邢文駿
摘 要:有效的閱讀教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)不僅提高了課堂效率,而且架構(gòu)了發(fā)展核心素養(yǎng)的活動(dòng)平臺(tái)。在閱讀策略的引領(lǐng)下,基于文本背景、情節(jié)、語(yǔ)篇,精準(zhǔn)設(shè)問、合力生成,開展閱讀教學(xué)活動(dòng),能夠提升學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì),成就高效英語(yǔ)課堂。
關(guān)鍵詞:閱讀教學(xué);設(shè)問視角;思維品質(zhì)
教學(xué)中的問題設(shè)計(jì)是一門藝術(shù),好的問題可以激活學(xué)生的背景知識(shí),使得師生在真實(shí)的語(yǔ)言情境中進(jìn)行自然的互動(dòng),達(dá)成情感的共鳴,使學(xué)生的思維從文本走向文化,提升學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)。在常規(guī)的閱讀教學(xué)中,教師通常要設(shè)計(jì)一系列的問題來(lái)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)文本內(nèi)容進(jìn)行梳理和理解,對(duì)文本語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行感知和運(yùn)用,并對(duì)作者的觀點(diǎn)、寫作意圖、情感態(tài)度和文化背景進(jìn)行分析、綜合和評(píng)價(jià),開展較高層次的思維活動(dòng),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的評(píng)判性等較高級(jí)思維能力[1]1。在2016年江蘇省高中英語(yǔ)優(yōu)質(zhì)課競(jìng)賽中,南京外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)校費(fèi)晨老師引領(lǐng)學(xué)生首先熟稔文體常識(shí),探討小說主旨,接著精準(zhǔn)定位故事背景,逐層梳理故事情節(jié),其后全面構(gòu)建語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu),深入理解文本內(nèi)涵,最后在內(nèi)化文本基礎(chǔ)上,著力拓展,激發(fā)學(xué)生思維。她在教學(xué)中的設(shè)問視角和生成獨(dú)具特色。
一、基于閱讀策略的設(shè)問——深度閱讀從頭開始
閱讀策略指讀者理解他們所讀材料以及當(dāng)他們遇到文本中難以理解的內(nèi)容時(shí)所采取的行動(dòng)[2]23。研究表明,流利的英語(yǔ)閱讀者比不流利的英語(yǔ)閱讀者更善于使用特定的閱讀策略。
費(fèi)老師所選用的閱讀文本是學(xué)生熟悉的文體——小說(閱讀文本詳見教學(xué)月刊網(wǎng)站www.jxyk.com“資料下載”中的“原文選登”),學(xué)生對(duì)小說的結(jié)構(gòu)和行文方式比較熟悉,所以費(fèi)老師在上課伊始,即開門見山,直入主題。(注:Q代表問題,Q后面的數(shù)字表示問題的序號(hào)。S代表學(xué)生,S后面的數(shù)字表示特指的學(xué)生。T代表教師)
【教學(xué)片段】
Q1: What does a story need?
S: Characters, beginning and ending, title, time, place, plot.
Q2: What makes a story more than a story?
S: Its something we can learn from the story.
S: Something about emotion.
T: Yes, thats the theme of the story. Lets get started, exploring the theme.
【點(diǎn)評(píng)】?jī)蓚€(gè)問題層次分明。第一個(gè)問題既是事實(shí)性問題,也是策略性問題。說是事實(shí)性問題是因?yàn)閷W(xué)生對(duì)于故事類文本的閱讀策略已在腦海中轉(zhuǎn)化成了陳述性知識(shí),無(wú)須探究即可獲得。而說其是策略性問題,是因?yàn)槠渲该髁碎喿x的方向和關(guān)注點(diǎn)。第二個(gè)問題則涉及主題的探討,學(xué)生的回答和教師的轉(zhuǎn)述、引導(dǎo)相得益彰。
二、基于背景的設(shè)問——激發(fā)學(xué)生的閱讀動(dòng)機(jī)
故事的背景包括故事發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn),具體的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)往往是對(duì)故事情節(jié)發(fā)展的一種暗示或提醒。故事發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)一般通過直接查找即可完成,從表層看,似乎難度不大,但事實(shí)上精確定位并不容易。
【教學(xué)片段】
Q1: When did the story happen?
S: One morning.
T: What day was it?
S: Saturday.
Q2: Where did the story happen?
S: In an airport.
T: Can you be more specific?
S: In Atlanta airport.
T: Can you be more specific?
S: On a shuttle train.
Q3: On that free, sterile and impersonal shuttle train, we heard something unexpected. Whats that?
S: Laughter.
Q4: Where did the laughter come from?
S: A father and a son.
【點(diǎn)評(píng)】雖然前兩個(gè)問題非常簡(jiǎn)潔,但每個(gè)具體答案的輸出都經(jīng)過教師的數(shù)輪提醒,每一次的提醒其實(shí)也是在要求學(xué)生再次閱讀文本,因?yàn)閷W(xué)生習(xí)慣于在文本的開頭尋找答案,卻不夠精準(zhǔn)。精準(zhǔn)的背景定位和介紹則是設(shè)置故事情節(jié)懸念的主要方式之一。該文本中故事的主人公在一個(gè)周六早晨乘坐sterile和impersonal的機(jī)場(chǎng)擺渡列車卻能開懷大笑本身就形成了反差,從而成功激發(fā)讀者繼續(xù)閱讀的欲望和動(dòng)機(jī)。
三、基于情節(jié)的設(shè)問——主題探索讓閱讀更有溫度
情節(jié)是故事發(fā)展的主體,是文本主題的載體,而故事的主題是閱讀的主線和核心。關(guān)于故事情節(jié)的問題設(shè)計(jì)可以采用問題鏈的方式進(jìn)行。第一個(gè)問題是第二個(gè)問題的前提,第二個(gè)問題是第三個(gè)問題的鋪墊與階梯,依次延續(xù)下去,層層鋪墊,環(huán)環(huán)相扣,便形成了一條問題鏈[3]75。在教學(xué)時(shí)注意由表及里,漸次展開,以體現(xiàn)層次性、啟發(fā)性和邏輯性。
【教學(xué)片段】
Q1: How did they look?
S: They were black and in inexpensive clothes.
Q2: What can you tell from their clothes?
S: They were not rich.
Q3: Did they look miserable or sad to you?
S: No, they are happy.
Q4: Black and poor, but happy. What were they doing to make them happy?
S: They pretended they were driving the train.
Q5: What in the text can tell you the boy really enjoys the journey?
S: “... made sounds of sheer delight.”“I want to ride some more!”“This is fun!”
Q6: Does it sound fun to the father, an adult, maybe in his thirties or forties?
S: No.
Q7: Why did he do that?
S: He felt happy to see his son was happy ...
Q8: How did he make it fun for his son?
S: “Here we go! Hold on me tight!”“Look out there!”“See the pilot? I bet he is walking to his plane.”
Q9: Did he really enjoy making the fun for his son?
S: Yes. Pleased but not patient.
Q10: Was the father patient or not patient?
S: Patient.
Q11: Mock means he pretends to be ...
S: I see, he pretends to be impatient to ...
Q12: What kind of father do you think he is?
S: Warm-hearted, responsible, a father full of love ...
Q13: What did the father and son both exactly enjoy?
S: Its the company. Love ... (信息來(lái)源:文本中的Para 14)
Q14: Whats the most valuable thing we can find in the father and son?
S: Its relationship, love, care and company.
Q15: Thats the theme of the story. What can we learn from the way the father treated his son?
S: As an adult, maybe some father will be impatient ... This father shows love in a different way ...
【點(diǎn)評(píng)】教師從父子的膚色、衣著切入,通過追問推測(cè)二人的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況并對(duì)比其開心的表現(xiàn),從而形成反差,進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的閱讀動(dòng)機(jī),拓展學(xué)生的思維深度,再探尋行為的根源,逐步逼近文本的主題。難能可貴的是,多數(shù)學(xué)生在表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的同時(shí)也提供了支撐觀點(diǎn)的信息源,讓閱讀有理也有據(jù)。文本主題是讀者通過閱讀、感知、體會(huì)、分析和綜合得出來(lái)的,而不是教師告知的,從而體現(xiàn)閱讀的主體性。師生的一系列看似簡(jiǎn)單的問答,實(shí)則是學(xué)生在教師的啟發(fā)和引導(dǎo)下和作者對(duì)話的過程。同時(shí),教師也善于課堂觀察并及時(shí)提供支架,如Q10,教師用了一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單選擇問句,而從學(xué)生回答的表情來(lái)看顯然對(duì)答案不確定,所以教師及時(shí)跟進(jìn)解釋mock,由此學(xué)生對(duì)父子之情的理解豁然開朗。
四、基于語(yǔ)篇的設(shè)問——始于文本終于意義
語(yǔ)篇通常指一系列連續(xù)的語(yǔ)段或句子構(gòu)成的語(yǔ)言整體,大多數(shù)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家認(rèn)為語(yǔ)篇分析應(yīng)該超過句法分析。韓禮德和哈桑認(rèn)為,最好把語(yǔ)篇看作是語(yǔ)義單位(semantic unit),即不是形式單位,而是意義單位[4]。所以,閱讀的過程不能僅僅滿足于學(xué)生尋找信息和進(jìn)行語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)述或變化,而應(yīng)著重關(guān)注學(xué)生的意義輸出。
在此教學(xué)過程中,費(fèi)老師設(shè)計(jì)了以下問題。
【教學(xué)片段1】
教師從乘客的膚色和衣著等表層信息入手,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行人物情感、性格等深層信息的抽象和概括。
Black White
Poor Rich
Happy Indifferent
Q1: What did the author see behind 3 pairs of contrast?
S: Happiness is simple to get. It doesnt depend on how rich you are or the skin color you have, but it depends on the attitudes towards life ... Sometimes, time and love are more precious than money.
【點(diǎn)評(píng)】膚色和衣著是文本中可以直接獲得的信息,而主人公的情感差異等隱性信息須通過分析和推測(cè)獲得。學(xué)生通過三組信息差的對(duì)比形成多元意義輸出。從心理學(xué)上說,相對(duì)差異較小的信息,學(xué)習(xí)更容易發(fā)生于較大信息間差異[5]。雖然只設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)問題,但很好地體現(xiàn)了閱讀的三個(gè)層次:reading the lines, reading between the lines and reading beyond the lines. 前者指文本的實(shí)際意義,中間指推測(cè)意義,最后指對(duì)文本信息的評(píng)價(jià)[6]。
【教學(xué)片段2】
相對(duì)于歡樂的父子,那些行色匆匆的旅客工作、生活狀態(tài)以及心理特征并無(wú)明顯表現(xiàn),但在父子言行的反襯下,通過教師的巧妙設(shè)問,學(xué)生思維的方向性、拓展性更加明晰。在學(xué)生的意義輸出之前,費(fèi)老師故意遮蓋了作者的觀點(diǎn),啟發(fā)學(xué)生自由表達(dá)。
Q2: What kind of parents might they be?
S: They dont have much time with ... It reminded me of a book by Zhou Guoping ...(《周國(guó)平談父母與孩子》中寫道:我斷然否認(rèn)奪走女孩手中的破布娃娃而硬塞給她金幣是父愛)
T: Lift the orange paper and read the authors thoughts.
【點(diǎn)評(píng)】同學(xué)生一樣,作者也是一個(gè)旁觀者,他的觀點(diǎn)的產(chǎn)生和當(dāng)時(shí)的環(huán)境有關(guān),也和其自身的年齡、經(jīng)歷、修養(yǎng)有關(guān)。根據(jù)作者的描述,作為讀者的學(xué)生也會(huì)在腦海中建立相應(yīng)的情境圖式并發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn),同時(shí)將人物之間言行、情感對(duì)比升華到讀者之間的思維碰撞,其中既包括讀者與作者,也包含作為讀者的學(xué)生之間的思辨。在觀點(diǎn)表述的過程中,許多學(xué)生能圍繞主題進(jìn)行知識(shí)遷移,既有抽象、概括也有具體事例,使主題呈現(xiàn)更加豐滿。
【教學(xué)片段3】
不一樣的父母可能有不一樣的教育理念、教育方法和教育效果,緊接上一問題,費(fèi)老師同樣運(yùn)用遮擋的方法引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)由此而可能出現(xiàn)的教育結(jié)果進(jìn)行推測(cè)和預(yù)判。最后對(duì)比作者的觀點(diǎn),同作者再進(jìn)行深層對(duì)話。
Q3: What can go wrong with parents like them?
S: Maybe they care about their children, but in the wrong way. They are responsible, they want to make money, but they dont give love ... Some poor people may be happier than ...
Q4: What if we have parents like them?
S: Selfish ... Distant from their parents. They dont know how to show love ...
T: Lift the green paper and read the authors thoughts.
【點(diǎn)評(píng)】閱讀本身就是一個(gè)預(yù)設(shè)、驗(yàn)證、再預(yù)設(shè)和驗(yàn)證的過程。事實(shí)上,學(xué)生的預(yù)設(shè)并不都是集中朝向一個(gè)方向,他們之間也有不同想法和分歧。預(yù)設(shè)和驗(yàn)證并不是讓學(xué)生接受作者的觀點(diǎn),而是讓學(xué)生產(chǎn)生觀點(diǎn)、輸出意義。在此過程中,學(xué)生不僅和作者比,同學(xué)之間的回答也是一種對(duì)比和思維碰撞,有開放的思維才是最重要的。作者的觀點(diǎn)也只是一種有傾向性的意義表達(dá)而已,所以在學(xué)生表達(dá)之后,費(fèi)老師并未作是非的評(píng)判,而是創(chuàng)設(shè)了民主的課堂氛圍,給學(xué)生以自由表達(dá)的空間。
【教學(xué)片段4】
學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)不僅僅是為了學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言知識(shí),而是學(xué)會(huì)用英語(yǔ)解決問題,這正是英語(yǔ)的工具性的體現(xiàn)。
Q5: What can we do?
S: Parents cant avoid ... to have lunch with you. (分享了理解母親的故事) Dont wait for parents to be with us, we can approach them ... We need to understand ...
【點(diǎn)評(píng)】愛是本文的主旨和終點(diǎn),也是學(xué)生情感的觸發(fā)點(diǎn),不同背景的學(xué)生結(jié)合自己的親身經(jīng)歷現(xiàn)身說法,有的學(xué)生甚至分享自己和父母相處、相知和理解的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴,學(xué)生對(duì)方案的表述是其思維的拓展,也是其價(jià)值觀呈現(xiàn)的過程。之后,師生共同朗讀作者的建議方案:“Parents who care enough to spend time, and to pay attention and to try their best. It doesnt cost a cent, yet it is the most valuable thing in the world. ”雖然和學(xué)生表述方式不盡相同,但內(nèi)容、主旨不謀而合。
五、基于思辨的提問——提升學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)
閱讀不僅僅是為了獲取文本信息、理解文本和探求主旨大意,還要對(duì)文本內(nèi)容所述是否合理、作者的寫作目的是否明確、表達(dá)方式是否多元等信息進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),從而超越文本生成自己的觀點(diǎn)。所以,在學(xué)生準(zhǔn)確獲知文本內(nèi)容、深入理解文本內(nèi)涵之后,教師通常需要設(shè)計(jì)問題引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)文本話題、內(nèi)容、作者觀點(diǎn)等進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的深入思考[1]7。
【教學(xué)片段】
Q1: Why did the author tell us the story?
S: ... wanted to tell parents to care more about their children ...
Q2: What title might the author have given to the essay?
S1: “Black and white”. Because the father and the son were black and others were white.
S2: “Whats love”.
Q3: Do you like his title?
S3: I dont think it is good because it is too straight. But I dont think of one.
T: Think about it, I will come back to you later.
S4: “The simple happiness”. From the story, the father and son enjoy simple life and each others company ...
Q4: Are you satisfied with her title?
S3: “A father and a son” may be better.
Q5: Thats the real title. Can you continue to tell why the author gave this title?
S3: Its the character of the story. Happiness is simple and what we only need is love and care.
Q6: Lets talk about your titles and authors title, what do you think now?
S2: “Whats love” and “A father and a son” both are better. The latter is more like to show the contents of the story. Hers and mine are trying to talk about the inside of the story and whats the spirit of the story.
S4: I dont agree with him. I prefer my title ...
S3: I dont agree with either of them. Straight, just like Chinglish “chicken soup”...
Q7: Why do you think their titles dont draw peoples attention?
S: People dont want others to teach them something ... The main point is that they can learn something from the story and they have to feel it themselves ...
【點(diǎn)評(píng)】圍繞作者可能給出的標(biāo)題,結(jié)合自己的理解,學(xué)生從不同的視角給出了不同的標(biāo)題,并且給予充分的理由,使觀點(diǎn)理?yè)?jù)充分。經(jīng)過充分辯論之后,即使有學(xué)生已給出了接近或和作者相同的標(biāo)題,但學(xué)生之間的思辨并未因此停止。他們的思維之所以被激發(fā),關(guān)鍵在于教師追問,如Q6和Q7,學(xué)生的回答令人心動(dòng),這樣的回答無(wú)疑是讀者對(duì)文本的內(nèi)化之后才可能得出,師生是無(wú)法預(yù)設(shè)的。
閱讀的最終目標(biāo)是意義輸出,本節(jié)課的最大特點(diǎn)是輸出遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于輸入,而之所以產(chǎn)生如此動(dòng)態(tài)生成和費(fèi)老師的精心設(shè)問緊密相關(guān)。讀前充分利用學(xué)生已有知識(shí)(故事的文體特征)巧妙設(shè)問,使之與具體文本發(fā)生聯(lián)系,內(nèi)化閱讀策略和技能?;谖谋厩榫车膽夷钍教釂枠O大地激活了學(xué)生的閱讀動(dòng)機(jī),及時(shí)進(jìn)入閱讀情境并沉浸其中。在閱讀的過程中始終以情節(jié)為中心層層設(shè)問和追問,使學(xué)生預(yù)測(cè)、感知、體驗(yàn)和綜合分析文本信息,從而準(zhǔn)確解讀文本主題。解讀文本的過程也是作者與讀者進(jìn)行多重對(duì)話的過程,讀者之間不斷對(duì)話的過程。在準(zhǔn)確理解文本信息和深層內(nèi)涵之后,一個(gè)有判斷力的讀者不會(huì)全盤接受文本呈現(xiàn)的事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn),相反會(huì)對(duì)作者的觀點(diǎn)提出質(zhì)疑。同樣,基于文本理解的讀者之間的對(duì)話是思辨也是相互學(xué)習(xí), 這是一個(gè)漸進(jìn)的、自然的學(xué)習(xí)和思維的過程,也真正體現(xiàn)了閱讀的自主性思維能力,閱讀的核心價(jià)值也大概在此。
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