun Y, Chen M, et al. Locoregional extension patterns of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and suggestions for clinical target volume delineation. Chin J Cancer, 2012, 31(12): 579-587.

[5] Chen YB, Fang YH, Chen Y, et al. MRI study on the relationship between the invasion of peripheral structures and tumor staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Chin J Radiol, 2010, 44 (10): 1024-1029.陳韻彬, 方燕紅, 陳英, 等. 鼻咽癌侵犯周圍結(jié)構(gòu)與腫瘤分期關系的MRI研究. 中華放射學雜志, 2010, 44(10): 1024-1029.

[6] Silver AJ, Mawad ME, Hilal SK, et al. Computed tomography of the nasopharynx and related spaces. Part I: Anatomy. Radiology, 1983,147(3): 725-731.

[7] Sham JS, Wei WI, Kwan WH, et al. Fiberoptic endoscopic examination and biopsy in determining the extent of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer, 1989, 64(9): 1838-1842.

[8] Gu XZ, Yin WB, Xu GZ, et al. Radiation oncology. Beijing: Union Medical College press, 2008: 452.谷銑之, 殷蔚伯, 徐國鎮(zhèn), 等. 腫瘤放射治療學. 北京: 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)科大學出版社, 2008: 452.

[9] King AD, Vlantis AC, Tsang RK, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Am J Neuroradiol,2006, 27(6): 1288-1291.

[10] King AD, Lam WW, Leung SF, et al. MRI of local disease in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: tumour extent vs tumour stage. Br J Radiol, 1999, 72(860): 734-741.

[11] Li SE, Liang SB, Zhang N, et al. MRI evaluation and prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with anterior intervertebral space invasion. Chin J Radiat Oncol, 2013, 22(4): 295-298李紹恩, 梁少波, 張寧, 等. 鼻咽癌椎前間隙受侵的 MRI 評價及預后價值. 中華放射腫瘤學雜志, 2013, 22(4): 295-298.

[12] Hu WY, Zhou L, Chen XZ, et al. MRI findings of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with involvement of the masticatory muscle space. Radiol Pract, 2010, 25(10): 1103-1106.胡望遠, 周玲, 陳曉鐘, 等. 鼻咽癌咀嚼肌間隙侵犯的MRI表現(xiàn). 放射學實踐, 2010, 25(10): 1103-1106.

MRI T staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma involving the fascial spaces of suprahyoid neck

WANG Wei-ling, ZHOU Yao, WANG Rong-pin*, HE Xi, LIU Chang-jie

Department of Radiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002,China
*Wang RP, E-mail: wangrongpin@126.com

Objective: To investigate the general invasiveness laws of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) for fascial spaces of suprahyoid neck and its relationship with T staging by using MRI examination. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 200 cases of newly diagnosed patients with NPC confirmed by pathology was performed at Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital from July 2013 to March 2016. All the patients underwent plain and enhanced MRI examination. Neoplasm involving the fascial spaces of suprahyoid neck and its relationship with T staging were performed by two experienced radiologists according to the newly revised clinical staging form "2008 staging of NPC" by China Work Committee of NPC. Results: (1) The frequency of neoplasm involving the fascial spaces of suprahyoid neck were the following: pharyngeal mucosa gap (200 cases), parapharyngeal space (180 cases),chewing gap (139 cases), retropharyngeal space (125 cases), vertebral round gap(119 cases), carotid space (57 cases), parotid space (14 cases), submandibular space(two cases), cheek gap (1 case). Tumors involving the fascial spaces of suprahyoid neck were found to be: invasiveness of lateral parapharyngeal space was more than that of rear retropharyngeal space, invasiveness of rear retropharyngeal space was more than that of lateral to the rear of the carotid space, and invasiveness of bilateral was more than that of unilateral in filtration. (2) Eight cases(4.0%) of NPC were T1 stage and tumors con fined to the pharyngeal mucosa gap. Thirty-four cases (17.0%) of tumors, among them 64.7% (22/34) were T2 stage and brokethrough the pharyngobasilar fascia and extent to the parapharyngeal space. Sixty-one cases(30.5%) of tumors were T3 stage, and the frequency of neoplasm involving the fascial spaces of suprahyoid neck were found to be:pharyngeal mucosa gap/ parapharyngeal space 100% (61/61), retropharyngeal space 77.0% (47/ 61), chewing gap 68.9% (42/ 61),vertebral week gap 67.2% (41/ 61), carotid space 37.7% (23/ 61). No neoplasm invasiveness was found in the submandibular space,parotid space, cheek and neckgap. Ninety-seven cases (48.5%) of patients were T4 stage and the frequency of neoplasm invasiveness were found to be: pharyngeal mucosa clearance/ swallow next to the gap/chewing gap of 100% (97/97), retropharyngeal space 80.4%(78 /97), vertebral week gap 76.3% (74 /97), carotid space 35.1% (34/97), parotid gap of 14.4% (14/97), lower jaw gap 2.1% (2/97),cheek gap of 1.0% (1/97). No neoplasm invasiveness was found in the rear neck gap. (3) The unilateral and bilateral invasion of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma to the surrounding space: 30.2% (58/192), 69.8% (134/192). Conclusions: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma has an attribute of involving various fascial spaces of suprahyoid neck. Parapharyngeal spaces invasiveness were found to be the highest one, and the posterior cervical space were found to be the only free space of invasiveness. Tumor involving the fascial spaces of suprahyoid neck may be summerized as:invasiveness of lateral spacesis more than that of posterior spaces, and followed by lateral to rear spaces, and bilateral space invasiveness is more than unilateral in filtration.

Fascial spaces of suprahyoid neck; Nasopharyngeal neoplasms; Magnetic resonance imaging

Received 31 Jan 2017, Accepted 26 Mar 2017

王榮品,E-mail:wangrongpin@126.com

2017-01-31

接受日期:2017-03-26

R445.2;R766.4

A

10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2017.05.003

王蔚凌, 周瑤, 王榮品, 等. 鼻咽癌T分期累及舌骨上頸部筋膜間隙規(guī)律的MRI探討. 磁共振成像, 2017, 8(5):331-336.

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