趙鐵蕊，趙榮，陳紹志

(中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院 林業(yè)科技信息研究所，北京 100091)

基于DEA-Malmquist的杜仲栽培模式投入產(chǎn)出效率分析

趙鐵蕊，趙榮，陳紹志

(中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院 林業(yè)科技信息研究所，北京 100091)

運用DEA-Malmquist對藥用栽培模式、果園化栽培模式、雄花栽培模式和葉用栽培模式等4種杜仲栽培模式進(jìn)行投入產(chǎn)出效率分析的結(jié)果顯示：4種栽培模式總效率的排序為果園化栽培模式>雄花栽培模式>藥用栽培模式>葉用栽培模式；4種栽培模式的整體技術(shù)效率整體效率較好，均值達(dá)到0.780；4種栽培模式均處于相對規(guī)模報酬穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)，總體規(guī)模效率均值達(dá)到0.912；但在生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營過程中，技術(shù)效率方面的管理水平有待提高。因此，對生產(chǎn)要素的投入需要合理化，急需改善涉及到技術(shù)效率方面的管理水平與技術(shù)水平；隨著杜仲膠資源的廣泛利用，以果園化栽培模式為主的新型栽培模式應(yīng)得到大力推廣應(yīng)用。

杜仲；DEA-Malmquist；栽培模式；效率

杜仲作為中國十分重要的戰(zhàn)略資源，充分利用杜仲自身的藥用功能，能夠促進(jìn)全民健康水平的提升。此外，杜仲膠能夠補充中國橡膠資源的不足[1]。杜仲采用的栽培模式主要有杜仲藥用栽培模式、杜仲果園化栽培模式、杜仲雄花栽培模式和杜仲葉用栽培模式4種。在生產(chǎn)中，通?？筛鶕?jù)栽培目的采取不同的栽培模式，藥用栽培模式是利用杜仲皮藥用性，果園化栽培模式是通過杜仲果實獲取杜仲膠為目的，雄花和葉用栽培模式分別是利用杜仲雄花與杜仲葉[1]。其中藥用栽培模式是從古至今一直采取的主要栽培模式，其余3種模式則是新型栽培模式。新型栽培模式能夠大幅提高產(chǎn)量，但是其全國推廣率不足5%，未來必成蓬勃發(fā)展之勢?；贒EA與Malmquist的效率評價分析在林業(yè)宏觀與企業(yè)、林農(nóng)微觀視角的應(yīng)用較多。在林業(yè)宏觀視角上，學(xué)術(shù)界的研究主要是：第一，影響林業(yè)投入產(chǎn)出效率高低的主要因素是林業(yè)投資資金狀況、人力資源投入以及林業(yè)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平[2，4-8]，促進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)合理、加大林業(yè)投資與管理力度成為林業(yè)發(fā)展新動向；第二，林業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)投入效率最高的4個省份是天津、山西、廣東和貴州等[3]，此外，北京林業(yè)投入產(chǎn)出效率較好，黑龍江森工林區(qū)營林產(chǎn)出效率較低下[7-8]。在林業(yè)企業(yè)與林農(nóng)微觀視角上，學(xué)術(shù)界的研究主要有：第一，林業(yè)上市公司綜合經(jīng)營效率整體情況較好，提升林業(yè)上市公司資源配置效率、技術(shù)創(chuàng)新水平和規(guī)模效率以及強化內(nèi)部控制體系建設(shè)等舉措能夠提高整體經(jīng)營效率[9]；第二，重點國有林區(qū)森工企業(yè)綜合技術(shù)效率指數(shù)偏低，森工企業(yè)之間的綜合技術(shù)效率指數(shù)差異較大，多數(shù)森工企業(yè)處于規(guī)模報酬遞減階段，生產(chǎn)規(guī)模、產(chǎn)權(quán)明晰的私有化改制程度、資金約束、工資給付制度等是影響該類企業(yè)效率的關(guān)鍵因素[10-11]；第三，遼寧省與重慶市林農(nóng)林地經(jīng)營綜合效率與技術(shù)效率較低，林地經(jīng)營處于規(guī)模報酬不變的狀態(tài)，影響技術(shù)效率的主要因素是林業(yè)收入占家庭總收入的比重、戶主的受教育程度[12-13]。綜上所述，對中國杜仲投入產(chǎn)出效率分析的研究幾乎完全沒有。運用DEA-Malmquist對藥用栽培模式、杜仲果園化栽培模式、杜仲雄花栽培模式以及葉用栽培模式4種栽培模式進(jìn)行投入產(chǎn)出的效率測算分析，有利于掌握中國杜仲產(chǎn)業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營情況，能夠為林業(yè)部門對杜仲產(chǎn)業(yè)的宏觀調(diào)控與相關(guān)政策制定方面提供理論指導(dǎo)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 模型構(gòu)建

⑴

⑵

Malmquist是通過運用距離函數(shù)比率來反映DMU投入和產(chǎn)出的變化情況，是一種對效率動態(tài)變化進(jìn)行評價的方法。通過Malmquist指數(shù)M(xt+1，yt+1，xt，yt)來反映DMU從t到t+1期間，全要素生產(chǎn)率、技術(shù)效率以及技術(shù)三者之間的變動狀況。

⑶

式中Dt(xt，yt)和Dt(xt+1，yt+1)為DMU在t時期的距離函數(shù)；Dt+1(xt，yt)和Dt+1(xt+1，yt+1)表示DMU在t+1時期的距離函數(shù)。

假設(shè)規(guī)模報酬可變，全要素生產(chǎn)效率(tfpch)由綜合技術(shù)效率變化(effch)和技術(shù)變化(techch)兩指標(biāo)構(gòu)成，綜合技術(shù)效率變化由純技術(shù)效率變化(pech)和規(guī)模效率變化(sech)兩指標(biāo)構(gòu)成[14]。effch是投入與產(chǎn)出的水平相同時，水平的大小決定效率的高低，且兩者間為正相關(guān)比例。pech是指規(guī)模報酬不變的基礎(chǔ)上，DMU與生產(chǎn)前沿面兩者之間的距離遠(yuǎn)近[15]，技術(shù)因素與管理水平因素是其主要的影響因素。sech反映的是DEA有效性，其影響因素主要指DMU規(guī)模因素，DMU規(guī)模因素對effch的變化起決定性的作用，其指標(biāo)能夠反映effch的高低水平。tfpch是用來評價資源利用與資源配置狀況等比率變化的指標(biāo)[16]。tfpch、pech、sech三者存在以下關(guān)系：當(dāng)tfpch=1時，能夠反映effch和sech水平，表明二者同時具有有效性；當(dāng)sech<1，pech=1時，能夠反映出sech是具有無效性的；當(dāng)sech=1，pech<1時，能夠反映出effch是無效的，科學(xué)技術(shù)水平狀況是需要進(jìn)一步改善的[17]。

tfpch=effch×techch=pech×sech×techch

1.2 指標(biāo)選取

DEA-Malmquist在林業(yè)投入產(chǎn)出效率運用上，關(guān)鍵在于數(shù)據(jù)的搜集和指標(biāo)的設(shè)定上。投入與產(chǎn)出指標(biāo)相關(guān)性、投入產(chǎn)出指標(biāo)的數(shù)量以及DMU的規(guī)模是模型建立的主要影響因素。從全要素生產(chǎn)來看，指標(biāo)的選取要充分考慮到指標(biāo)的數(shù)量與質(zhì)量。

投入指標(biāo)包括資本市場、勞動力狀況與土地資源等生產(chǎn)要素指標(biāo)。從以往文獻(xiàn)資料來看，國內(nèi)專家學(xué)者在進(jìn)行投入產(chǎn)出效率分析上，主要選擇投入資本和勞動力作為主要指標(biāo)；國外主要選擇投入資本和自然資源兩個指標(biāo)。所以，杜仲產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的投入指標(biāo)主要是一項成本指標(biāo)，其是財力因素。

產(chǎn)出指標(biāo)表示為與杜仲產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟效益相關(guān)的各項指標(biāo)。杜仲產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)出指標(biāo)選取了包括產(chǎn)值和凈效益兩項指標(biāo)。產(chǎn)值是以貨幣表現(xiàn)的企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品總量；凈效益反映經(jīng)濟績效。由于杜仲產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展處于起步階段，尚未形成一定的規(guī)模，所以指標(biāo)對產(chǎn)業(yè)投入產(chǎn)出結(jié)構(gòu)的表達(dá)有一定的局限性。由于第6年開始，杜仲種植即進(jìn)入穩(wěn)定盛產(chǎn)期，所以選擇第1～6年作為樣本DMU。

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)來源與分析方法

數(shù)據(jù)來源于《中國杜仲產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展研究綠皮書》。通過《中國杜仲產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展研究綠皮書》獲得相應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)資料并整理，每種栽培模式的指標(biāo)均為平均指標(biāo)，指單位面積的成本、產(chǎn)量和凈收益。研究以4種栽培模式為DEU，即成本指標(biāo)、產(chǎn)值指標(biāo)和凈效益指標(biāo)。

通過利用DEA-Malmquist指數(shù)反映杜仲產(chǎn)業(yè)投入產(chǎn)出效率變化情況，使用EMS 1.3軟件MALMQUIST INDEX SUMMARY得到曼奎斯特指數(shù)個體均值分析情況。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 新型栽培模式產(chǎn)量高效益好

果園化栽培模式、雄花栽培模式、葉用栽培模式、藥用栽培模式4種栽培模式1～6年的成本、產(chǎn)量與凈收益的平均值如表1所示。果園化栽培模式第六年的成本收益率為431%，達(dá)到6年中的最高值；藥用栽培模式第六年的成本收益率為112%；雄花栽培模式第六年的成本收益率為196%；葉用栽培模式第六年的成本收益率僅為47.8%。值得一提的是，作為新型栽培模式之一的葉用栽培模式，雖然成本收益率最低，但從第二年便開始獲益，且收益一直保持穩(wěn)定增長。

表 1 杜仲4種栽培模式主要投入產(chǎn)出指標(biāo)/萬元·hm-2Table 1 The main input and output index of four kinds of cultivation modes

2.2 4種栽培模式的效率都非常高，但果園化栽培模式的總效率最好

表 2 曼奎斯特指數(shù)個體均值分析Table 2 Malmquist index summary of Individual mean values

綜上所述，按照杜仲種植1～6年的投入產(chǎn)出數(shù)據(jù)，利用DEA-Malmquist指數(shù)法對杜仲產(chǎn)業(yè)投入產(chǎn)出的全要素生產(chǎn)率、規(guī)模效率、技術(shù)效率進(jìn)行測算分析，結(jié)果表明：一是4種栽培模式都處于相對規(guī)模報酬穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài)。全要素生產(chǎn)效率高于技術(shù)效率值的原因是技術(shù)水平不高，而這又不可以在較短的時間內(nèi)得以控制造成的。隨著杜仲產(chǎn)業(yè)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，涉及到技術(shù)效率方面的管理狀況急需改善。結(jié)合調(diào)研可知，杜仲生產(chǎn)中，由于種植者沒有受到或者很少受到專業(yè)的技術(shù)培訓(xùn)，科學(xué)技術(shù)的缺失是影響杜仲產(chǎn)業(yè)投入產(chǎn)出效率低下的主要原因，同時也成為制約杜仲產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的重要瓶頸。二是果園化栽培模式的全要素生產(chǎn)效率始終位居第一位。果園化栽培模式和雄花栽培模式的全要素生產(chǎn)效率較高，且tfpch>1。藥用栽培模式和葉用栽培模式的全要素生產(chǎn)效率不高，tfpch不足1，表明在這段時間中兩種栽培模式的生產(chǎn)效率并沒有達(dá)到完全有效，但由于數(shù)值接近于1，因此此期間內(nèi)全要素生產(chǎn)效率基本保持平衡。隨著杜仲橡膠資源的廣泛利用，以果園化栽培模式為主的新型栽培模式勢必將得到更多的關(guān)注與重視。

3 結(jié)論與建議

研究結(jié)論：果園化栽培模式、雄花栽培模式、藥用栽培模式、葉用栽培模式4種杜仲栽培模式的全要素生產(chǎn)效率非常高，規(guī)模效率次之，整體技術(shù)效率相對最低，生產(chǎn)總效率最好的是果園化栽培模式。

杜仲產(chǎn)業(yè)的快速發(fā)展，需要生產(chǎn)要素的投入合理化。作為國家重要的戰(zhàn)略性新興崛起產(chǎn)業(yè)，國家加大了對杜仲產(chǎn)業(yè)的政策扶持力度，全國杜仲的總產(chǎn)量增長迅速。此外，中國橡膠資源的進(jìn)口依賴性過高，作為橡膠替代品的杜仲林產(chǎn)品必將對中國經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展產(chǎn)生重大意義。

通過對第1～6年杜仲產(chǎn)業(yè)投入產(chǎn)出效率的測算，明確了杜仲產(chǎn)業(yè)投入產(chǎn)出效率的基本情況，效率是否還有提升的空間以及哪些因素能夠提升杜仲產(chǎn)業(yè)投入產(chǎn)出效率等。比如生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營中，需要進(jìn)一步提高技術(shù)管理水平狀況。中國杜仲產(chǎn)業(yè)仍然95%采用藥用栽培模式，其它3種新型栽培模式的推廣率只有不足5%，但未來隨著科技和管理水平的提高，杜仲資源的廣泛利用，以果園化栽培模式為主的新型栽培模式必然有十分廣闊的推廣空間和前景。其主要特點是：針對中國杜仲栽培模式單一、落后，單位面積產(chǎn)量低，全要素生產(chǎn)效益差等突出問題，能夠?qū)鹘y(tǒng)的以生產(chǎn)杜仲皮藥用為目的的傳統(tǒng)栽培模式替代為以利用生產(chǎn)果實提取杜仲膠為目的實施果、皮、葉、雄花“全身”利用的現(xiàn)代栽培模式，使杜仲生產(chǎn)逐步走向果園化、園藝化、集約化[1]。因此，應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步發(fā)展杜仲產(chǎn)業(yè)，大力推廣果園化栽培模式等新型栽培模式，促進(jìn)杜仲產(chǎn)業(yè)快速健康發(fā)展。

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DOI:10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.04.001

Decoupling Path Analysis of Economic Growth and Timber Consumption in Northeast State-Owned Forest Area

ZHU Zhenfeng，CAO Yukun

(College of Economics and Management，Northeast Forestry University，Harbin 150040 China)

Original Articlein朱震鋒，曹玉昆．東北國有林區(qū)經(jīng)濟增長與木材資源消耗的脫鉤路徑研究．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題，2017，37(4)：1-7．

DOI:10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.04.002

Study on the Vocational Adaptability of Re-Employment Workers in Northeast State-Owned Forest Region： Based on the Empirical Data of Yichun Forest Region

ZHANG Xiaomei，KANG Li，HUANG Weiyu

(College of Economics and Management，Northeast Agricultural University，Harbin 150030 China)

Abstract

⑴ Background——After stopping felling comprehensively，many plantations in state-owned forest farm were abolished and merged，then arose redundant staff．Solving the job problems of redundant workers is an important task for state owned forest areas reforming．

⑵ Methods——The questionnaires were applied for investigating 268 re-employment workers，and the questionnaire object were selected by sampling survey method．Factor analysis and multiple linear regression analysis method were used to analyze the data of questionnaire，and the regression model of re-employment workers’ vocational adaptability in Yichun forest region was established for analyzing the influence factors．

⑶ Results——In the results of reliability and validity analysis and factor analysis，5 main factors were selected to show the vocational adaptability of re-employment workers in Yichun forest region．Further more，in the results of data statistic analysis by SPSS 19.0，the demography characteristics were transformed into 7 demographic variables for further analysis．Then according the results of multiple regression model，the 8 independent variables were screened out from the 12 independent variables(included 5 main factors and 7 demographic variables)．The 8 dependent variables were gender，learning ability of professional advances，the position type of re-employment，the communicating ability with job-related persons，the organizing ability of integrating，the ability of regulating emotions and the education level．All of the 8 dependent variables had significantly correlation with vocational adaptability of re-employment workers．For the final model，coefficient of correlation is 0.778，coefficient of determination is 0.593，and the standard error is 0.429 72，so that the final model had the better fitting effect and regression effect．As the Sig value of the regression model is 0，so the final model of vocational adaptability of re-employment workers had the statistical significance．Through the Sig value，it implied that the coefficient of 8 dependent variables also had statistical significance．And the results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that there was no collinearity question in the final model．

⑷ Conclusions and Discussion——The demographic variables are important influence factors for vocational adaptability of re-employment workers in Yichun forest region．Gender has a significant impact on vocational adaptability of re-employment workers．The results of data statistic analysis about the demography characteristics showed that the female re-employment workers are more capable than male re-employment workers if other conditions remain unchanged．Education is positively correlated with vocational adaptability of re-employment workers，vocational adaptability of re-employment workers with high degree of education is better than vocational adaptability of re-employment workers with low degree of education．The 4 variables which include ability of integrating into corporate，ability of communicating with job-related persons，ability of learning for professional advances and ability of regulating emotions are the main factors of vocational adaptability of re-employment workers in Yichun forest region．Re-employment workers of different entry time perform a significant difference on vocational adaptability，managers and expert are more capable than others．In order to enhance the vocational adaptability，the government and the enterprise organization should provide more professional knowledge，work skills training and learning environment for the re-employment workers．Enterprises need to organize actively employee activities for improving labor relationship management and strengthen the communications．Managers should pay attention to the psychological changes of re-employment workers．The enterprise organization should keep publicizing vigorously and carrying forward enterprise culture for improving the enterprise cohesion and sense of belonging of transfer employee．

Key words：stopping felling；re-employment workers；profession adaptabilities；empirical study

Original Articlein張曉梅，康利，黃偉宇．東北國有林區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)崗職工職業(yè)適應(yīng)能力研究：基于伊春林區(qū)實證調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題，2017，37(4)：8-13．

DOI:10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.04.003

Vulnerability of Worker Household in Northeast State-Owned Forest Area during Transition Period

WANG Yufang1，XU Yongle1，ZHOU Mei1，2，CAO Juanjuan1

(1.College of Economics and Management，Northeast Forestry University，Harbin 150040 China；2．Business School，Guangxi Institute of Technical，Chongzuo，Guangxi 532200 China)

Abstract

⑴ Background——The abundant forest resources and the vulnerability of forestry workers household may largely restrict the processes of reform and development in state-owned forest area．Therefore，it is necessary to study the vulnerability of forestry workers household in coordinating the relationship between natural capital and social capital in state-owned forest area．

⑵ Methods——The method of measuring households’ vulnerability in this paper were adopted the method which was proposed by Ligon and Schechter．The data were main from the project of Livelihood Forestry in the Key State-owned Forest Region(2013 to 2014)，and the samples of 524 forestry workers household were distributed in the state-owned forest area of Heilongjiang province，Jilin province，Inner Mongolia and Da xinganling Mountain．

⑶ Results——Descriptive statistics results show that the per capita consumption level of forestry workers household in state-owned forest area of Jilin province is higher than that of the other three state-owned forest areas，and the degree of vulnerability in state-owned forest area of Jilin province is lower than that of the other three state-owned forest areas．The maximum and minimum gap between the rich and the poor in the four state-owned forest areas is large，which indicates that the problem of the vulnerability of the employees in the northeastern state-owned forest area is prominent．The results of measurement analysis show that nearly one third forestry workers household are lack of the ability to resist the impact of external economic，social and environmental changes during the socio-economic transformation of the state-owned forest areas in Northeast China．Here into，there is the least proportion of vulnerability of forestry workers household in state-owned forest area of Jilin province，and the most proportion of vulnerability of forestry workers household in state-owned forest area of Heilongjiang province，the proportion of vulnerability of forestry workers household in state-owned forest areas of Inner Mongolia and Da xinganling Mountain are in the middle．The reason may be that in the four major state-owned forest areas，state-owned forest area of Jilin province was successfully reformed as early as possible，and government and enterprises have achieved effective separation of the principal and the auxiliary．And a series of reforms have promoted the economic income of forest areas，solved employment and promoted the economic development of state-owned forest area of Jilin province．

⑷ Conclusions and Discussion——In summary，the trend of households’ vulnerability is dynamic and a continual evolution．Because the state-owned forest area is a complex system which is composed of ecological-economic-social subsystems and each system is interconnected，so the evolution of households’ vulnerability has the tendency of spreading in forest economy and ecosystem．Therefore，it is necessary to take measures in time to alleviate or eliminate this vulnerability．For example，in terms of the physical capital dimension，the government should increase investment and policies in state-owned forest area；in terms of human capital dimension，the government should constantly improve the social security system in state-owned forest area，and pay attention to the education and the training of forestry workers；in terms of social capital dimension，the government should energetically develop forestry cooperative economic organizations in state-owned forest area to provide necessary technical and information support for the survival and development of forestry workers household．

Key words：state-owned forest area；workers household；vulnerability

Original Articlein王玉芳，徐永樂，周妹，等．轉(zhuǎn)型期東北國有林區(qū)職工家庭脆弱性分析．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題，2017，37(4)：14-17．

DOI:10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.04.004

Region Selection of Returning Farmland to Forest Based on Cost-Benefit Analysis：A Case Study on the Loess Plateau

SHI Chunna1，2，GAO Jie1，SU Bing1，YAO Shunbo2

(1.College of Economic and Management，Xi’an Technological University，Xi’an 710021 China；2.College of Economics and Management，Northwest A&F University，Yangling，Shaanxi 712100 China)

Abstract

⑴ Background——Based on the great achievements of last round of returning farmland to forest policy implementation，a new round of returning farmland to forest project which emphasized to respect farmers and consider the local situation was launched at 2014．Below the limited fund condition，the priority order of the areas should be considered to achieve the maximization of the project cost-benefit．So the project funds allocation should aim the regions which could finish the ecologic aim at lower cost．

⑵ Methods——Comprehensive evaluation index system is constructed from the aspects of project cost and ecologic benefits．The selection of priority area based on the lower cost and the more expected ecologic benefits，GRA-TOPSIS model is the combination of grey relation analysis(GRA)and the Technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)．On the basis of the weighted matrix，TOPSIS method is used to rank the regions．

⑶ Results——The largest index weight is industrial sulfur dioxide emissions and sunshine hours．Excessive emissions of sulfur dioxide may cause acid rain and serious damage to the ecosystem．Long sunshine hours will accelerate the growth of vegetation and have an important reverse impact on ecological fragility．Therefore，these two index are given greater weight．The priority sequence of returning farmland to forest regions is Gansu，Qinghai，Ningxia，Shanxi，Inner Mongolia，Henan，Shaanxi．Gansu is the first in the order of the priority sequence mainly because that ecological environment in Gansu was influenced by many natural disasters such as floods and mudslides．Compared with other provinces，the ecological vulnerability in Gansu is the most significant．In addition，the labor price in Gansu is lower，then the returning farmland to forest project could pay lower wage to farmers．So that Gansu should be fulfilled preferentially under the limited fund．Shaanxi is the last of the priority sequence mainly because the forest coverage rate in Shaanxi has already been 41.42%．And the labor price in Shaanxi is expensive，then the returning farmland to forest project have to pay higher wage to farmers．Therefore，Shaanxi is the last one to be allocated the fund．The above priority sequence of the regions could be a basis to allocate project funds．The regions with higher expected ecologic benefits and lower cost should preferentially allocate the project funds．Above all，the results show that the priority sequence could help to solve the problem of lacking prior guidance and catch the key point of the new round of returning farmland to forest project precisely．

⑷ Conclusions and Discussion——The fund allocation according to the priority order is useful．For the regions，the regions with serious soil and water loss could get the project funds as soon as possible．For the government，the policy goals of improving the ecologic environment could be completed efficiently，and the project founds could be used efficiently．For farmers，the farmland which is not suitable for farming can be returned to forest．Then farmers can obtain higher payment of new job opportunities instead of working on the farmland．The specific amount of the project fund allocation should be the following studies．The optimal solution could consider with considering the justice and the efficiency．

Key words：new rode project of returning farmland to forest；ecological vulnerability；the cost of returning farmland to forest；priority order

Original Articlein石春娜，高潔，蘇兵，等．基于成本—效益分析的退耕還林區(qū)域選擇研究：以黃土高原區(qū)為例．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題，2017，37(4)：18-22．

DOI:10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.04.005

Influencing Factors of Forestry Farmers’ Selection Behavior of Single-Family Business Model

LIU Bina，LEI Xiankaib，YANG Dongmeib，KANG Xiaolanc

(a．Jiangxi Agriculture，Countryside and Farmers Research Center，b．School of Economics and Management，c．New Rural Development Research Institute，Jiangxi Agricultural University，Nanchang 330045 China)

Abstract

⑴ Background——In order to provide guarantee for development of forestry，Jiangxi province began to pilot and deepen the reform of collective forest tenure system from 2004．Therefore，for forestry farmer，the forestry management mode should be adjusted to obtain more economic benefits in forestry．However，single-family business model is still the main model for forestry management．So exploring the possibility and inevitability of single-family business model have great sense for forestry farmer．

⑵ Methods——This research selected 17 key forestry counties(including Chongyi county，Dexing，etc．)in Jiangxi Province as the survey region．In survey region，a total of 754 questionnaires were dispatched，and 753 valid questionnaires were obtained．Base on the philosophical principle of internal and external，combined with the basic situation of forestry development in China，15 specific variables were formulated from 4 dimensions．The forestry farmers’ choice behavior of single-family business model is dependent variable．The binary Logit Model was used to analyze the influencing factors through SPSS18.0．

⑶ Results——Analyzing the influencing factors of family location resource endowments，the geographical position of forestry farmers’ home has no significant influence on forestry farmers’ choice behavior，but the distance has a great impact．From the perspective of individual resource endowment，the factors as age，sex and occupation have no significant influence on the choice behavior．The education level of forestry farmers is significantly correlated with the choice behavior of single-family business model(at the 10% level)．Forestry farmers are whether engaged in forestry-related activities have an impact on the choice behavior(at the level of 1%)．From the perspective of forestry farmers’ household resource endowment，the number of family population has a significant positive effect on the forestry farmers’ choice behavior of single-family business model．From the perspective of forestry management resource endowments，the openness of forest management funds and product sales channels have significant correlation effect on single-family business model．The single-family business model with clear forest management funds is 0.399 times as many as the poorly managed households．The smoothness of the sales channel of forest products have a significant effect on the forestry farmers’ choice behavior of single-family business model．

⑷ Conclusions and Discussion——Base on the perspective of forestry farmers，the influencing factors of selecting behavior of single-family business model were the total area of the forest land，the skill of the forestry farmer，the openness of forest management funds，etc．The influencing factors as geographical environment，forestry operating income，the gender of forestry farmer and so on have no effect on the single-family management model of forestry．Above all，in the premise of the ownership of forest land unchanged，government should actively encourage the farmers to take a variety of ways to transfer the right to use forest land then achieve the purpose of expanding the forest management area．Meanwhile，forestry farmers should actively expand the forest product sales channels，flexibly use the previous marketing method and ensure the smooth flow of forest management funds．

Key words：forestry farmer；forestry single-family business model；choice behavior；influencing factors

Original Articlein劉濱，雷顯凱，楊冬梅，等．林農(nóng)林業(yè)單戶經(jīng)營模式選擇行為的影響因素研究．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題，2017，37(4)：23-28．

DOI:10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.04.006

Performance Evaluation of Poverty Alleviation in Forest Region：An Empirical Study on 15 Forestry Counties in Ganzhou City

QIU Hailana，LIAO Wenmeia，b，ZHANG Guanglaia

(a.School of Economics and Management，b.Research Center of Rural Land Resources Use and Protection，Jiangxi Agricultural University，Nanchang 330045 China)

Abstract

⑴ Background——Poverty has been a major obstacle to development the economy in developing country．In China，the poverty in forest region affects farmers’ life，the stability of social and the development of forestry．So the problem that how to solve the poverty problem in the forest region has been the focus and difficulties for poverty alleviation work．The Former Central Soviet Area in Gannan is a typical example of concentrated poverty areas in China and the key forest area in Jiangxi Province．So poverty alleviation is crucial to implement the reconstruction and development for the Former Central Soviet Areas in Gannan．

⑵ Methods——This paper used panel data of 15 forestry counties in Gannan forest areas from 2008 to 2014．Descriptive statistical analysis method was used to compare the difference between the per capita GDP and the per capita net income of rural residents．Variance analysis method and the econometric regression model were used to explore the different significant factors which affected the per capita GDP and the per capita net income of rural residents between poverty-stricken counties and non-poverty counties in forest areas．

⑶ Results——In terms of per capita GDP，the per capita investment in fixed assets and per capita consumption had a significant impact on per capita GDP in the forestry poverty-stricken counties and forestry non-poverty counties．But the per capita exports had no significant impact on per capita GDP in the forestry poverty-stricken counties and forestry non-poverty counties．Increment of per capita GDP in forestry poverty-stricken counties is 0.275 5 yuan higher than forestry non-poverty counties when per capita investment in fixed assets increased by 1 yuan．When per capita consumption increased by 1 yuan，increment of per capita GDP in forestry poverty-stricken counties is 0.879 3 yuan less than forestry non-poverty counties．In terms of per capita net income of rural residents，the rural employees and the rural per capita fixed assets investment had a significant impact on the per capita net income of rural residents in forestry poverty-stricken counties and forestry non-poverty counties，but the rural per capita land area had no significant impact on the per capita net income of rural residents in forestry poverty-stricken counties and forestry non-poverty counties．Increment of per capita net income of rural residents in forestry poverty-stricken counties is 0.007 2 yuan less than forestry non-poverty counties when the number of rural employees increased by 1 people．When per capita fixed assets investment in rural areas increased by 1 yuan，increment of per capita net income of rural residents in forestry poverty-stricken counties is 0.369 0 yuan higher than forestry non-poverty counties．

⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——During 2008 to 2014，the growth of per capita GDP in forestry poverty-stricken counties accounts for 60.73% of the forestry non-poverty counties．Per capita fixed assets investment and per capita consumption were the main influencing factors for leading to the difference in GDP growth．The growth of per capita net income of rural residents in the forestry poverty-stricken counties accounts for 126.85% of the forestry non-poverty counties．Rural fixed assets investment and the number of rural employees were the main influencing factors for leading to the difference in per capita net income of rural residents growth．So the poverty alleviation polices of government were more effective in the forestry poverty-stricken counties than the forestry non-poverty counties．However，the gap of economic development between the forestry poverty-stricken counties and the forestry non-poverty counties was still great．The government should take the measures like as raising investment level of the fixed assets，guiding the residents to change the consumption concept，etc．

Key words：forest poverty；poverty alleviation；panel data

Original Articlein邱海蘭，廖文梅，張廣來．林區(qū)扶貧績效評價：來自贛州市15個林業(yè)縣的實證研究．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題，2017，37(4)：29-35．

DOI:10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.04.007

Proposals for Redemption and Protection on Ecological Public-Welfare Forests in North Fujian

YU Rongzhuo，CAI Min

(Research and Development Department，F(xiàn)ujian Forestry Vocational & Technical College，Nanping，F(xiàn)ujian 353000 China)

Abstract

⑴ Background——Forestry ecology system is an essential natural resource．The aim of development for modern forestry industry is to continually provide ecological and economic products，and coordinate the development of ecological，spiritual and material civilization．This study would introduce the resolutions to advance redemption and protection on ecological public-welfare forests(EPWF)in terms of performing ecological and landscaping function of EPWF and securing livelihood of the workers and maintaining social stability．

⑵ Methods——The EPWF in Fujian have 2 major problems：First one is the irrational overall geographical layout；Secondly，the unclear management policies lead to no profit for key EPWF proprietor contrasted with the high profit yielded by commercial forest．Therefore，base on the current situation of EPWF，methods review and field survey were applied for this paper．

⑶ Results——Base on the equivalent exchange of forest assets and expected profits，local government use the state-owned commercial forests in exchange for the collectively-owned EPWF and the private EPWF．In the period of developing social economy，the governments at all levels raised certain funds to purchase the scattered EPWF．Through levying ecological compensation，implementing carbon sinks trading compensation mechanism，issuing ecological fund lottery and accepting social donation，the governments established state redemption fund．Base on the results of the methods of resetting cost，forest assets and others，governments set scientific and reasonable redemption price for the EPWF．To purchase the scattered EPWF，the government needs to establish a long-acting redemption mechanism based on rational redemption sequence which made according to the importance of land．Collectively-owned and private EPWF purchased are handed over to state-owned forest management authorities to scale up the areas of state-owned EPWF．To deal with the management of state-owned forest，secure the livelihood of the workers，maintain long-term stability and promote the reform of the state-owned forest，the state-owned forest management authorities are paid by the government．Protection of the ecological forest requires the support and attendance of whole society．Thus，it is essential to enhance peoples’ enthusiasm and consciousness on protection of ecology．For adjusting the division of the forest，the unimportant ecological land was eliminated from the EPWF，the eco-fragile forest land and the forest with special purpose brought into the EPWF．Besides，state authorities need to set scientific strategies for forest management，carry out EPWF recovering program，etc．Further more，in order to gradually better the ecological and landscaping function of EPWF，government should carry out the measures like as the closed forest project，promoting the management pattern of near-natural modification，etc．The redeemed of commercial forest and ecological forest should belong to state-owned management and need to be operated under the same pattern of ecological forest．The division between the state-owned and non state-owned forest should be marked clearly．While the illegal activities such as destroying，forcibly occupying the forest and cutting the trees stealthily should be punished severely by means of the law to enhance the protection of EPWF and fully increase ecological effects and social benefits of EPWF．

⑷ Conclusions and Discussion——State and local governments nationalize EPWF by the ways of forest property replacement and direct purchase，then put EPWF under the management of state-owned forest authorities．Through optimizing ecological layout and better the mechanism of protection and management in EPWF to alleviate contradiction between ecology construction and economy development．

Key words：ecological public-welfare forests；redemption；protection；proposals

Original Articlein余榮卓，蔡敏．推進(jìn)閩北生態(tài)公益林贖買和保護(hù)的方法．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題，2017，37(4)：36-39．

DOI:10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.04.008

Constructing the Administrative Public Interest Litigation System of Forestry

WANG Zheng

(Department of Environmental Science，Hebei University of Environmental Engineering，Qinhuangdao，Hebei 066102 China)

Abstract

⑴ Background——With the improvement of industrialization and urbanization，the resources and environment of forestry are facing increasing pressures，and the task of protecting the forestry ecological construction achievements is still arduous．The problems of forestry ecological environment protection need to be solved by law．Compared with the imperfection law enforcement，the more serious problem for the forestry administrative law enforcement situation is administrative omission or improper act．So constructing the administrative public interest litigation system of forestry is significantly urgent．

⑵ Methods——This paper uses the method of normative analysis which includes legitimacy analysis，normatively analysis and effectiveness analysis．Legitimacy analysis is applied to evaluate whether the forestry administrative litigation system is complied with positive law．Normatively analysis is used to check the clarity and logicality of the forestry administrative litigation system．Effectiveness analysis is used to judge extent that the forestry administrative litigation system transforms into legal order in practice and action．

⑶ Results——The definition of forestry administrative public interest litigation is an action which is taken by the plaintiff without a direct legal interest to accuse the forestry administration of illegal administration．Compared with the traditional administrative litigation system，forestry administrative public interest litigation system has the following characteristics：the purpose of public interests，the diversity of plaintiff qualification，the specificity of litigation object，and the prevention of litigation function．The plaintiff qualification of forestry administrative public interest litigation extends to procuratorial organs and social organizations．Restrictive provisions should be made to verify social organizations．The scope of accepting cases of forestry administrative public interest litigation include the administrative acts of infringing forestry public interests，the administrative omission acts，and the abstract administrative acts．From the legislative path，the special laws about ecological and environmental administrative public interest litigation like as Forest Law and Environmental Protection Law should be legislated first．When revising the Forest Law，the regulation of forestry administrative public interest litigation should be made clearly．Meanwhile，in the relevant regulations and rules and judicial interpretations，the specific and operational rules for the destruction of forestry，the degree of damage，the standard of identification，the restoration of vegetation and other issues should be enacted．

⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——The suit of omission is the main type of forestry administrative public interest litigation．There administrative omission has many forms．The judgment of performing statutory duties should not only make a request for an action，but also include a time limit of making an action．The relief means of ordering to perform the statutory duties should be strengthening．Before the forestry administrative public interest litigation，procuratorial organs and social organizations should urge the administrative organization to perform their duties in accordance with the law with the form of a procuratorial proposal or a legal proposal．Forestry administrative public interest litigation should apply the shifting burden of proof，namely the defendant should bear the burden of proof on the legality of the administrative acts of the administrative organization．And the laws and regulations and normative documents on which administrative acts were based should also be provided by the defendant．However，the plaintiff should bear the burden of proof on the damage of forestry public interest，or the risk of ecological environment might would soon be damaged by administrative acts．For other evidence of procedural facts，the principle of“who advocated that，who presents evidence”should be followed．

Key words：forestry；administrative public interest litigation；system construction

Original Articlein王政．中國林業(yè)行政公益訴訟制度構(gòu)建．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題，2017，37(4)：40-44．

DOI:10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.04.009

Analyzing the Community Management Policies in China’s National Park

ZHOU Rui1，ZENG Yuxi1，2，ZHONG Linsheng1

(1.Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research，CAS，Beijing 100101 China；2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100049 China)

Abstract

⑴ Background——National park is designated for national typical natural ecosystem integrity．Local communities are key stakeholders to support national park conservation and management，so the owner rights and interests of local communities need to be put high value．Currently，China’s government is undertaking national park system pilot projects including 9 pilot areas to explore administrative mechanisms．Therefore，it is necessary to study the relation between newly launched national park and community management．

⑵ Methods——This paper selected the system pilot area in Qianjiangyuan National Park as survey region．This paper clarifies the main community management measurements from both global national park and China’s protected area through widely reference review，and concluded the key points of community management system by comparing global and domestic cases．Then the both theoretical support and experience reference can be provided for Qianjiangyuan National Park system pilot area．

⑶ Results——The survival and development of local community in survey region exist 4 problems：Survey region is a less developed region，but it is embarrassing that it is located in eastern developed province；Local community live mainly on agriculture but the actual available land is limited；The large population leave a great pressure on ecology protection；Although local community show strong willingness to move out the survey region，their employment skills and social welfare are sill insufficient．Therefore，community management policies need to be referred from both global national park and China’s protected area．For international cases，national park entitles communities owner rights and interests through co-management which is the key to consider the needs of the local residents，and set up a majority of cooperation management institutions by local residents represent to implement management．Besides，since national park encroaches the living space of traditional community residents，zoning method based on land use intensity is adopted to assign living space for community residents．Moreover，national park required land owner to use land properly and take activities in accordance with the objective requirements of conservation．In addition，national park used concession policy to allow local community to operate tourist service facilities for profits．In general，international national park have made great efforts to build a harmonious relationship between conservation management and community development．By contrast，China’s protected areas including nature reserve，scenic spot，forest park，and geopark have adopted many community management measurements from oversea cases，but the effectiveness were slightly or greatly different．Additionally，whether co-arrangement policy can be applied in all China’s protected areas still need to discussion，because the management objectives are different in each co-arrangement policy．Furthermore，community pro-poor and tourism respectively put emphasis on the poor residents and people who are involved in tourism．

⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——Exploring community management system，the community management policies gain experience and clear boundaries for community survival and development．The host identity is entitled by national park through signing co-management contract or guarantee land ownership．Therefore，Qianjiangyuan National Park system pilot area should properly adjust community management policies to reach a goal of sustainable development for conservation and community development．

Key words：national park；protected area；community management；Qiangjiangyuan National Park system pilot area

Original Articlein周睿，曾瑜皙，鐘林生．中國國家公園社區(qū)管理研究．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題，2017，37(4)：45-50．

DOI:10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.04.010

Analyzing the Image Perception of Suburban Forest Park Based on Network Text Analysis：A Case Study of Lishui Baiyun Forest Park

ZHAO Mimi，ZHANG Jianguo

(School of Landscape Architecture School of Tourism and Health，Zhejiang A&F University，Lin’an，Zhejiang 311300 China)

Abstract

⑴ Background——With the development of economic society and public living standards，how to keep the mental and physical health has became a hotspot topic gradually in society．Suburban Forest parks play an important role in peoples’ modern recreations．In the Internet age，most tourists would check tourist information on the internet before touring．So that tourism image is one of the most important factors in attracting tourists．

⑵ Methods——The raw data used in the analytical method was from web text contents．The sample data are the comments about scene，environment and function of the Baiyun Forest Park．And the comments and travels were gathered through web websites search(web websites include Sina blog，Ctrip Travel Network，etc．)by using the key words as Baiyun Forest Park．Word frequency analysis，semantic network analysis and emotion analysis of the key words for Baiyun Forest Park were processed by using ROST Content Mining software．

⑶ Results——Through the analysis and summary of the ROST Content Mining software，it can be concluded that the main tourism image of Baiyun Forest Park is concentrated in the natural scenery and the forest theme．Based on the analysis of the high frequency words，this paper selected 45 high frequency words for analyzing the image perception of Baiyun forest park．The high frequency words could be divided into 3 aspects to reflected the travel：the high frequency words about scenic environment accounted for 62.16%，the high frequency words about tourists activities accounted for about 31.08% and the high frequency words about tourists travel accounted for 6.76%．Through the analysis of the emotion，the positive emotion was the most，which accounted for 78.9% and the overall impression was better．The neutral emotion accounted for 11.1%．The negative emotion was the smallest and its proportion was 9.87%．Therefore，the perception of tourism image of Baiyun Forest Park is mainly manifested in the following 3 aspects：the first one is scenic environment，Baiyun Forest Park is a good ecological environment with the theme of the forest；the second aspect is tourist activities，the purposes of most visitors in Baiyun Forest Park are leisure entertainment，exercise and prevent sunstroke；the third one is tourists travel，the high-frequency words(like as urban，citizen，driving，etc．)showed the convenient location of Baiyun Forest Park．

⑷ Conclusions and Discussion——Above all，this paper put forward the following suggestions．Firstly，excavation of cultural resources and enhancing the cultural atmosphere of the Baiyun Forest Park could be done．Although the Baiyun Forest Park mainly is the natural landscape，it also cannot lack cultural atmosphere．Secondly，the Baiyun Forest Park should tap the Baiyun culture and improve the visibility．The Park could remodel characteristics creative landscape and launch the boutique attractions to implement the brand strategy development．Thirdly，the Baiyun Forest Park need more publicity．Only increasing the publicity of the Baiyun Forest Park，it can be to known by more people，so as to attract more tourists to carry out forest ecological experience and leisure and health resort activities．Lastly，the Baiyun Forest Park should protect and improve the original ecological environment sustainably．According to the maximum protection and the principle of minimum development，the green energy-saving technology should be utilized to reduce pollution and maintain the original natural style．

Key words：image perception，suburban forest park，Lishui Baiyun，network text analysis

Original Articlein趙咪咪，張建國．基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)文本分析的城郊森林公園形象感知研究：以麗水白云森林公園為例．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題，2017，37(4)：51-56．

DOI:10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.04.011

Research on the Characteristics of Tourists Behavior in Ecological Sports Tourism：Take LiuXi River National Forest Park in Guangzhou for Example

LI Peiqi，F(xiàn)U Yunxin

(College of Management，Jinan University，Guangzhou 510632 China)

Abstract

⑴ Background——Ecological sports tourism develop rapidly in recent years．And forest park has became the important destination of sports tourism for urban residents．Liu Xi river forest park as a typical forest park in Guangzhou is suitable for launching varied sports tourism projects．Summing up the previous studies about forest park tourism，most studies were focused on functional properties，while a few were focused on behavior characteristics of tourists，and on the purpose of ecological sports tourism particularly．Therefore，the research on the characteristics of tourists behavior in ecological sports tourism would be helpful to the ecological sports tourism development．

⑵ Methods——By using factor analysis，multivariate linear regression analysis and correlation analysis，this paper summarized the motivation of ecological sports tourist，explored the willingness to pay(WTP)of ecological sports tourist and the correlation of tourist satisfaction indicators．This paper determine the topic of the study design through questionnaire investigation，expert discussion and screening．Finally 300 tourists were investigated and 271 valid questionnaires were obtained．

⑶ Results——Based on the results of this research，inner motive，external motive，sports motivation，motive，and social motivation respectively are 5 dimensions of ecological sports tourist motivation．Firstly，the tourists motives of ecological sports tourism travel just came after the ornamental tourism travel．Secondly，although the ecological sports tourism tourists have obvious willingness to sports consumption，the level of consumption is not high enough．The monthly income concentrate between 800-2000 yuan and 2001-4000 yuan．The majority of the tourists consist of students，ordinary office workers and teachers，which belong to the middle-class income groups．The proportion of tourist income level that is lower than 4 000 yuan sum up to 74.34%．It can be explained as a point that the tourist income levels affects the ecological sports tourism consumption level．Thirdly，the overall satisfaction of ecological sports tourism tourists are much higher，and the safety indicators of ecological sports tourism services are generally satisfactory．The degree of influence of tourists’ motivation and satisfaction are ecological environment，ecological sports tourism facilities，ecological，cultural conditions and ecological sports service．

⑷ Conclusions and Discussion——To sum up，the market for young tourists not only accelerated the development of ecological sports tourism，but also nature conservations and humanities buildings．Firstly，according to the source of young tourist，in order to create a high level of security and experiential environment for tourists，natural and cultural advantages of Liu xi river national forest park must be fully developed，such as setting up riding ornamental creatures，configuring the tour guide to explain，etc．Secondly，ecological sports tourism projects should contain a certain amount of challenging and interesting parts，while enhanced the ecological sports tourism safety satisfaction would also help constructing the scenic area．Thirdly，with the congenital advantages of ecological environment，the Liu xi river national forest park has a unique forest natural landscape and animal diversity．In the future development process，the Liu xi River national forest park should focus on creating eco-sports tourism，unique sports tourism as the theme of tourism products．

Key words：forest park；ecological sports tourism；tourist behavior；Guangzhou

Original Articlein李培奇，傅云新．生態(tài)體育旅游游客行為特征研究：以廣州流溪河國家森林公園為例．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題，2017，37(4)：57-62．

DOI:10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.04.012

An Empirical Analysis of the Influencing Factors of Export Competitiveness of Forest Products

SU Lei，LIU Yi，SHEN Zizheng

(College of Economics and Management，Northeast Forestry University，Harbin 150040 China)

Abstract

⑴ Background——With the development of the export trade of forest products in the world，the export competitiveness of forest products has been widely concerned．In forestry，most of the literatures on the export competitiveness only focused on China，and few scholars analyzed the influence factors of world forest products export competitiveness．

⑵ Methods——According to the standards of the Food and Agriculture Organization and China Forestry Administration，this paper selected 28 countries’ wooden forest products export data in 2001-2014．The data are derived from the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database．Index of economic freedom are derived from the Heritage Foundation．The real effective exchange rate and producer price index are all derived from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development．First of all，the index of revealed symmetric comparative advantage and the quality competitiveness are used to measure the export competitiveness level of forest products of 28 countries in the world．Then，this paper use the symmetric comparative advantage index as the substitution variable for the export competitiveness of forestry products，and introduce influence factors as product quality，production costs，etc．

⑶ Results——Regarding to the index of revealed symmetric comparative advantage，United States，Germany and France are at a disadvantage situation in forest product exports，and United States，Germany and France are in inferior position in the exports of forest products，while the exports of forest products in China，Canada，Austria and Italy are only had weak comparative advantage．With the quality competitiveness index，the forest products export quality in China，Canada，Germany and Austria have increased rapidly，while the forest product exports quality in United States，Sweden and Italy are not obviously increasing．In addition，some economic explanations are put forward according to the regression results：Product quality has a positive impact on product competitiveness and it is significant at the 1% level of significance，the regression coefficient was 0.054 9；the degree of dependence on foreign trade and the real effective exchange rate rising would weaken the export competitiveness of forest products at the 0.1% level of significance，the regression coefficients were -0.122 3 and -0.244 5．Increased domestic institutional quality would slightly weaken the export competitiveness of products，because the domestic tariff or non-tariff reduction could impact the export competitiveness through a comprehensive way．Production costs have negative effects on export competitiveness，the increase of production costs will reduce the competitiveness of export products，but the negative effect is not significant．

⑷ Conclusions and Discussion——Firstly，product quality has a positive effect on product export competitiveness．Namely，the upgrading of product quality will greatly promote the export competitiveness of forest products，and the society needs to encourage technological innovation and export high-tech products．Secondly，exchange rate and production cost are negatively related to export competitiveness．The exchange rate appreciation and rising production costs would increase the cost and inhibit the export competitiveness．Government can formulate relevant policies to guide the exchange rate and reduce the export costs of enterprises through export tax rebates，so that companies maintain the comparative advantages of forest products．Finally，export dependence is negatively related to export competitiveness，companies need to expand domestic demand and reduce external dependence and international market risk．

Key words：export competitiveness；revealed symmetric comparative advantage index；quality competitiveness index；influencing factors

Original Articlein蘇蕾，劉意，沈自崢．林產(chǎn)品出口競爭力影響因素的實證分析．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題，2017，37(4)：63-66，73．

DOI:10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.04.013

Investigation and Analysis on the Market of Matsutake Production and Marketing Based on the Whole Industry Chain：Taking Yunnan Province as an Example

ZHANG Tiwei1a，MA Jianyu1b，LIU Zifei2，CHEN Xiaowei1a

(1a．Institute of Rural Development，1b．Institute of Economics，Yunnan Academy of Social Sciences，Kunming 650034 China；2．Research Center of Fisheries Development Strategy，Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences，Beijing 100141 China)

Abstract

⑴ Background——Industry of Tricholoma Matsutake is the superior resources for Yunnan province．To develop the industry of tricholoma matsutake would contribute to poverty alleviation and construction of a well-off society．So the industry chain and market of tricholoma matsutake are selected as survey target in order to improve the quality of supply and promote its efficiency．

⑵ Methods——The method of questionnaire survey，informal discussion and literature research are applied to analyze the industrial chain status and existing problems in the industry market of tricholoma matsutake．This survey selects 11 enterprises in Yunnan province for informal discussion to obtain the current situation of production and processing performance．Furthermore，in Beijing，Shanghai and Guangzhou，suppliers，shopping malls，supermarkets，wholesale markets of agricultural products，and physical stores are also investigated．

⑶ Results——The first-hand data which are obtained from the survey proves that Yunnan province is the tricholoma matsutake resource-abundant area，occupies large market share and forms industry comparative advantage．From industry chain aspects of purchasing，processing，logistics and marketing，and based on multi-dimensional analysis，the results prove that the tends of international market maintain a steady state and national market has heavy development potentiality．There is high recognition and more market potential，based on consumer questionnaire survey of tricholoma matsutake．There are significantly different preferences and brand loyalty between different consumer groups．High-end products，such as freeze-dried slice，are mainly in the form of shopping malls counters．On the basis of market survey from the perspective of whole industry chain，about 20% profit can be earned for the raw material purchasing dealer，then 25% profit can be gained by processing and logistics enterprises，and about 55% profit can be obtained by marketing dealers at all levels．However，the industry development of tricholoma matsutake is still confronted with some problems，such as the lower market access threshold，lacking of flagship enterprise and effective supervision，the loose benefit coupling mechanism，the mode of single brand marketing，the narrow profit space due to unbalanced profit distribution，etc．

⑷ Conclusions and Discussion——Above all，some proposals are put forward in order to improve the quality of supply and promote the efficiency for the industry of tricholoma matsutake．Firstly，the marketing strategies of enterprises should be adjusted to focus on middle and high-end market in order to adapt the trend of domestic consumption．Secondly，the new products research and development of tricholoma matsutake should seize the highlands of industry development and explore the domestic market．Thirdly，integration of production-supply-sale should be adopted to promote industry collaboration for material purchasing，processing，logistics and marketing，and extend the whole industry chain．Fourthly，in order to avoid vicious competition and maintain the consumer confidence，the competitiveness of tricholoma matsutake market should be promoted by rebranding，strengthening industrial alliance and developing the leading enterprises．Finally，benefit sharing mechanism should be constructed to form the benefit community between enterprises and farmers，then to achieve sustainable development for tricholoma matsutake industry．

Key words：tricholoma matsutake；production and marketing areas；perspective of whole industry chain

Original Articlein張體偉，馬建宇，劉子飛，等．全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈視角下云南松茸產(chǎn)銷地市場調(diào)查分析：以云南為例．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題，2017，37(4)：67-73．

DOI:10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.04.014

Measuring Output Elasticity of China’s Provincial Forestry Production Factors：An Empirical Study Based on Spatial Econometric Model

HU Chenpei

(School of Statistics and Mathematics，Zhejiang Gongshang University，Hangzhou 310018 China)

Abstract

⑴ Background——Collective forest rights reform，a major revolution of rural management system，has endowed farmers with partial forestry rights．So farmers are able to gain revenue by using their own forest resources．Forestry industry as an important part of China’s national economy can produce huge ecological benefits and social benefits for China．In recent years，China’s forestry industry has been developing rapidly．

⑵ Methods——Based on the input-output data of China’s 31 provinces in 2015，this paper analyzed the spatial distributions and interdependent correlation of the production of forestry by Global Moran I index and LISA cluster map．Base on the test about spatial relationships，spatial error model and spatial error model were established to measure the output elasticity of China’s forestry production factors under the consideration of spatial linkage factors in the province．

⑶ Results——Global Moran I index of China’s forestry output is 0.074 and the spatial autocorrelation is significant．So China’s provincial forestry output exists significant spatial correlation．Compared with the traditional estimation methods，spatial econometric model can reveal the spatial correlation in forestry output and can more accurately measure the output elasticity of forestry production factors．The results of different models show that the two-factor model is superior to the three-factor model in measuring forestry output elasticity．After considering provincial spatial factors，estimated the output elasticity of forestry labor input is 0.404，the output elasticity of capital investment is 0.682，and the land to forestry output has no significant influence．Meanwhile，by comparing the output elasticity of the two elements in different models，it found that the output elasticity of forestry labor output is the smallest in OLS estimation，and the results obtained by this method have the tendency of underestimating the elasticity of forestry labor output．In the spatial error model，forestry labor output has the greatest elasticity(0.404)，which is a more reasonable estimate．Similarly，the elasticity of forestry capital output is 0.782．The result of the spatial error model is more reasonable，and the elasticity of forestry capital output is 0.682．

⑷ Conclusions and Discussion——This paper got 4 conclusions as follows．Firstly，China’s provincial forestry output exists significant spatial correlation．Secondly，labor factor and capital factor are the main determinants for the province-level forestry production in China．Thirdly，the results of spatial error model shows that spatial error spillover effect is existed in provincial output of forest．Fourthly，spatial error model is more reasonable than traditional model．Research on the province-level forestry production should not ignore the spatial effect．Finally，this paper put forward some policy recommendations for the establishment of regional forestry production incentive policies，the establishment of regional coordinated development of forestry production cooperation mechanism．Through the spatial correlation analysis and the establishment of spatial measurement model，the paper measured output elasticity of forestry production factor and drew the conclusion of the study．This paper had important research significance because it put spatial factor into measurement of output elasticity firstly．In meanwhile，the study also had some shortcomings and improvements．

Key words：forestry economy；spatial measurement；output elasticity；spatial error model

Original Articlein胡晨沛．中國省域林業(yè)生產(chǎn)要素產(chǎn)出彈性測度：基于空間計量經(jīng)濟模型的實證研究．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題，2017，37(4)：74-78．

DOI:10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.04.015

Evaluating the International Investment Environment of Natural Rubber Industry in Africa

WU Wei，LIU Ruijin，MO Yeyong

(Rubber Research Institute，CATAS，Danzhou，Hainan 571727 China)

Abstract

⑴ Background——Due to the limitation of resource endowment，the development of natural rubber planting industry in China was restricted．In order to break the restrictions，international investment is an important way to expand industrial space．The abundant tropical land and agricultural labor in Africa can provide necessary conditions for the development of rubber plantations．However，the investment of natural rubber in Africa is still in exploratory stage．The existing research results were shortage of targeted and lack of guidance on industrial investment．So performing research on the investment environment of natural rubber industry in Africa is necessary．

⑵ Methods——This paper selected 26 countries in Africa as the study object．Based on driving force of foreign direct investment，this paper builds an appraisal system of international investment environment in natural rubber industry．The factor analysis method is used to obtain the key factors which effect on the transnational development of the natural rubber industry，then make a comprehensive evaluation．The data in this paper is from World Bank，United Nations Conference on Trade and Development，F(xiàn)ood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations，Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators，etc．

⑶ Results——The factors that have positive impact on the investment environment are the high degree of resource potential，broad prospects of economic development，reasonable structure of export markets，and good foundation of natural rubber industry．The high level of economic freedom and human development，stable political environment，and convenient business environment would help to attract more capital inflow．The level of international investment and the degree of external dependency have negative effects．The factors analysis gives comparative advantage of the selected countries in Africa．And from the perspective of the distribution of rubber planting in Africa，East Africa，Central Africa and West Africa have a certain distribution among the top 15 countries ranked by the score of investment environment，accounting for 26.7%，26.7% and 40.0% respectively．But the nations in West Africa are more suitable to international investment of natural rubber，like as Nigeria，Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire．In terms of income levels，the countries of lower middle income rank better，accounted for 70.0% among the top 10 countries ranked by the score of investment environment．And the tropical grasslands of West Africa and tropical forests in the Congo basin are the ideal area for natural rubber planting，the countries in the regions accounted for 73.3% among the top 15 countries ranked by the score of investment environment．Namely the investments from China natural rubber industry may give a priority to countries at lower middle income level in West Africa，which are located in the tropical grasslands of West Africa and tropical forests in the Congo basin．

⑷ Conclusions and Discussion——The assessment of international investment environment in natural rubber industry is a complex task，and the international investment in rubber plantations is a long-term process and full of potential risks and challenge．Compared to the investment of rubber plantation sector，the local construction of the primary processing factories，the development of rubber manufacturing products business may be a better choice because of the shorter payback period．But the precondition is that there is enough raw material for rubber processing and manufacturing．In addition，due to the limitations of research methods and data acquisition，the factors such as changes in international situation，the economic fluctuations and emergencies were not introduced in the construction of the evaluation system，which may have time lag effects on international investment．In order to provide enterprises a scientific reference，the time variable will be introduced into the evaluation system in further research，which is may be used to evaluate the international investment environment in rubber industry in a dynamic perspective．

Key words：natural rubber industry；Africa；international investment；investment environment；factor analysis

Original Articlein伍薇，劉銳金，莫業(yè)勇．非洲天然橡膠產(chǎn)業(yè)投資環(huán)境評價．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題，2017，37(4)：79-85．

DOI:10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.04.016

Development Models of Under-Forest Economy in Minority Areas of Yunnan Province

DOU Yaquan，LI Ya

(College of Economics and Management of Southwest Forestry University，Kunming 650224 China)

Abstract

⑴ Background——In Yunnan province，the economy of minority area in general is undeveloped．Improving the living conditions and breaking the bottleneck that restricts economy are significant for minority areas．However，the existing literature about the development of under-forest economy in the minority areas are in blank field．

⑵ Methods——The survey method adopted in this paper is semi-structured interview and questionnaires．Discuss with staff of relevant departments of Forestry Department of Yunnan Province，interviews with staff of relevant departments of Forestry Bureau of Kunming，Chuxiong，Xuanwei，Dali，Lijiang and other places in Yunnan province．Site visits and questionnaires were carried out on the specific case points of four typical forest development areas in Yunnan province．A questionnaire survey was conducted on six potential economic development areas in Yunnan province．A total of 110 valid questionnaires were obtained．The advantages，weaknesses，opportunities and threats of the development of under-forest economy were analyzed in the paper．Based on the descriptive statistical results of the survey data，analyzed the willingness of farmers to choose the development mode，development policy and organizational form of under-forest economy development，and the facing difficulties of farmers in developing under-forest economy in the paper．

⑶ Results——The surveyed households were generally low in education，82% had only primary or junior secondary education，and only 2 received tertiary education，91% expressed willingness to develop the forest economy，but 73% have never received training and guidance on forest economy，80% believe that there is no or not clear whether the relevant policy support．Lack of funds，technology，labor is facing the greatest difficulties of farmers to the development of under-forest economy．This shows that there is still a lack of phenomenon in the policy formulation，publicity，implementation and so for government，government and other relevant departments should be further strengthened education，publicity，and technical guidance to improve understanding of farmers for the development model of under-forest economy，should be further strengthened the capital and technology investment to protect the healthy development of under-forest economy，and the establishment of professional cooperatives is also essential for improving the efficiency of forest farmers．The strengths(the strengths included superior natural resources，intense development interests and abundant tourism resources)，the weaknesses(the weaknesses included remarkable resources difference，smaller development scale and scanty capital)，the opportunities(the opportunities included the policy opportunities and market opportunities)and the threats(the threats included the serious natural disaster，sharp market competition and unstable market price)of the development of under-forest in the minority nationality regions were analyzed in the paper．

⑷ Conclusions and Discussion——Through analyzing the SWOT of under-forest economy，this paper would give some suggestions about the development models of under-forest economy in the minority nationality regions of Yunnan province．For example，they can select the model of forest ecotourism in these areas where have abundant tourism resources．Some regions have superior natural resources and moderate climate，it is suitable for the model of under-forest growing．Base on the results of comprehensive analysis，this paper put forward 4 countermeasures to promote the development of under-forest economy in the minority areas．Firstly，each regions should choose suitable model to realize the development of under-forest economy according to the different resources，natural conditions and market requirement．Secondly，the government and other societal forces need to provide the necessary funds to ensure the stable development of under-forest economy．Thirdly，setting up the Rural Specialized Cooperative Organization would provide the technical guidance and help for farmers．Finally，it is necessary to establish performance evaluation system，etc．

Key words：under-forest economy；development model；Yunnan province；minority areas

Original Articlein竇亞權(quán)，李婭．云南少數(shù)民族地區(qū)林下經(jīng)濟發(fā)展模式研究．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題，2017，37(4)：86-91．

DOI:10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.04.017

Input-Output Efficiency Analysis of Four Cultivation Modes of Eucommia Based on DEA-Malmquist

ZHAO Tierui，ZHAO Rong，CHEN Shaozhi

(Research Institute of Forestry Policy and Information，Chinese Academy of Forestry，Beijing 100091 China)

Abstract

⑴ Background——Eucommia，a very important strategic resources，have 4 mainly cultivation modes which include medicinal cultivation mode，orchard cultivation mode，male flower cultivation mode and leaf cultivation mode．Analyzing the input-output efficiency of Eucommia would improve the production management and provide theoretical guidance for macro-control and related policy-making for Eucommia industry．However，the study on the input-output efficiency of Eucommia was almost completely blank．

⑵ Methods——Based on China’s Eucommia rubber resources and industry development report，this paper selected the average value of the cost，yield and net income which are from the 4 kinds of cultivation modes from years 1 to 6 as the research data．As a method for estimating production efficiency，DEA-Malmquist was used to analyze the efficiency of input and output in 4 cultivation modes．

⑶ Results——The cost rate in orchard cultivation mode was the highest of 4 cultivation patterns，while the cost rate in leaf cultivation mode was the lowest．As a new cultivation models，the leaf cultivation mode obtained the proceeds from the second year，and the revenue has maintained steady growth．The total efficiency of the 4 cultivation modes were as follows：Firstly，the total efficiency of 4 cultivation was 1.146，and the average speed of total factor productivity was 14.6%，which indicated that the four kinds of cultivation patterns were very efficient；Secondly，the descending sort of the total efficiency of 4 cultivation modes was orchard cultivation mode，male flower cultivation mode，traditional medicinal cultivation mode and the cultivation for leaf；Thirdly，the overall size of average efficiency in the 4 cultivation modes was 0.912，which indicated that the overall efficiency was good and 4 kinds of cultivation mode is in the steady state of the relative scale；Fourthly，the average technical efficiency of 4 kinds of cultivation patterns was 0.780，which showed that the management level needs to be improved in the future operation．

⑷ Conclusions and Discussion——The total factor productivity of orchard cultivation mode was the highest in the four cultivation models．The total factor productivity of orchard cultivation mode and the male flower cultivation mode had higher productivity．The total factor productivity of medicinal cultivation and leaf cultivation model were not high，which showed that the production efficiency of the 2 kinds of cultivation mode were not completely effective，but the total factor productivity still kept basic balance．With the extensive utilization of Eucommia rubber resources，people would pay increasingly attention to the new cultivation mode based on orchard cultivation mode．The rapid development of Eucommia industry requires reasonable inputs rationalization on the production factors．As the important strategic emerging industry，the supporting policy should be implemented increasingly by the state．In addition，Eucommia as a substitute for rubber products would be greatly significant role in China’s economic and social development．Therefore，Eucommia industry should be furthered to develop and the orchard cultivation mode and other new cultivation modes should be vigorously promoted to realize the rapid and healthy development of Eucommia industry．

Key words：DEA-Malmquist；cultivation mode；efficiency

Original Articlein趙鐵蕊，趙榮，陳紹志．基于DEA-Malmquist的杜仲栽培模式投入產(chǎn)出效率分析．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟問題，2017，37(4)：92-95．

⑴ Background——Northeast state-owned forest area is the biggest development area in state-owned forest resources in the 1950s．Therefore，the economic growth of northeast state-owned forest area has increasingly depended on the resource of forest and timber．With the state-owned forest area falling into a resource advantage trap gradually in the late 1980s，recoverable resources crisis，forestry business poverty and a series of social problems caused by the crisis and poverty followed footsteps．During the structural reform and economic transformation exploration，breaking through the resource dependence was the key contents and targets．

⑵ Methods——This paper calculated the decoupling coefficient of 87 forest industry enterprises in the forest area by using Tapio Decoupling Elasticity Method．In empirical calculation，the total output value of 87 enterprises was taken as the economic growth index and the total timber yield was taken as the forest resource consumption index．

⑶ Results——In the past half century，the relationship between the economic growth and the forest resource consumption has been through 3 stages：economic growth depending on the forest resource highly，economic growth and the forest resource relatively decoupling，and the strong decoupling．Specifically，when the northeast state-owned forest area was in the stage of highly dependent from 1986 to 1997，the output value of the forest industries accounted for 72.9% of the total output value in the forest area，and the forest industries took a leading role of the forest area．When the forest area was in the relatively decoupling stage from 1998 to 2010，the degree of the economy depending on the resource has been a marked declined as the sustained economic growth，the average annual timber yield fell by 2.7% and the forest area economy reached the average growth rate of 10.7% per year．When the forest area entered the strong decoupling stage in last 4 years，the timber yield has been a sharp decline from 1 120 m3to 340 m3，and the total output value has increased dramatically from 49.51 billion yuan to 73.86 billion yuan．In addition，the testing results showed the decoupling coefficient between economic growth and resource consumption was -0.058，-0.402 and -0.064，which indicated that the forest area has entered the strong decoupling stage．

⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——In the past half century，the economic growth and the forest resource conservation in northeast state-owned forest area actually did not achieve the double-win situation，despite the decoupling relationship turned more and more clearly and remarkable．The direct cause of the above contradiction was the serious policy intervention．Policy intervention sped up the decoupling process through reducing and stopping forest logging in a short time，and raised a serious of problems and risks behind the strong decoupling relationship．Based on the conclusions and the development situations in the northeast state-owned forest area，this paper put forward 4 typical paths to cement the decoupling relationship between economy and forest resource，aiming to achieve the double-win situation of forest area economic growth and forest resource conservation．The typical paths mentioned before included deepening the institution reform of forest resource management and forest industry enterprises operation，accelerating the forest area economic transformation，developing the diversified industries and the ecology construction，establishing an ensuring system of reform and development．

economic growth；timber resource；decoupling；economic transition；northeast state-owned forest area

2017-02-08 基金項目：中央級公益性科研院所基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費專項資金資助項目(CAFYBB2014MB004、CAFYBB2017MC002)

趙鐵蕊(1980-)，女，遼寧沈陽人，助理研究員，博士，從事林業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)方面的研究，(電話)18611082344，(E-mail)tieruizhao@163.com。

陳紹志(1964-)，男，吉林輝南人，教授級高級工程師，博士，從事林業(yè)經(jīng)濟理論與政策方面的研究，(電話)13601223163，(E-mail)chensz99@vip.163.com。

10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.04.017

F326.24

A

1005-9709(2017)04-0092-04