林凱臨+孫惠川
摘 要 肝切除是肝癌患者獲得長期生存的最主要治療手段。多數(shù)肝癌患者存在不同程度的肝功能受損現(xiàn)象,準確評估肝癌患者肝切除術(shù)前的肝功能有助于降低手術(shù)死亡率。本文回顧現(xiàn)有的肝切除術(shù)前肝功能評估方法,概要介紹余肝體積評估及干預手段的研究進展,以期進一步指導臨床實踐。
關(guān)鍵詞 肝切除術(shù) 肝功能評估 余肝
中圖分類號:R735.7; R730.56 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1006-1533(2017)15-0020-08
Preoperative assessment of liver function*
LIN Kailin**, SUN Huichuan***
(Department of Liver Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China)
ABSTRACT Surgical resection remains the major curative treatment option for patients with liver cancer. However, most patients with primary liver cancer have an impaired liver function. Preoperative assessment of liver function is therefore important in reducing postoperative morbidity and mortality. Here we review the current advances in preoperative assessment of liver function and the update in evaluating and augmenting future remnant liver volume in order to further guide clinical practice.
KEY WORDS hepatectomy; liver function assessment; remnant liver
原發(fā)性肝癌(90%以上是肝細胞癌,簡稱肝癌)是我國男性發(fā)病率位居第4、死亡率位居第3的惡性腫瘤類型[1]。目前,肝切除是肝癌患者獲得長期生存的最主要治療手段。但是,在接受肝切除術(shù)的肝癌患者中,由于80%患者的肝癌與乙型肝炎病毒感染相關(guān),72.1% ~ 82.3%的肝癌患者合并肝硬化[2],致使他們的肝臟再生能力和儲備功能受損。根據(jù)2011年國際肝臟外科學組制定的術(shù)后肝功能衰竭(post-operative liver failure, PLF)標準,肝癌肝切除的PLF發(fā)生率為9% ~ 18.6%[3-4]。因此,準確評估肝癌患者肝切除術(shù)前的肝臟儲備功能不僅有助于降低手術(shù)死亡率,而且有助于減少術(shù)后中長期出現(xiàn)肝功能不全,避免無腫瘤復發(fā)的死亡。
1 常用的肝功能評估方法
常用的肝功能評估方法包括Child-Pugh評分[5]、吲哚菁綠15 min清除率[6]、肝靜脈壓力梯度(hepatic venous pressure gradient, HVPG)[7-8]和肝硬化血清學標志物[9]等。為評估肝切除范圍的安全性,人們還開發(fā)出了利用CT測定肝臟體積的技術(shù),以用以評估肝切除范圍對PLF的影響[10]。
1.1 Child-Pugh評分
Child-Pugh評分是一種基于5項易于測得的參數(shù)評估肝功能的方法[5]。該方法臨床應(yīng)用廣泛,但亦存在問題。例如,Child-Pugh分級比較寬泛,且涉及到的“腹水”、“肝性腦病”等因素的界定較為主觀,有時結(jié)果會偏離臨床實際[11-12],故即使Child-Pugh分級為A級,患者在術(shù)后出現(xiàn)肝功能失代償?shù)目赡苄匀圆恍13]。因此,尚需使用其他方法來評估此類患者的肝功能儲備。
1.2 終末期肝病模型(model for end-stage liver disease, MELD)評分
MELD評分主要用以評估終末期肝病患者的生存時間[14],亦有研究顯示可用以預測肝部分切除患者的手術(shù)風險。MELD評分≤10被認為可安全施行肝切除術(shù)[13]。該方法目前主要用以篩選準備接受肝移植的患者[14-15]。
1.3 吲哚菁綠15 min清除率
吲哚菁綠清除試驗是一種定量分析肝功能的方法,可用以預測肝切除術(shù)后患者的死亡率[6]。對患者經(jīng)靜脈一次性注射吲哚菁綠0.5 mg/kg后,測出15 min時的吲哚菁綠滯留率(retention rate of indocyanine green at 15 minutes, ICG-R15)。ICG-R15在藥理學上大抵等于吲哚菁綠15 min清除率。需注意的是,吲哚菁綠和膽紅素在肝細胞轉(zhuǎn)運過程中結(jié)合于相同載體并表現(xiàn)為相互競爭性抑制作用。因此,對高膽紅素水平的梗阻性黃疸患者,吲哚菁綠清除試驗不再有效,此時可用99mTc-二乙烯三胺五乙酸半乳糖基人血清白蛋白顯像技術(shù)作為肝功能儲備評估的替代方法[16]。
擴大的肝切除術(shù)因遺留較小的肝剩余體積而常伴有較高的并發(fā)癥發(fā)病率和死亡率[17]。對不伴有慢性肝炎或肝硬化的患者,不發(fā)生PLF的最小安全肝剩余體積為肝總體積的20% ~ 33%[18]。當患者的肝功能異常時,應(yīng)避免對其施行肝大部切除術(shù)(通常定義為切除≥3段Couinaud肝段)。ICG-R15對評估肝切除術(shù)的安全性具有重要意義。安全的肝大部切除術(shù)所對應(yīng)的ICG-R15為10% ~ 14%[6,19-20]。Makuuchi等[6]提出,對ICG-R15為10% ~ 20%的患者,最小的安全肝剩余體積為肝總體積的2/3。對ICG-R15<30%的患者,施行單肝段切除術(shù)是安全的。對ICG-R15更高的患者,施行肝楔形切除術(shù)或腫瘤摘除術(shù)亦是可行的。但若患者存在腹水或血清總膽紅素水平異常(>34.3 mol/L)時,應(yīng)避免施行肝切除術(shù)[6,21]。近期,Kokudo等[22]還提出了一種新的肝功能分級方法白蛋白-吲哚菁綠評估法,其預測值=0.663×log10 ICG-R15(%)-0.071 8×白蛋白值(g/L)(界限在-2.20 ~ -1.39間),旨在更好地進行術(shù)前肝功能評估,并在前期研究中取得了與Child-Pugh評分類似的效果,然要實際臨床應(yīng)用尚有待更深入的研究和實踐的檢驗。
1.4 HVPG
門脈壓力的正常值為5 ~ 10 mmHg。由于大多數(shù)情況下無法直接測量門脈壓力,故臨床上多采用通過頸靜脈穿刺、置管來測量HVPG,估算門靜脈與下腔靜脈間的壓力梯度,借此反映門脈壓力情況。因此,門脈壓力可用HVPG指代(正常值為1 ~ 5 mmHg)?,F(xiàn)一般認為,胃底食管靜脈曲張患者的HVPG>10 mmHg,存在腹水患者的HVPG>8 mmHg[7]。巴塞羅那臨床肝癌分期小組將有臨床意義的門脈高壓定義為HVPG>10 mmHg[23],而其發(fā)表的肝癌治療指南則將門脈高壓列為肝切除術(shù)的禁忌證之一[24-25]。門脈高壓亦可用其他臨床表現(xiàn)指代,包括食管靜脈曲張、脾大(最大直徑>12 cm)和血小板計數(shù)<1×105/ml[3,26]。門脈高壓患者通常伴有較嚴重的肝纖維化,肝切除術(shù)后的并發(fā)癥和肝功能不全發(fā)生率、死亡率均較高[27]。不過,也有研究認為,這些門脈高壓征象不應(yīng)視為代償期肝硬化患者肝切除術(shù)的絕對禁忌證[28]。盡管術(shù)后食管靜脈曲張破裂出血可致高達30%的死亡率[29],但經(jīng)采取諸如術(shù)前內(nèi)鏡套扎、使用質(zhì)子泵抑制劑或H2受體阻滯劑等預防措施以及進行謹慎的術(shù)前肝功能評估等措施,仍可保證部分門脈高壓患者的術(shù)后結(jié)局和長期生存不受門脈高壓因素的影響[30-31]。
1.5 血清學標志物
肝硬化的血清學標志物包括透明質(zhì)酸、層粘連蛋白、Ⅳ型膠原和Ⅲ型前膠原氨基端肽水平等,既往主要被用來評估慢性肝病的進展、炎癥活動和肝纖維化程度以及治療效果[32-34]。一項回顧性研究顯示,肝切除術(shù)前的乙型肝炎病毒DNA、血清前白蛋白、透明質(zhì)酸和層粘連蛋白水平均與術(shù)后肝功能不全相關(guān)[9]。Okuda等[35]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Mac-2結(jié)合蛋白的糖基化異構(gòu)體(glycosylated isoforms of Mac-2 binding protein, M2BPGi)水平可用來預測肝切除者的PLF,且見在肝纖維化程度相同時,丙型肝炎病毒感染患者的M2BPGi水平顯著高于非丙型肝炎病毒感染患者,提示丙型肝炎病毒感染患者的M2BPGi水平的預測性可能更強。
2 肝臟體積的評估
多種影像學技術(shù)均可用來評估余肝體積,包括閃爍掃描術(shù)[36-37]、超聲顯像術(shù)[38]、CT[39-43]和MRI[44],其中利用CT測定余肝體積已成為肝切除和移植術(shù)前的最常用方法[45-47]。1992年Soyer等[48]利用CT信息構(gòu)建肝臟的三維圖像,經(jīng)外科醫(yī)師標記肝切除范圍后,由放射科醫(yī)師計算出余肝體積。他們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),余肝體積≥35%的患者均未出現(xiàn)PLF,因此推測35%的余肝體積是肝切除術(shù)的安全界值。需指出的是,上述余肝體積均是相對于包括腫瘤體積在內(nèi)的全肝體積而言的。顯然,肝臟體積在不同患者間存在差異,腫瘤體積也會影響全肝體積的計算。因此,必須建立健康者標準肝臟體積的數(shù)學模型,后者還可用于在活體部分供肝移植時計算受體所需的肝組織量和供體需保留的肝組織量的最低值。1995年Urata等[47]提出了通過體表面積或體重預測健康成人和小兒肝臟體積的數(shù)學公式。盡管它們均可較為準確地計算出健康者的肝臟體積,但采用體表面積的公式似更易使用。其后Kubota等[10]提出,可以CT測定的需切除的非腫瘤肝組織體積與通過Urata公式計算得到的標準化肝臟體積的比值來預測肝切除術(shù)的安全性。后來,大多數(shù)外科醫(yī)師便采用余肝體積來評估肝切除術(shù)后出現(xiàn)肝功能不全的風險[43]。
關(guān)于健康成人的標準化肝臟體積(cm3),一般通過體表面積計算得到,最常用的就是Urata公式,即706.2×體表面積(m2)+2.4。2008年Yoshizumi等[49]發(fā)現(xiàn),如體表面積<2 m2,使用Urata公式算得的肝臟體積偏低,故提出了自己的修正公式,即772×體表面積(m2)。中國研究者也經(jīng)研究提出了通過體重計算中國成人標準化肝臟體積的計算公式(華西公式),即11.5×體重(kg)+334,并發(fā)現(xiàn)該公式算得的肝臟體積較Urata公式更準確[50]。有研究比較了余肝體積/體重和余肝體積/標準化肝臟體積對PLF的預測能力,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)前者的預測結(jié)果更準確[42,51]。Vauthey等[52]提出的西方成人肝臟體積計算公式為1 267.28×體表面積(m2)-794.41(Vauthey公式),并已在多項研究中得到驗證[53-55]。
對肝臟健康和損傷患者,采用余肝體積預測PLF的界值是不同的。大多數(shù)研究者認為,對無肝臟損傷患者,余肝體積>30%的肝切除術(shù)是安全的;對肝硬化患者,余肝體積>40%或50%的肝切除術(shù)是安全的[10,18,41,56]。不足的余肝體積與不良的術(shù)后結(jié)局相關(guān),主要并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率也會提高,包括PLF發(fā)生率提高和住院時間延長等[39,41,57]。根據(jù)Ribero等[58]的研究,安全肝切除的閾值用標準化肝臟體積(用Vauthey公式算得)指示時應(yīng)為:對肝臟健康患者,20%;對有化療相關(guān)肝臟損傷患者,30%;對慢性肝病患者,40%。
利用CT測算余肝體積的最主要優(yōu)點是無創(chuàng)性,且CT常用于臨床隨訪,故亦易獲得用以計算余肝體積的CT圖像。筆者也曾研究過中國肝癌患者余肝體積的安全界值[59],發(fā)現(xiàn)對Child-Pugh分級為A級的肝癌患者(未區(qū)分是否伴有肝硬化),半肝切除術(shù)的安全余肝體積界值是35%或250 cm3。
利用CT測算的余肝體積來評估肝切除術(shù)前的肝功能有一定局限性,有時評估結(jié)果與實際肝功能及預測的術(shù)后結(jié)局不符[60],即此時余肝體積并不能對等地反映余肝功能,后者還會受到肝臟基礎(chǔ)疾病如肝纖維化、肝硬化和脂肪變性等的影響。因此,尚需確定患者肝臟是否存在基礎(chǔ)疾病方能更正確地應(yīng)用余肝體積的概念[61],這對在誘導或新輔助化療治療之后再接受肝切除術(shù)的患者尤為重要,因為肝臟實質(zhì)可能在化療治療后發(fā)生脂肪變性或靜脈閉塞[62]。在缺乏術(shù)前活組織檢查的情況下,肝臟實質(zhì)損害或病變通常難以在術(shù)前得到確認。目前,基于余肝體積數(shù)據(jù)而定的肝切除術(shù)篩選標準并無定論,文獻中提及的最小安全余肝體積在10% ~ 40%間,與不同的肝病分級及不同的測算方法有關(guān)[63]。實際上,PLF還受到患者年齡、肝臟受損程度、手術(shù)技術(shù)和余肝的定義等諸多因素的影響[18]。因此,尋找最小的安全余肝體積很困難,且可能也不符合患者的利益。此外,盡管CT可用于監(jiān)測門靜脈栓塞(portal vein embolization, PVE)后余肝體積的變化,但余肝體積并不總是能對等地反映余肝功能。有研究報告,PVE后肝臟功能的改變與其體積的改變間存在偏差,余肝功能的改變甚于余肝體積的增加[61]。當膽道或血管梗阻時,無功能肝臟的存在會影響余肝功能[43]。PVE后一側(cè)肝萎縮也會影響余肝功能[64]。
為克服上述缺陷,有研究試圖將肝功能檢測和功能性肝臟成像技術(shù)結(jié)合起來用以評估肝功能儲備[65]。3D分析技術(shù)的發(fā)展已使精確計算余肝體積成為可能。利用基于增強型CT的3D圖像重建技術(shù)可在精確評估功能性余肝體積時排除缺血和充血狀態(tài)的影響。
3 術(shù)前改善肝臟功能以提高肝切除術(shù)的安全性
約90%的肝癌患者存在不同程度的肝功能損害,其中大多數(shù)為慢性肝損害且不伴有癥狀[66]。因此,在決定施行肝切除術(shù)時,對患者的肝功能進行評估與制定合理的手術(shù)方案同樣重要。避免因余肝體積不足及功能低下所引起的術(shù)后肝功能失代償是提高肝切除術(shù)安全性的主要目標,采取的措施以增加余肝體積為重。肝部分切除術(shù)的死亡率在20世紀70年代時高達20%[67],但隨著人們對肝臟解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的認識加深、手術(shù)技術(shù)的完善,加之仔細篩選患者,目前肝切除術(shù)的安全性很高,手術(shù)死亡率已<5%[68]?,F(xiàn)有若干種術(shù)前促余肝增生的方法來提高肝癌的可切除率。
對肝功能儲備異常(ICG-R15在10% ~ 20%間)的準備接受肝大部切除術(shù)患者(余肝體積<60%)或肝功能正常的準備接受擴大的肝切除術(shù)患者(余肝體積<40%),施行PVE可確保肝切除術(shù)的安全性[10]。PVE可通過栓塞腫瘤所在肝葉的同側(cè)門脈而誘導余肝增生,以降低擴大的肝切除術(shù)后的肝衰竭和死亡發(fā)生率[10,69],同時亦可用來排除余肝增生不良患者于手術(shù)治療外[70]。一些研究比較了在擴大的肝切除術(shù)前是否施行PVE的結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)PVE組患者的長期結(jié)局與非PVE組患者相當、甚至更佳[71-74],且PVE組患者還均是在過去通常被認為因余肝體積過小而難以安全地接受手術(shù)治療的患者。
肝切除術(shù)前決定對某一患者是否施行PVE時需考量一些問題。首先,需個體化評估患者的肝臟情況、尤其是有無基礎(chǔ)實質(zhì)病變,以確定每一特定患者的可接受的余肝體積。其他的患者參數(shù)如身高和體表面積亦應(yīng)予以重視。高大者較矮小者有更大的體表面積,在施行相同程度的肝切除術(shù)時需有更大的余肝體積。其次,應(yīng)注意患者的年齡、營養(yǎng)狀況、伴發(fā)疾病和功能狀態(tài)均會影響PVE促余肝增生的程度,進而影響手術(shù)的施行[70]。
序貫施行經(jīng)導管肝動脈化療栓塞(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, TACE)和PVE也是可選用的方法。由于存在基礎(chǔ)肝硬化,接受PVE的肝癌患者獲得的肝再生效果有限[75-77]。此外,接受PVE的肝段的動脈血流代償性地增加還可能促進動脈供血的腫瘤增殖加快[78-80]。因此,序貫施行TACE和PVE的方法應(yīng)運而生[71]。有關(guān)研究顯示,與僅接受PVE患者相比,接受序貫方法患者的余肝增生率更高、腫瘤進展率更低[71,73]。盡管施行序貫方法存在著肝臟實質(zhì)缺血的風險,但綜合患者的腫瘤可切除率、術(shù)后5年生存率和無瘤生存率考慮,此方法仍是安全可行的[71,73,81]。
對肝切除術(shù),主要的限制在于余肝體積不足。盡管前述方法均能有效誘導余肝增生,但要達到滿意的余肝體積需較長時間[82]。在余肝增生至足以耐受肝切除術(shù)時,腫瘤進展亦可能伴隨而來,尤其是當腫瘤侵犯同側(cè)門脈時,腫瘤增殖可能加快,且在栓塞靜脈的對側(cè)沉積并發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移[79,83]。聯(lián)合肝臟離斷和門靜脈結(jié)扎的二步肝切除術(shù)(associated liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy, ALPPS)是近年來相關(guān)手術(shù)技術(shù)的重要創(chuàng)新[82],它的出現(xiàn)較好地解決了上述問題,并已用于結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移和脂肪變、肝硬化的肝切除術(shù)[83-87]。施行ALPPS可使余肝增生70%[88],在余肝增生的程度上優(yōu)于PVE[89-90]。ALPPS用于肝癌的適用指征為腫瘤負荷巨大、具備邊緣余肝體積的患者[89-90],可伴或不伴有大血管侵犯[87],能在一定程度上使得原難以施行切除術(shù)的腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)為具有潛在的可切除性。但短期內(nèi)施行兩次手術(shù)常常伴隨著并發(fā)癥和死亡率的升高[88,90-92],因此對ALPPS的長期臨床結(jié)局還需觀察。
4 結(jié)語
肝切除術(shù)前必須重視肝功能評估。盡管已有許多方法可用于肝功能評估,但每種方法均存在局限性,因此應(yīng)綜合多種方法以從多個角度來評估肝功能。近年還出現(xiàn)了一些新的肝功能評估方法,其中肝臟彈力測定有可替代有創(chuàng)的評估方法的潛力。此外,有研究利用CT、MRI以及核醫(yī)學灌注評價肝葉或肝段的功能[93-94],這些新技術(shù)將有助于更為準確地評估占位性病變對鄰近肝功能的影響以及再生的肝組織功能。
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