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床旁超聲和CT重建測量視神經(jīng)鞘直徑監(jiān)測顱內(nèi)壓的比較研究

2017-06-10 03:30樂元潔賁志飛
浙江醫(yī)學(xué) 2017年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:視神經(jīng)三維重建靈敏度

樂元潔 賁志飛

床旁超聲和CT重建測量視神經(jīng)鞘直徑監(jiān)測顱內(nèi)壓的比較研究

樂元潔 賁志飛

目的 證實(shí)視神經(jīng)鞘直徑(ONSD)測量可以用于神經(jīng)重癥患者的顱內(nèi)壓(ICP)判斷,且對超聲和CT兩種方法的診斷效能進(jìn)行比較。方法 對35例患者使用有創(chuàng)ICP監(jiān)測儀監(jiān)測ICP,完成床旁超聲ONSD測量,在CT室內(nèi)再次完成床旁超聲ONSD測量及顱腦及眼眶CT檢測,24h內(nèi)完成視神經(jīng)三維重建。運(yùn)用ROC曲線判斷ICP升高(ICP>20mmHg)的ONSD最佳臨界值。并對比床旁超聲和CT重建兩種方法測定ONSD的相關(guān)性及差異。結(jié)果 (1)床旁超聲ONSD中位值0.45(0.42~0.50)cm。ICP≤20mmHg組ICP與ONSD呈正相關(guān)(r=0.276,P=0.025),ICP>20mmHg組ICP與ONSD呈正相關(guān)(r=0.748,P=0. 001)。ROC曲線其AUC為0.922(95%CI:86.5%~98%,P=0.001),最大值約登指數(shù)為0.741,相應(yīng)ONSD臨界值為0.48cm(靈敏度86%,特異度88%)。(2)視神經(jīng)CT重建技術(shù)測量視神經(jīng)鞘直徑,中位值0.61(0.58~0.66)cm。ICP≤20mmHg組ICP與CT測量ONSD呈正相關(guān)(r=0.342,P=0.041),ICP>20mmHg組ICP與CT測量ONSD呈正相關(guān)(r=0.662,P=0.001)。ROC曲線其AUC為0.931(95%CI:87.2%~99%,P=0.001),約登指數(shù)為0.648,相應(yīng)ONSD臨界值為0.62cm(靈敏度73.1%,特異度92%)。(3)對床旁超聲及CT掃描測量ONSD進(jìn)行對比,其中床旁超聲ONSD中位值0.45(0.39~0.50)cm,CT重建ONSD中位值0.61(0.58~0.66)cm,兩側(cè)成線性相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.812。結(jié)論 床旁超聲及CT重建兩種方法測量ONSD對于判斷ICP>20mmHg均具有良好的靈敏度和特異度,兩者均為無創(chuàng)監(jiān)測ICP的重要手段。

視神經(jīng)鞘直徑 顱內(nèi)壓 計算機(jī)斷層掃描

在神經(jīng)重癥監(jiān)護(hù)的患者中,顱內(nèi)壓(intracranial pressure,ICP)升高是一個普遍存在的問題。對于急性顱腦損傷,目前出版的指南推薦控制目標(biāo)是ICP<20~25mmHg[1-2]。侵入性ICP監(jiān)測技術(shù)是測量ICP的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。當(dāng)無法進(jìn)行有創(chuàng)ICP監(jiān)測時,常用能提示ICP升高的CT和MRI征象(包括基底池消失、彌漫性的腦溝消失和明顯的中線移位)來判斷,但是這些征象具有主觀性和不確定性,所以臨床上急需可靠的非侵入性監(jiān)測手段來判斷ICP是否升高。包繞在視神經(jīng)周圍的鞘膜實(shí)際上是一種硬腦膜的延續(xù),同時蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔在視神經(jīng)鞘膜內(nèi)延伸,最終成為視神經(jīng)盤的膨大部分和視神經(jīng)乳頭[3]。人體研究提示ICP增高幾秒內(nèi)即可引起球后視神經(jīng)鞘的擴(kuò)張[4-5],通過測量視神經(jīng)鞘直徑(optic nerve sheath diameter,ONSD)可以用來判斷ICP是否升高,尤其是創(chuàng)傷性顱腦損傷及顱內(nèi)出血的患者[6-8]。視神經(jīng)鞘超聲檢查操作簡單,且可重復(fù)測量。另外,隨著CT重建技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步,多層螺旋CT檢查重建視神經(jīng)的影像相對于一些提示ICP升高的CT或MRI征象具有更直觀和可以定量的優(yōu)勢[9-10]。筆者對神經(jīng)外科重癥患者分別進(jìn)行超聲和CT重建檢測ONSD,比較兩者用于判斷ICP的效能,現(xiàn)將結(jié)果報道如下。

1 資料和方法

1.1 一般資料 收集2014年10月1日至2015年10月1日我院EICU的神經(jīng)外科重癥患者35例,男25例,女10例,年齡21~73歲,平均51歲。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡<18歲;存在眼眶損傷;既往有視神經(jīng)或眼球疾病者;先天性視神經(jīng)病變。臨床診斷為蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血7例,腦外傷21例,自發(fā)性腦出血6例,大面積腦梗死1例。所有患者均在手術(shù)治療中留置ICP探頭,無ICP探頭置入相關(guān)的感染和出血并發(fā)癥。根據(jù)有創(chuàng)監(jiān)測ICP值分為ICP>20mmHg組10例和ICP≤20mmHg組25例,兩組患者入院時一般情況比較差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均P>0.05),詳見表1。

表1 兩組患者入院時一般資料的比較

1.2 方法

1.2.1 超聲檢查 使用美國生產(chǎn)的多功能飛利浦CX50的超聲儀,I3-6MZ的線性排列探頭。超聲測量和有創(chuàng)ICP監(jiān)測同時進(jìn)行,并采用雙盲法。超聲測量由1年有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的超聲科醫(yī)生完成。當(dāng)進(jìn)行床旁超聲測量ONSD時,有創(chuàng)ICP儀背對超聲檢查者,并由EICU管床護(hù)士和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)護(hù)士記錄ICP有創(chuàng)監(jiān)測的數(shù)值。超聲測量時探頭放置于眼眶的外上側(cè),閉眼后對準(zhǔn)上部的眼皮。視神經(jīng)鞘表現(xiàn)為一個線性、邊界清楚的低回聲區(qū),ONSD在視神經(jīng)起始部遠(yuǎn)端3mm處測量。由于視神經(jīng)鞘的線性低回聲區(qū)和眼球后方偽影可能會互相重疊造成視神經(jīng)鞘邊界模糊不清,如果出現(xiàn)這種情況則不錄入該數(shù)據(jù)。在EICU內(nèi)完成1次ONSD的床旁超聲測量,每側(cè)眼球進(jìn)行2次測量,并且在CT室內(nèi)CT檢查前再次進(jìn)行1次ONSD的床旁超聲測量,每側(cè)眼球進(jìn)行1次測量。

1.2.2 CT檢查 至CT室后完成1次床旁超聲ONSD測量后立即行顱腦及眼眶CT檢查,記錄掃描時的ICP數(shù)據(jù)。視神經(jīng)三維重建在24h內(nèi)完成。使用Philips Brilliance 64層CT行顱腦和眼眶掃描,仰臥位,頭保持正中位,掃描時眼瞼自然閉合。行顱腦1mm層厚容積掃描,螺距1mm,管電壓120kV,管電流400mA,視野(FOV)250mm。選擇圖像清晰、無偽影的原始圖像,傳至extended Brilliance Workspace V4.5.2圖像后處理工作站。ONSD的三維CT重建測量由2位3年以上影像學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的影像科醫(yī)生完成。所有圖像由同一位檢測者選擇Advanced Vessel Analysis應(yīng)用程序,從球后視神經(jīng)起始處開始,沿著視神經(jīng)走行至視神經(jīng)管入口附近為止,進(jìn)行視神經(jīng)的曲面重建處理。取球后視神經(jīng)起始部遠(yuǎn)端3mm處為視神經(jīng)鞘測量點(diǎn),取ONSD最大值為測量值。

1.2.3 有創(chuàng)ICP監(jiān)測 采用Codman微壓力探頭(美

國Johnson&Johnson公司)和CAMINO光纖探頭(美國INTEGRA公司)。探頭均在入院后行開顱手術(shù)時放置于側(cè)腦室內(nèi),術(shù)后應(yīng)用相應(yīng)公司專用ICP監(jiān)護(hù)設(shè)備持續(xù)ICP監(jiān)測,探頭放置時間3~5d。

1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 應(yīng)用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計軟件。正態(tài)分布的計量資料以 表示,組間比較采用配對t檢驗(yàn),非正態(tài)分布的計量資料以中位數(shù)和四分位數(shù)表示,組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn);計數(shù)資料組間采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。相關(guān)性分析采用Pearson相關(guān)分析。采用ROC曲線評價ONSD、CT對ICP的判斷效果,計算AUC、靈敏度、特異度。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 有創(chuàng)ICP監(jiān)測與超聲檢查測量ONSD的比較 35例患者共進(jìn)行140次床旁超聲ONSD測量,測量同時記錄即時ICP數(shù)值。去除顯示不清或者干擾嚴(yán)重的超聲圖像24個(17.1%),最終獲得床旁超聲ONSD及即時有創(chuàng)ICP數(shù)值116組,ONSD中位值為0.45(0.42~0.50)cm,ICP中位值為16(13~28)mmHg,其中ICP≤20mmHg 66組,ICP>20mmHg 50組。進(jìn)一步比較ICP>20mmHg組ONSD中位值0.51(0.48~0.55)cm,ICP中位值30(23~34)mmHg;ICP≤20mmHg組ONSD中位值0.42(0.41~0.45)cm,ICP中位值14(13~15)mmHg,兩組ONSD值比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。ICP≤20mmHg組ICP與超聲測量ONSD呈正相關(guān)(r=0.276,P=0.025),ICP>20mmHg組ICP與超聲測量ONSD呈正相關(guān)(r=0.748,P=0.001),詳見圖1-2。以ICP>20mmHg為診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),應(yīng)用ROC曲線評價床旁超聲ONSD值對ICP>20mmHg判斷效果,其AUC為0.922(95%CI:86.5%~98%,P=0.001)。具體坐標(biāo)值計算最大值約登指數(shù)為0.741,相應(yīng)ONSD臨界值為0.48cm(靈敏度86%,特異度88%),詳見圖3。

2.2 有創(chuàng)ICP監(jiān)測與CT檢查測量ONSD的比較 對35例患者進(jìn)行視神經(jīng)CT掃描和床旁視神經(jīng)超聲測量,提示ICP升高的CT表現(xiàn)有:彌漫性的腦溝減少15例(42.9%),基底池消失8例(22.8%),中線移位>5mm 12例(34.2%),腦水腫7例(20.0%);其中有4例患者在超聲檢查和CT掃描時ICP的變化范圍超過了1mmHg,予以排除。最終31例患者完成視神經(jīng)CT掃描和床旁超聲測量對比研究,兩組患者共得到62組數(shù)據(jù),ONSD中位值為0.61(0.58~0.66)cm,ICP中位值為17(13~28)mmHg。其中ICP>20mmHg的患者9例18組數(shù)據(jù),ICP≤20mmHg的患者22例44組數(shù)據(jù)。ICP≤ 20mmHg組ONSD中位值為0.58(0.57~0.60)cm,ICP中位值為15(12~17)mmHg;ICP>20mmHg組ONSD中位值為0.67(0.63~0.72)cm,ICP中位值為28(23~33)mmHg。兩組ONSD值比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.001)。ICP≤20mmHg組ICP與CT測量ONSD呈正相關(guān)(r= 0.342,P=0.041),ICP>20mmHg組 ICP與 CT測量ONSD呈正相關(guān)(r=0.662,P=0.001),見圖4-5。應(yīng)用ROC曲線評價床旁視神經(jīng)CT重建測量ONSD值對ICP>20mmHg判斷效果,其AUC為0.931(95%CI:87.2%~99%,P=0.001),具體坐標(biāo)值計算最大值約登指數(shù)為0.648,相應(yīng)ONSD臨界值為0.62cm(靈敏度73.1%,特異度92%),詳見圖6。

圖1 ICP≤20mmHg組ICP與超聲測量的ONSD之間的相關(guān)關(guān)系

圖2 ICP>20mmHg組ICP與超聲測量的ONSD之間的相關(guān)關(guān)系

圖3 超聲ONSD判斷ICP升高的ROC曲線

圖4 ICP≤20mmHg組ICP與CT測量的ONSD之間的線性關(guān)系

圖5 ICP≤20mmHg組ICP與CT測量的ONSD之間的線性關(guān)系

圖6 CT重建ONSD判斷ICP升高的ROC曲線

2.3 超聲測量ONSD和CT三維重建測量ONSD的對比研究 對床旁超聲測量的ONSD和視神經(jīng)鞘CT掃描測量的ONSD進(jìn)行對比。ICP中位值17(13~28)mmHg,床旁超聲ONSD中位值0.45(0.39~0.50)cm,CT重建ONSD中位值0.61(0.58~0.66)cm。超聲測量ONSD和CT三維重建測量ONSD呈正相關(guān)(r=0.812,P<0.05),詳見圖7。

圖7 CT重建測量的ONSD與超聲之間測量的ONSD的線性關(guān)系

3 討論

由于大面積腦梗死和腦出血保守治療患者大多無法取得有創(chuàng)ICP監(jiān)測,并且有創(chuàng)ICP監(jiān)測技術(shù)存在繼發(fā)出血和感染的風(fēng)險[11-13]。所以在ICU可靠的無創(chuàng)ICP監(jiān)測技術(shù)非常必要。近幾年無創(chuàng)ICP監(jiān)測的探索已成為熱點(diǎn),并且取得了較大的進(jìn)步。無創(chuàng)監(jiān)測技術(shù)種類繁多:視神經(jīng)鞘直徑、閃光視覺誘發(fā)電位(flash visual evoked potentials,f-VEP)、經(jīng)顱多普勒(transcranial doppler,TCD)、生物電阻抗法(electric impedance,EI)、眼內(nèi)壓(intraocular pressure,IOP)測定法、基于腦電信號分析的ICP無創(chuàng)監(jiān)測等[14]。其中視神經(jīng)鞘直徑測量技術(shù)應(yīng)用最為廣泛,包括超聲測量、CT、MRI檢查。床旁超聲具有價格低廉、無輻射、無創(chuàng)、操作方便、可培訓(xùn)等優(yōu)點(diǎn),缺點(diǎn)是測量不夠精確,人為主觀因素會影響準(zhǔn)確性。視神經(jīng)CT掃描受機(jī)器設(shè)備限制,測量不精確,但是通過后期三維重建,可以較精確地測定ONSD值。MRI檢查能夠準(zhǔn)確測定視神經(jīng)鞘直徑,但是受到檢查時限的限制,不適用于腦疝等危重患者。

本研究作為國內(nèi)首個結(jié)合CT和超聲測量ONSD的對比研究,運(yùn)用床旁超聲和CT技術(shù)對神經(jīng)重癥患者進(jìn)行了即時ONSD評估,并對ICP升高的ONSD臨界值進(jìn)行了分析。本研究顯示超聲測量和CT測量ONSD無論是在ICP≤20mmHg組還是ICP>20mmHg組均呈正線性關(guān)系。同時,無論是超聲測量ONSD還是CT測量 ONSD,ICP>20mmHg組和 ICP≤20mmHg組的ONSD值差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均P<0.01)。本研究顯示ICP升高(ICP>20mmHg)的超聲測量ONSD臨界值為0.48cm(靈敏度86%,特異度88%),而通過CT重建技術(shù)判斷ICP升高的ONSD臨界值為0.62cm(靈敏度73.1%,特異度92%),結(jié)果具有高可信度。同時對比研究超聲測量ONSD和CT三維重建測量ONSD發(fā)現(xiàn),兩者呈正相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.812。國內(nèi)外對于超聲測量ONSD來評估ICP已經(jīng)有大量研究,但是超聲ONSD評估ICP升高(ICP>20mmHg)的臨界值存在爭議。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)超聲測量ONSD臨界值略低于目前普遍認(rèn)為的臨界值0.5cm[15-16]。但是近年來的幾項多中心RCT研究顯示臨界值要略低于0.5cm[17-19],這可能和研究的不同種族人群有關(guān)。本研究CT重建測量ONSD臨界值為0.62cm,符合近些年國外的研究顯示CT平掃測量ONSD顯示ICP升高(ICP>20mmHg)的臨界值在0.6~0.7cm[20]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CT重建技術(shù)所測得的ONSD要大于超聲測得的ONSD,但是兩側(cè)呈良好的線性正相關(guān)。這可能是由于視神經(jīng)鞘的最小直徑和最大直徑是有差別的,也就是說視神經(jīng)鞘橫斷面并不是圓形,而是橢圓形,并且隨著ICP升高,橫斷面的最小直徑和最大直徑差值增大[4-5,21-23]。本研究視神經(jīng)鞘CT重建取ONSD最大值,而超聲測量過程中受到眼眶解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的限制,探頭位置相對固定,所取的興趣平面不一定為ONSD最大直徑面。另外超聲測量是一種平面測量,通常是測量視網(wǎng)膜邊緣后3mm處陰影,關(guān)于該陰影到底是視盤投影還是視神經(jīng)鞘,目前還有一些爭議[24]。但是相對來說,床旁超聲更加便捷,整個操作時間大約在2min,在急危重癥領(lǐng)域更有應(yīng)用前景。

本研究僅僅是單中心研究,且樣本量不大。由于設(shè)備條件的限制,無法進(jìn)行床旁CT掃描視神經(jīng),需要轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)患者至CT室進(jìn)行檢查,這可能會造成一定的時間延誤,而且患者的搬動轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)會導(dǎo)致輕微的ICP改變。視神經(jīng)鞘直徑測量是基于視乳頭水腫,而視乳頭水腫要滯后于ICP升高,所以床旁超聲和CT重建測量可能不夠準(zhǔn)確。但是總而言之,在處理復(fù)雜患者或者病情緊急還來不及放置有創(chuàng)ICP監(jiān)測的患者,床旁超聲視神經(jīng)鞘直徑測量技術(shù)不失為一種可選擇可信賴的ICP監(jiān)測方法。床旁超聲結(jié)合CT重建技術(shù)測量視神經(jīng)鞘直徑,可能會提高判斷ICP升高的準(zhǔn)確率,需要更多樣本量的臨床研究來進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。

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Comparison of bedside ultrasonography and CT reconstruction technology in measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter

LE Yuanjie, Ben Zhifei.Department of Emergency,Ningbo Second Municipal Hospital,Ningbo 315000,China

Optic nerve sheath diameter Intracranial pressure Computed tomography

2016-09-23)

(本文編輯:嚴(yán)瑋雯)

10.12056/j.issn.1006-2785.2017.39.10.2016-1494

315000 寧波市第二醫(yī)院急診科(樂元潔),超聲科(賁志飛)

樂元潔,E-mail:leyuanji83@163.com

【 Abstract】 Objective To compare bedside ultrasonography and CT reconstruction technique in measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter(ONSD). Methods Thirty five patients admitted in Emergency ICU of Ningbo Second Hospital from October 2014 to October 2015 were enrolled in the study.The intracranial pressure(ICP)was monitored by invasive intracranial pressure monitoring device and the completed ONSD measurement was performed by ultrasonography in EICU.Completed brain and orbit CT scanning was performed and bedside ultrasound ONSD was measured again,then optic nerve three-dimensional reconstruction was completed within 24h.When intracranial pressure change exceeded 5 mmHg and lasted for 5min,the bedside ultrasound ONSD measurement was immediately completed.ROC curve was used to decide the best ONSD cut-off value to judge ICP rise (>20mmHg).And the correlation between ONSDs measured by bedside ultrasound and CT reconstruction was analyzed. Results The median ONSD measured by bedside ultrasound was 0.45(0.42-0.50)cm.ICP was positively correlated with ONSD (ICP≤20mmHg group r=0.276,P<0.05;ICP>20mmHg group r=0.748,P<0.05).AUC of ROC curve was 0.922 (95%CI:86.5%-98%,P=0.001).When the cut-off value of ONSD was 0.48cm,sensitivity,specificity and Youden index were 86%,88%and 0.741,respectively.The mean value of ONSD measured by optic nerve CT reconstruction technology was 0.61(0.58-0.66)cm.ICP was positively correlated with ONSD(ICP≤20mmHg group r=0.342,P<0.05;ICP>20mmHg group r=0.662,P<0.05).AUC of ROC curve was 0.931(95%CI:87.2%-98%,P=0.001),when the cut-off value of ONSD was 0.62cm,the sensitivity,specificity and Youden index were 73.1%,92%and 0.648,respectively.Thirty one patients completed ultrasound and CT scanning measurement ONSD within 1h.Bedside ultrasound ONSD median was 0.45(0.39-0.50) cm,average value was(0.45±0.057)cm.CT reconstruction ONSD median was 0.61(0.58-0.66)cm,average value was(0.63± 0.068)cm,the two sides were linearly dependent(r=0.812,P<0.01). Conclusion Bedside ultrasonography and CT reconstruc-tion both have good sensibility and specificity for noninvasive monitoring of ICP.

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