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初中英語語言材料的有效性輸入設(shè)計(jì)初探

2017-07-27 07:50陳惠燕
關(guān)鍵詞:語境初中英語

陳惠燕

摘要:語言的輸入是輸出的前提,初中英語教學(xué)可以從語言材料的有效性輸入著手,設(shè)置真實(shí)的語境,結(jié)合模塊話題,巧妙設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué),做到語言材料的輸入有效、高效,進(jìn)而提高初中英語教學(xué)的實(shí)效性。本文從課文教學(xué)中語言材料的輸入入手,結(jié)合教學(xué)實(shí)例闡述了基于話題模塊的語言材料的有效性輸入。

關(guān)鍵詞:初中英語;語境;有效性輸入

中圖分類號:G632.0 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A 文章編號:1992-7711(2017)06-0032

一、問題的提出

初中英語的教學(xué)過程包含英語語言材料的輸入和輸出兩個(gè)過程。語言材料的輸入與輸出在語言學(xué)習(xí)和交際中相輔相成、相互促進(jìn)。Krashen(1985)的輸入理論認(rèn)為:輸入是語言習(xí)得的根本途徑[1]。Ellis(1994)里提到Gass所提出的理論框架,該框架對二語習(xí)得的過程做了一個(gè)概括性的說明,如下圖所示:

可見,語言的習(xí)得過程是“輸入——吸收——輸出”的過程,輸入是輸出的必要前提。

語言材料的輸入除了有利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語感,提高學(xué)生對語言運(yùn)用的靈敏度和準(zhǔn)確性,還具有幫助學(xué)生積累一些有用的語言素材的作用。然而許多初中英語教師在組織課堂教學(xué)的過程中,只重視對語言知識的傳授,忽視了學(xué)生對語言的感受性學(xué)習(xí)和對有用語言素材的積累。由于教師對教學(xué)中語言材料輸入不夠重視,導(dǎo)致了諸如學(xué)生記不住單詞,英語語言表達(dá)能力較低等教學(xué)問題。筆者認(rèn)為教師可以從設(shè)置真實(shí)的語境,結(jié)合模塊話題著手,巧妙設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué),提高初中英語教學(xué)語言輸入的實(shí)效性。

二、基于話題模塊的有效性輸入設(shè)計(jì)

1. 明確語言目標(biāo)

首先,教師在設(shè)計(jì)語言輸入活動前必須明確語言輸入的目標(biāo)。以人教版初中英語七年級下冊Unit5 Im watching TV為例,教師需明確本單元的功能目標(biāo)是用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)談?wù)撊藗冋谧鍪裁矗掝}是日?;顒印R寣W(xué)生談?wù)撊粘;顒?,教師需先向?qū)W生輸入相關(guān)日常活動的詞匯,如:Studying: be doing (ones) homework , be reading (a book) ; Entertainment: be watching TV , be playing computer games ; Sports: be playing soccer ; be swimming 等。除此之外,教師還需讓學(xué)生熟悉相關(guān)的句型,如,What are you doing ? , Im watching TV .Whats he/she doing? He/She is doing homework.等。

筆者認(rèn)為,只有教師本身清楚要向?qū)W生輸入什么,才能根據(jù)目標(biāo)去設(shè)計(jì)輸入活動,也只有這樣設(shè)計(jì)出來的輸入活動才是有效的。

2. 設(shè)置真實(shí)語境

初中英語的教學(xué)缺乏自然習(xí)得英語的環(huán)境,而語言又需發(fā)生在一定的情境中。所以,教師在設(shè)計(jì)語言輸入活動時(shí),應(yīng)該設(shè)置真實(shí)的語言輸入環(huán)境,使學(xué)生身臨其境,讓學(xué)生感知具體的形象,進(jìn)行感受性的學(xué)習(xí)。仍然以人教版初中英語七年級下冊Unit5 Im watching TV為例,本單元涉及到新的語法結(jié)構(gòu)——現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),筆者在向?qū)W生輸入相關(guān)句型時(shí),會設(shè)置如下教學(xué)步驟:

(The teacher holds a basketball in his hand )

T : Whats this?

S1: Its a basketball.

T : Can you play basketball? (Maybe some students cannot answer the question, teacher may give them smile and encouragement.)

S2: Yes, I can.

(Give the basketball to the student)

T : So, please play basketball for us? (Students may be shy, teacher should try to give them courage . When the student is playing basketball, the teacher asks)

T : Whats he doing? (Give students 2 seconds to think over , students may not answer the question, since its a new sentence. Then teacher give the answer)

T : He is playing basketball. (Pay attention to the pronunciation of“is doing”and “is playing basketball”)

Using other things that prepared by the teacher to practice the sentences again and again.

在這個(gè)教學(xué)過程中,筆者所設(shè)計(jì)的輸入活動使學(xué)生在一定的真實(shí)語境中去感受現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本句型,利于學(xué)生的感受性學(xué)習(xí)。

3. 優(yōu)化雙邊活動

通過之前真實(shí)語境的設(shè)置,學(xué)生對詞匯和句型有了基本的感性認(rèn)識,在接下來的教學(xué)過程中,教師可以通過聽力和閱讀的訓(xùn)練對學(xué)生進(jìn)行反復(fù)的刺激,不斷加深他們對語言材料的印象。筆者仍以人教版初中英語七年級下冊Unit5 Im watching TV為例,談?wù)劼牶妥x兩個(gè)輸入環(huán)節(jié)中雙邊活動的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)問題。

(1)聽力的設(shè)計(jì)

運(yùn)用聽的技能來辨別和理解話語。聽的訓(xùn)練可以結(jié)合特定語境練習(xí)。以人教版初中英語七年級下冊Unit5 Im watching TV (2a-2b)的聽力教學(xué)為例,筆者從聽前、聽中、聽后入手,設(shè)計(jì)了如下教學(xué)步驟:

① Pre-listening.

Before listening, ask students to look at the two questions in activity 2a.

Q1: What is Steve doing?

Q2: Does Steve want to go to the movies?

T: The conversation is talking about what Steve is doing. And from question 1, we know you may give the answer like “...” (Try to help students to give the pattern)

S1: We may answer the question 1 like “ He is + Ving”

T: Clever boy. And what about question 2. We know that there will be two kinds of answers, right?

S2: Yes.

T: And what are they?

S3: They are “Yes, he does.” and “No, he doesnt”

在聽前,教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生預(yù)設(shè)答案,并告訴學(xué)生聽力的主題,幫助學(xué)生提前構(gòu)建聽力框架,對聽力的理解起到一定的作用。

② While-listening.

Activity 1

Play the tape for the first time and ask students to listen only.

Play the tape for the second time and ask students to answer the two questions of activity 2a.

Give students 2 minutes to discuss their answers in pair.

Ask two students to write their answers on the blackboard.

Activity 2

Show the following paragraph, play the tape again and ask students to listen and fill in the blanks.

Jack: Hello, Steve.

Steve: Hi, Jack.

Jack: What (1) you (2) , Steve?

Steve: Im (3) TV.

Jack: Do you want to go to the (4) ?

Steve: That (5) good. This TV show is boring.

Students may not fill in all the blanks for the first time, so teacher may play the tape again.

Walk around the class and give them help if necessary.

Encourage some students to write their answers on the blackboard.

在聽中,教師適時(shí)的對課本材料做了整合,活動一的設(shè)置讓學(xué)生帶著問題聽,這樣學(xué)生聽的時(shí)候就有針對性,有的放矢聽。同時(shí)在核對答案環(huán)節(jié),采用了小組活動的形式進(jìn)行討論,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的合作精神?;顒佣脑O(shè)置,讓學(xué)生聽力填空,利于學(xué)生通篇理解聽力材料,捕捉關(guān)鍵詞。

③Post-listening

Play the tape and ask students to repeat the conversation above. Teacher can play the tape sentence by sentence and ask the students to repeat one by one.

聽后的跟讀可以讓學(xué)生進(jìn)一步熟悉聽力材料,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語感。

(2)閱讀的設(shè)計(jì)

運(yùn)用閱讀的技能來辨認(rèn)文字符號,理解文字的意義。閱讀訓(xùn)練除了可以是針對課文的有聲閱讀訓(xùn)練,包括邊聽課文錄音、邊看文字、邊理解詞句意義等,還可以運(yùn)用選擇、填充、補(bǔ)充、判斷和推理等形式對材料進(jìn)行處理。

現(xiàn)仍以人教版初中英語七年級下冊Unit5 Im watching TV (3a)的閱讀教學(xué)為例,筆者從讀前,讀中,讀后入手,設(shè)計(jì)了如下教學(xué)步驟:

①Pre-reading

T: Before reading the passage, please look at the four pictures in activity 3a. The boy in the first picture is Mike. And what is he doing?

S1: He is playing basketball.

T: Quite good. Youre a clever boy. Now look at picture 2, who is the girl? What is she doing? And what about picture 3 and picture 4. Try to guess.

Divide students into four groups and give them three minutes to discuss with their partners.

Walk around the class and remind students to guess the answer in case they should read the text to find the answer.

T: OK. Times up. Now what are your answers?

Try to encourage several groups to show their opinions.

T: Wow,your answers are all excellent. Now lets begin to read the text and find out who is correct.

閱讀前,教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生觀察課文的插圖,做出適當(dāng)?shù)念A(yù)測,通過閱讀前的預(yù)測,學(xué)生鞏固了本單元的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的句型:He is + Ving ; She is + Ving . 有助于學(xué)生對文章的初步理解,讓學(xué)生帶著疑問進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的閱讀,激發(fā)他們的求知欲,為讀中任務(wù)的完成做鋪墊。

②While-reading

Activity 1: Skimming.

T: Now boys and girls, you have five minutes to read the text, and after reading, try to get the main idea of it.

A. Its a letter about Mikes four pictures.

B. Its a letter about Lindas four pictures.

C. Its a letter about Ginas four pictures.

這個(gè)教學(xué)活動意在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生快速閱讀的能力。教師設(shè)置較為簡單的問題,學(xué)生通過快速閱讀得以完成,于此同時(shí),略讀又可以訓(xùn)練學(xué)生快速獲取文章主要信息的能力,利于提高學(xué)生的閱讀速度。

Activity 2: Careful Reading.

T: Now you have 10minutes to read the passage and try to choose the correct answers of these questions. OK, begin.

1. The letter is from

A. Linda. B. Mike. C. Gina.

2. Where is Mike playing basketball?

A. At school. B. At home. C. At the pool

3. Who is Linda?

A. She is Mikes sister.

B. She is Mikes pen pal.

C. She is Ginas pen pal.

4. Whats Gina doing?

A. She is playing basketball.

B. She is swimming.

C. She is doing her homework.

Ask several students to show their answers.

T: Now read the letter again and number the pictures in the right order.

Walk around and give the help if necessary.

T: So after reading the letter, you have the answers to the questions before reading that you have guessed, right?

細(xì)讀是讀者通過仔細(xì)閱讀文章細(xì)節(jié),接受、記憶、分析閱讀材料的閱讀方法。學(xué)生通過細(xì)讀,從文章找到某一特定的信息,從而更進(jìn)一步理解文章。

③ Post-reading

Read the passage and ask students to repeat.

Give students 5minutes to read the letter by themselves.(Give help if necessary)

Encourage several to read it out.

在讀后的任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)中,先讓學(xué)生跟讀然后朗讀。筆者在設(shè)計(jì)一些情節(jié)較為生動的閱讀材料時(shí),經(jīng)常讓學(xué)生分角色朗讀文章,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在朗讀中發(fā)掘文章深度的能力。

三、反思與體會

通過上述分析和論述,教師在設(shè)計(jì)有效的輸入活動時(shí)應(yīng)該做到明確語言目標(biāo)、設(shè)置真實(shí)語境、優(yōu)化雙邊活動。除此之外,筆者認(rèn)為,教師在設(shè)計(jì)聽和讀有效性活動時(shí)還應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):

首先,是教師在對學(xué)生進(jìn)行聽力訓(xùn)練時(shí),不僅要將聽力原文和答案教給學(xué)生,更要教會學(xué)生聽力技巧,授之以漁,教學(xué)生如何理解聽力內(nèi)容。

其次,是教師要有意識地增加學(xué)生的文化背景知識,提高學(xué)生對閱讀和聽力材料的文化背景的預(yù)設(shè)能力。

再者,是指導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行課外的泛聽,由于課時(shí)有限,教師應(yīng)該指導(dǎo)學(xué)生選擇合適的聽力材料,提高學(xué)生聽力技能。幫助學(xué)生選擇難度適中的課外閱讀材料,使其有一定的量的積累。

最后,是在設(shè)置Post-reading 任務(wù)時(shí),模仿性的寫作是很好的任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)。如人教版初中英語七年級下冊Unit5 Im watching TV (3a)的閱讀教學(xué)中,筆者會在讀后任務(wù)中讓學(xué)生完成3b的寫作任務(wù)。

總之,語言的輸入是輸出的必要前提。初中英語教學(xué)過程中語言輸入活動的設(shè)計(jì),要圍繞英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的要求,設(shè)置一定的真實(shí)語境,結(jié)合不同的聽的訓(xùn)練和讀的訓(xùn)練,由易到難,由機(jī)械到靈活,幫助學(xué)生積累豐富的語言材料,培養(yǎng)他們聽的技能和讀的技能,從而促進(jìn)其說和寫能力的提高。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1] Krashen S. The Input Hypothesis : Issues and Implications[M].NY:Longman. 1985.

[2] Rod Ellis. The Study of Second Language Acquisition[M] .Oxford University Press. 1994.

[3] 全玉梅,林雪玲,何閩娥,楊延從,楊鵬輝. 廈門市初中新課程英語學(xué)科教學(xué)指導(dǎo)意見(試行).2010

[4] 教育部.英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實(shí)驗(yàn)稿)[S].北京:北京師范大學(xué)出版社,2001.

[5] 廖傳風(fēng).語境與語境教學(xué)法[J].外語界,2000(4).

[6] 胡壯麟,朱永生,張德錄.系統(tǒng)功能語法概論[M].長沙:湖南教育出版社,1987.

(作者單位:福建省廈門市巷西中學(xué) 361000)

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