代青 鄧曉風(fēng) 周瑩 曹仙娥 舒月 韋靈
不同血液透析模式對(duì)尿毒癥患者BNP水平及左心功能的影響
代青 鄧曉風(fēng) 周瑩 曹仙娥 舒月 韋靈
目的 探討多模式組合透析對(duì)維持性血液透析(MHD)患者腦鈉肽(BNP)水平及左心功能相關(guān)指標(biāo)的影響。方法 采用前瞻性研究方法,選擇2015年12月至2016年12月在貴陽(yáng)市第二人民醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科血液凈化中心接受MHD>3個(gè)月的慢性腎衰竭尿毒癥患者120例。將120例患者按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為3組:血液透析(HD)+血液濾過(HF)+血液灌流(HP)組(每月進(jìn)行8次HD、每月4次HF、每月1次HP),共40例;HD+HF組(每月8次HD、每月1次HF),共40例;HD組(每月8次HD),共40例。所有患者于治療前后從靜脈端采血,分離血清,整批送檢,檢測(cè)3組患者的BNP水平,每半年復(fù)檢1次。由專人用同一超聲心動(dòng)圖儀檢測(cè)所有患者左心室舒張期末內(nèi)徑(LVDd)、左心室收縮期末內(nèi)徑(LVDs)、左心室舒張期末容積(LVVd)、左心室收縮期末容積(LVVs)、左心室后壁厚度(LVPWT)、室間隔厚度(LVST)、舒張?jiān)缙诩巴砥谧畲笱鞅龋‥/A)、射血分?jǐn)?shù)(EF),每半年復(fù)檢1次。結(jié)果 120例尿毒癥患者經(jīng)過各種模式組合透析治療后,體內(nèi)BNP均有所降低(均P<0.05);BNP降低水平在HD+HF+HP組>HD+HF組>HD組。治療后,HD+HF+HP組LVDd、LVDs、LVVd、LVVs、LVPWT、LVST均降低,EF升高(均P<0.05),E/A差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);HD+HF組LVDd、LVDs、LVVd、LVVs、LVPWT、LVST均降低,EF升高(均P<0.05),E/A差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);HD組LVDd、LVDs、LVVd、LVVs均降低(均P<0.05),LVPWT、LVST、E/A、EF差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05)。HD+HF+HP組治療后BNP降低、LVPWT減輕及EF升高較HD+HF組更顯著(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 多模式組合透析(HD+HF+HP)能有效改善MHD患者左心功能,從而能減少心血管事件發(fā)生率、降低患者病死率。
多模式組合透析; 腦鈉肽; 心功能
近年來,血液凈化技術(shù)的發(fā)展極為迅速,維持性血液透析(MHD)是終末期腎臟疾?。‥SRD)患者主要的治療方式之一。如何改善患者生存質(zhì)量、延長(zhǎng)生命顯得尤為重要。心血管疾?。–VD)是導(dǎo)致ESRD患者死亡的主要原因[1-2]。左心室肥大(LVH)在終末期腎臟疾病維持性血液透析(ESRD-MHD)患者中發(fā)病率高,是導(dǎo)致此類患者心律失常、心功能衰竭(心衰)及心源性猝死的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[3]。血清腦鈉肽(BNP)水平是診斷MHD患者左心功能不全以及血容量負(fù)荷增高的一個(gè)靈敏指標(biāo)[4-5]。本研究旨在觀察多模式組合透析〔血液透析(HD)+血液濾過(HF)+血液灌流(HP)〕對(duì)尿毒癥患者BNP水平及左心功能相關(guān)指標(biāo)的影響,并分析可能機(jī)制,為MHD患者選擇合理治療方式提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 選擇本院2013年6月至2015年10月確診為慢性腎衰竭M(jìn)HD(>3月)患者120例,所有患者無急性心衰、急慢性感染、呼吸衰竭(呼衰)及肝功能損害。將患者按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為3組:第1組為HD+HF+HP組(每月進(jìn)行8次HD+4次HF+1次HP),共40例;第2組為HD+HF組(每月進(jìn)行8次HD+1次HF),共40例;第3組為HD組(每月進(jìn)行8次HD),共40例。3組患者年齡、性別差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),有可比性。見表1。
表1 3組尿毒癥患者性別、年齡比較
1.2 透析設(shè)備 本院血液凈化中心水處理設(shè)備為DWA二級(jí)反滲系統(tǒng),分別使用德國(guó)費(fèi)森尤斯4008s透析機(jī),5008s血濾機(jī)及FX80聚砜膜透析器(超濾系數(shù)44 mL·h-1·mmHg-1,膜面積1.8 m2),F(xiàn)X800聚砜膜透析器(超濾系數(shù)63 mL·h-1·mmHg-1,膜面積1.8 m2,愛爾YTS100活性炭灌流器)。
1.3 檢測(cè)指標(biāo)及方法 所有患者于治療前后從靜脈端采血,分離血清,整批送檢,檢測(cè)3組患者的BNP水平,同等方法每半年復(fù)檢1次;BNP采用羅氏411-電化學(xué)發(fā)光法,試劑購(gòu)自羅氏公司。由專人用同一超聲心動(dòng)圖儀檢測(cè)所有患者的左心室舒張期末內(nèi)徑(LVDd)、左心室收縮期末內(nèi)徑(LVDs)、左心室舒張末容積(LVVd)、左心室收縮期末容積(LVVs)、左心室后壁厚度(LVPWT)、室間隔厚度(LVST)、舒張?jiān)缙诩巴砥谧畲笱鞅龋‥/A)、射血分?jǐn)?shù)(EF)。同等方法每半年復(fù)檢1次。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 用SPSS 13.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。多組計(jì)量資料滿足正態(tài)性及方差齊性的數(shù)據(jù)間比較采用單因素方差分析,兩兩比較用SNK檢驗(yàn),不滿足方差齊性的數(shù)據(jù)組間比較采用Brown-Forsythe分析,兩兩比較采用Dunnett T3分析,結(jié)果以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示;不符合正態(tài)性采用Kruskal-Wallis H檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果以中位數(shù)(四分位數(shù)間距)表示,兩兩比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料的比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 3組間BNP指標(biāo)比較:治療后BNP在3組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩兩比較顯示,BNP降低程度在HD+HF+HP組>HD+HF組>HD組。見表2。
表2 3組尿毒癥患者治療前后BNP比較(±s)
表2 3組尿毒癥患者治療前后BNP比較(±s)
注:與HD+HF+HP組比較,aP<0.05
組別例數(shù)(例)BNP(μg/L)治療前治療后HD+HF+HP組4012.34±7.884.08±2.86 HD+HF組4012.37±7.727.25±4.64 a HD組4012.22±7.487.97±5.36 a
2.2 3組間超聲心動(dòng)圖各指標(biāo)比較:治療后3組間超聲心動(dòng)圖各指標(biāo)均較治療前有明顯改善(均P<0.05)。兩兩比較顯示:LVDd、LVDs、LVVd、LVVs、LVPWT、LVST、E/A在第1組<第2組<第3組,EF在第1組>第2組>第3組。其中第1、2組治療后LVDd、LVDs、LVVd、LVVs、LVPWT、LVST、E/A均比治療前有所下降,兩組治療后EF大于治療前;而第3組治療后LVDd、LVDs、LVVd、LVVs與治療前比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05)。LVPWT、LVST、E/A、EF治療前后比較均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(均P<0.05)。見表3。
ESRD-MHD患者普遍合并高血壓,高血壓患者心臟壓力負(fù)荷增加,可使BNP濃度升高,長(zhǎng)期嚴(yán)重的壓力超負(fù)荷可導(dǎo)致左心室肥厚,而左心室肥厚對(duì)室壁機(jī)械應(yīng)力的增加及心室順應(yīng)性的降低可使左心室充盈受損,進(jìn)一步刺激BNP的分泌[6]。BNP是由心臟分泌的神經(jīng)激素,是調(diào)節(jié)人體體液容量平衡的重要激素,在心室容積增加時(shí)分泌增多,其血漿濃度受血容量影響,水鈉潴留血容量增加時(shí),BNP釋放增加。血漿BNP是心室超負(fù)荷(如左室舒張期末壓升高)時(shí)最敏感和具特異性的指標(biāo)之一[7-8]。高血壓在慢性腎功能不全MHD患者中高發(fā),其中30%為頑固性高血壓[9]。這部分患者的高血壓治療仍然以藥物為主,但治療效果有時(shí)較差,改變透析方式為血液透析濾過(HDF)和HP也被認(rèn)為是比較可行的辦法。有研究結(jié)果顯示,無論HD+HP還是HDF,治療后患者的血壓均得到明顯改善[10]。慢性腎功能不全出現(xiàn)水鈉潴留時(shí),血漿BNP常顯著增加。本研究結(jié)果表明,BNP的增高與反映左心室結(jié)構(gòu)和功能指標(biāo)密切相關(guān)。本研究數(shù)據(jù)顯示,尿毒癥患者經(jīng)多模式組合透析治療后,血漿BNP水平較普通透析組明顯下降。
表3 3組治療前后超聲心動(dòng)圖各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)變化比較(±s)
表3 3組治療前后超聲心動(dòng)圖各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)變化比較(±s)
注:與HD+HF+HP組比較,aP<0.05;與HD+HF組比較,bP<0.05
組別例數(shù)(例)LVDd(mm)LVDs(mm)LVVd(mL)LVVs(mL)治療前治療后治療前治療后治療前治療后治療前治療后HD+HF+HP組4052.16±1.4948.25±1.2539.34±0.77 35.21±1.01119.11±6.02101.44±4.4039.79±1.41 35.75±1.52 HD+HF組4052.15±1.45 50.67±1.26a39.37±0.8437.84±0.90a119.15±6.14 109.27±6.47a39.84±1.4537.75±1.70aHD組4052.06±1.3951.69±1.33ab39.42±0.85 38.91±0.83ab119.17±6.00 115.11±5.46ab39.85±1.50 39.48±1.48abF值0.06676.0750.102172.3290.00161.9820.01856.835 P值0.936 0.0000.903 0.0000.999 0.0000.982 0.000組別例數(shù)(例)LVPWT(mm)LVST(mm)E/AEF(%)治療前治療后治療前治療后治療前治療后治療前治療后HD+HF+HP組11.19±0.928.26±0.7711.46±0.669.07±0.481.17±0.081.03±0.0549.40±3.74 63.58±3.03 HD+HF組11.24±0.8610.24±0.98 a11.66±0.62 10.47±0.61 a1.15±0.09 1.07±0.06 a 49.98±3.4159.35±3.21 a HD組11.28±0.89 11.22±0.91 ab11.68±0.53 11.60±0.58 ab1.18±0.071.15±0.08 ab50.93±3.3251.20±3.76 ab F值0.114114.4861.725208.0311.34037.4751.945141.223 P值0.892 0.0000.183 0.0000.266 0.0000.148 0.000
CVD是導(dǎo)致ESRD患者死亡的主要原因[1-2],其中MHD患者CVD明顯高發(fā)[11-13]。
LVH在ESRD-MHD患者發(fā)病率高,它是導(dǎo)致此類患者心律失常、心衰及心源性猝死的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[3]。MHD患者LVH的發(fā)生機(jī)制除了由高血壓引起的壓力負(fù)荷和貧血、鈉水潴留引起的容量負(fù)荷外,尿毒癥毒素、營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良、甲狀旁腺激素及慢性炎癥反應(yīng)等也參與其中[14-16]。普通HD能清除相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量<500的物質(zhì),而血液灌流器具有縱橫交錯(cuò)的微孔結(jié)構(gòu),可通過物理吸附及疏水集團(tuán)的相互作用清除大中分子物質(zhì)[17-19];而多模式組合透析能有效全面清除尿毒癥毒素。
本研究結(jié)果顯示:經(jīng)HD+HF+HP多模式組合透析治療后,BNP明顯下降,左心室結(jié)構(gòu)和功能也得到明顯改善,LVDd、LVDs、LVVd、LVVs、LVPWT、LVST均降低,EF升高,說明多模式組合透析能改善心血管的結(jié)構(gòu)及功能,降低CVD事件的發(fā)生率。
1 Foley RN,Collins AJ.End-stage renal disease in the United States:an update from the United States Renal Data System.J Am Soc Nephrol,2007,18(10):2644-2648.
2 Foley RN,Collins AJ. End-stage renal disease in the United States: an update from the United States Renal Data System[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2007,18(10):2644-2648.
3 Patel RK,Oliver S,Mark PB,et al. Determinants of left ventricular mass and hypertrophy in hemodialysis patients assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging[ J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2009,4(9):1477-1483.
4 李國(guó)剛,劉惠蘭,薛菲.腦鈉肽對(duì)血液透析患者心功能不全及/或高血容量負(fù)荷的診斷價(jià)值[J].中國(guó)醫(yī)師進(jìn)修雜志,2008,31(3):8-10.
5 孔麗蕊,趙玲莉.腦鈉肽、胱抑素C在慢性腎衰血液透析患者中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值[J].實(shí)用檢驗(yàn)醫(yī)師雜志,2013,5(2):131-132.
6 Lee SW,Song JH,Kim GA,et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration on assessment of hydration status in hemodialysis patient[J]. Am J Kidney Dis, 2003,41(6):1257-1266.
7 Vandenbos F,Mejdoubi NE,Pinier Y,et al. BNP tests in the emergency department to diagnose congestive heart failure [J]. Presse Med,2006,35(11 Pt 1):1625-1631.
8 Dhar S,Pressman GS,Subramanian S,et al. Natriuretic peptides and heart failure in the patient with chronic kidney disease: a review of current evidence[J]. Postgrad Med J, 2009,85(1004):299-302.
9 賀孟萍.血液透析高血壓患者健康教育效果評(píng)價(jià)[J].透析與人工器官,2004,15(4):12-15.
10 張焱,高峰.血液透析濾過與血液透析聯(lián)合血液灌流治療尿毒癥頑固性高血壓的療效比較[J].中國(guó)中西醫(yī)結(jié)合急救雜志,2016,23(2):203-204.
11 Fathi R,Isbel N,Haluska B,et al. Correlates of subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in ESRD[J]. Am J Kidney Dis, 2003,41(5):1016-1025.
12 Mitsnefes MM,Daniels SR,Schwartz SM,et al. Changes in left ventricular mass in children and adolescents during chronic dialysis[J]. Pediatr Nephrol, 2001,16(4):318-323.
13 華錦程,梁萌,沈淑瓊,等.維持性血液透析患者短期死亡原因及相關(guān)因素匹配研究[J].中華危重病急救醫(yī)學(xué),2015,27(5):354-358.
14 Achinger SG,Ayus JC. Left ventricular hypertrophy: is hyperphosphatemia among dialysis patients a risk factor?[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2006,17(12 Suppl 3):S255-S261.
15 Koc Y,Unsal A,Kayabasi H,et al. Impact of volume status on blood pressure and left ventricle structure in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis[J]. Ren Fail, 2011,33(4):377-381.
16 Hambali Z,Ahmad Z,Arab S,et al. Oxidative stress and its association with cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure patients[J]. Indian J Nephrol, 2011,21(1):21-25.
17 高原,王莉華,馬慧鵬,等.血液透析血液灌流對(duì)繼發(fā)甲狀旁腺功能亢進(jìn)的影響[J].中國(guó)實(shí)用內(nèi)科雜志,2006,26(10):758-760.
18 王成,婁探奇,唐驊,等.不同血液凈化方法對(duì)慢性腎功能衰竭維持性血液透析患者血清甲狀旁腺素的影響[J].中華危重病急救醫(yī)學(xué),2004,16(12):753-755.
19 張賀平,王東紅,李洪娟,等.探討不同血液凈化方式對(duì)維持性血液透析患者抵抗素及甲狀旁腺素的清除作用[J].實(shí)用檢驗(yàn)醫(yī)師雜志,2011,3(1):40-42,39.
(本文編輯:李銀平)
The effects of different hemodialysis modes on the level of brain natriuretic peptide and the cardiac function related indications in uremic patients
Dai Qing, Deng Xiaofeng, Zhou Ying, Cao Xiane, Shu Yue, Wei Ling. Department of Nephrology, the Second People's Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang 550081, Guizhou, China (Dai Q, Deng XF, Zhou Y, Cao XE, Shu Y); Department of Cardiology, the Second People's Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang 550081, Guizhou, China (Wei L)
Dai Qing, Email: 2905490342@qq.com
Objective To discuss the effects of muitimodal combination dialysis on the level of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and the cardiac function related indications in patients with maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Methods A prospective study was conducted. One hundred and twenty chronic renal failure patients
over 3 months MHD treatment in Blood Purification Center of Second People's Hospital of Guiyang between December 2015 and December 2016 were enrolled. All the patients were randomly divided into three groups: the first is hemodialysis(HD) and hemofiltration (HF) and hemoperfusion (HP) group,who experienced with HD eight times per month, HF four times per month, and HP one time per month, 40 cases in total; The second is hemodialysis (HD) and hemofiltration (HF) group, who experienced with HD eight times per month and HF one time per month, 40 cases in total; The third is hemodialysis (HD) group, who experienced with HD eight times per month, 40 cases in total; Before and after all the patients had been treated, blood was taken from venous circuit tube, serum was separated, and samples were sent for testing the brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). The above indexes were tested in a coordinated manner every half a year. The same ultrasound cardiograph were examined by a special personat parasternal the left ventricular long axis view, to test the following metrics: the left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVDd), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVDs), the left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVVd), left ventricular end systolic volume (LVVs), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), intervenetricular septum thickness (IVST), early and late diastolic blood flow to the largest ratio (E/A), left ventricular myocardial weight (LVMI), and left ventricular ejection fraction (EF). The above indexes were tested in a coordinated manner every half a year. Results There were no significant age and sex differences in three groups. After muitimodal combination dialysis (HD, HF and HP group) treatment, the level of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in uremic patient's body decreased (P < 0.05). The level of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in hemodialysis group decreased (P < 0.05). The level of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) decreased more in muitimodal combination dialysis (HD, HF and HP) group than the HD and HF group that decreased more than the HD group. ① Before treatment, no statically difference was found in the level of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), the left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVDd), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVDs), the left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVVd), left ventricular end systolic volume (LVVs), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), intervenetricular septum thickness (IVST), early and late diastolic blood flow to the largest ratio (E/A), left ventricular myocardial weight (LVMI), left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) among three groups (P < 0.05). ② After treatment, in the first group (HD, HF and HP): the level of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) decreased (P < 0.05); the left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVDd), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVDs), the left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVVd), left ventricular end systolic volume (LVVs), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), intervenetricular septum thickness (IVST), left ventricular myocardial weight (LVMI) all decreased (P < 0.05); left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) increased (P < 0.05); early and late diastolic blood flow to the largest ratio (E/A) did not differ significantly. In the second group (HD, HF): the level of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) decreased (P < 0.05); the left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVDd), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVDs), the left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVVd), left ventricular end systolic volume (LVVs), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), intervenetricular septum thickness (IVST), left ventricular myocardial weight (LVMI) all decreased (P < 0.05); left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) increased (P < 0.05); early and late diastolic blood flow to the largest ratio (E/A) did not differ significantly. In the third group (HD): the level of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) decreased (P < 0.05); the left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVDd), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVDs), the left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVVd), left ventricular end systolic volume (LVVs) decreased (P < 0.05); left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), intervenetricular septum thickness (IVST), early and late diastolic blood flow to the largest ratio (E/A) did not differ significantly; left ventricular myocardial weight (LVMI) did not differ significantly; left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) did not differ significantly; after treatment, the BNP decreased, LVPWT reduced and EF increased in the first group were more notable than that of the second group. Conclusion The muitimodal combination dialysis can effectively improve the left cardiac function, which can reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events, and reduce the mortality of MHD patients.
Muitimodal combination dialysis; Brain natriuretic peptide; Cardiac function
貴州省貴陽(yáng)市科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(筑科合同[20151001]社1號(hào))
550081 貴州貴陽(yáng),貴陽(yáng)市第二人民醫(yī)院腎病風(fēng)濕科
代青,Email:237379162@qq.com
10.3969/j.issn.1674-7151.2017.02.017
2017-04-28)