文/肖 曙
魅力詞塊,為寫(xiě)作錦上添花
文/肖 曙
◆名師簡(jiǎn)介◆
肖曙,任教于婁底市第三中學(xué),擔(dān)任高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)工作。在湖南省和婁底市的高中英語(yǔ)優(yōu)質(zhì)課競(jìng)賽中榮獲一等獎(jiǎng)。2016年8月,被評(píng)為婁底市首屆高中英語(yǔ)骨干教師。所教班級(jí)多名學(xué)生高考英語(yǔ)成績(jī)突破140分。論文《淺談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)閱讀理解教學(xué)》被國(guó)家基礎(chǔ)教育實(shí)驗(yàn)中心評(píng)為一等獎(jiǎng)。用淵博的知識(shí)去感召學(xué)生,用精湛的教藝去吸引學(xué)生,用美麗的微笑去賞識(shí)學(xué)生,用慈母般的愛(ài)心去撫慰學(xué)生,用激情的語(yǔ)言去鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生。
詞塊,是語(yǔ)法、語(yǔ)義和語(yǔ)境的結(jié)合體,形式較為固定。詞塊是語(yǔ)言的半成品,在語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)中的作用猶如建筑材料中的預(yù)制板,能夠被整體學(xué)習(xí)并儲(chǔ)存在記憶中。在使用時(shí)直接提取,同學(xué)們無(wú)需花時(shí)間根據(jù)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則組詞造句,從而減少了語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的壓力。同時(shí),由于是整體提取,所選擇的詞語(yǔ)更符合英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣,有效避免了中式英語(yǔ)的困擾,提高了寫(xiě)作語(yǔ)言的準(zhǔn)確性和地道性。因此,詞塊不僅能夠提高語(yǔ)言資源信息處理的效率,而且能夠提高語(yǔ)言輸出和表達(dá)的流利性、準(zhǔn)確性、地道性和生動(dòng)性,增強(qiáng)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的成就感。
責(zé)任編輯:李丁文
詞塊按照結(jié)構(gòu)通??梢苑譃樗念?lèi):一是多詞組合,指具有習(xí)語(yǔ)性質(zhì)的固定詞組,如“in the middle of”“in fact”等;二是慣用表達(dá)式,指形式固定或半固定的具有語(yǔ)用功能的單詞組合,如“It’s up toyou”“I don’t believe it”等;三是限制性短語(yǔ),這類(lèi)詞塊是由某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)形成的框架式短語(yǔ),語(yǔ)言使用者可以根據(jù)需要進(jìn)行替換,如“on one’s way to”“to one’s surprise”等;四是句子框架結(jié)構(gòu),這類(lèi)詞塊指為整個(gè)句子提供框架的詞匯短語(yǔ),如“Help yourself to some...”“It takes somebody some time to do something”等。
如何在實(shí)際英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中準(zhǔn)確識(shí)別、理解、記憶和運(yùn)用詞塊呢?
教材的每個(gè)單元都以一個(gè)話題的形式來(lái)構(gòu)建知識(shí)體系,通常與該話題相關(guān)的大量詞匯、詞組與句型將在一到兩個(gè)星期之內(nèi),不斷地在課堂教學(xué)時(shí)被師生復(fù)述,這有利于同學(xué)們以最快的速度積累相關(guān)場(chǎng)景的詞塊和語(yǔ)言范例。具體來(lái)看看譯林出版社的八年級(jí)上第八單元的Reading部分(節(jié)選)。
The Taiwan Earthquake
It was about two o’clock in the early morning.I was sleeping when the earthquake started.At first,I felt a slight shake.Then I heard a loud noise like thunder.
Soon the realnoise came like bombs under the ground.The earth started to shake. People screamed in fear.Some ran out of the building.I tried my best to run out too,but I couldn’t.Outside,people were running in all directions while pieces of glass and bricks were falling down.Then the walls began to come down too!
Finally,the noise and shaking ended.It was dark and silent around me.I could not see anything atall,and Ididn’tknow if anyone else was near me.I felt nervous and my heart was beating fast.“I’m trapped,”I said to myself. A moment of fear went through my mind,but I told myself to calm down since I was still alive....
同學(xué)們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)該語(yǔ)篇時(shí),可以結(jié)合教材中對(duì)應(yīng)的生詞表,把上面畫(huà)線部分的詞塊找出來(lái)。然后,根據(jù)所掌握的生詞含義和語(yǔ)境來(lái)確定詞塊的含義。最后,根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞塊的提示,復(fù)述或者背誦課文,加深印象,慢慢內(nèi)化成自己的東西。多背誦經(jīng)典篇章,是積累詞塊的好方法。背的東西多了,自然就會(huì)做到知識(shí)融會(huì)貫通。經(jīng)典的語(yǔ)篇和詞塊,就像一粒粒種子,植入我們的心田,不一定馬上就萌芽、開(kāi)花、結(jié)果,但總有一天會(huì)的,只要碰到適宜的溫度和濕度。
活學(xué)活用英語(yǔ)詞典,可以培養(yǎng)良好的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。詞典里有詞匯的具體用法及相關(guān)詞塊的詳細(xì)介紹和例句。詞典就像是一個(gè)無(wú)聲的老師,借助詞典,同學(xué)們可以把跟某一詞匯相關(guān)的詞塊集中起來(lái),通過(guò)辨析來(lái)加深理解,通過(guò)對(duì)比記憶來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)詞塊的集群化記憶,達(dá)到擴(kuò)充詞塊的目的。以動(dòng)詞look為例,在詞典中有以下重要的詞塊(由兩個(gè)詞匯構(gòu)成的):look out,look after,look at,look around,look back,look up,look for,look into,look through等。當(dāng)同學(xué)們準(zhǔn)確記憶這些易混淆詞塊的含義后,遇到辨析類(lèi)試題就輕松多了。
例 1(2016年河南卷) Almostevery university now has a website which allows us to ______the information about it.
A.look at B.look after
C.look around D.look through
解析:句意為:“現(xiàn)在幾乎每個(gè)大學(xué)都有網(wǎng)站,允許我們?cè)谏厦鎋_____有關(guān)它的信息?!盠ook at意為“看”;look after表示“照看”;look around的含義是“巡視”;look through意為“瀏覽”。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,D項(xiàng)準(zhǔn)確。
要學(xué)會(huì)一個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞或詞塊,學(xué)習(xí)者通常需要在不同的時(shí)間和語(yǔ)境中,見(jiàn)到過(guò)它6次以上,而且還需要有時(shí)間間隔的“重逢”才行。雖然英語(yǔ)教材在編寫(xiě)時(shí)會(huì)考慮到詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題,但是重現(xiàn)率達(dá)到6次的比較少。這主要是因?yàn)榻滩囊采w一定數(shù)量的話題,以滿(mǎn)足不同學(xué)生的興趣和愛(ài)好。也就是說(shuō),同一類(lèi)型的詞匯在教材某個(gè)單元中往往曇花一現(xiàn),下一個(gè)單元就會(huì)進(jìn)入其他話題的討論。而英語(yǔ)名著的簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)本和英文報(bào)刊的某些專(zhuān)欄就不一樣,在相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的篇幅里持續(xù)講述同一個(gè)話題,會(huì)不斷重復(fù)某些核心詞。所以,同學(xué)們要加強(qiáng)課外閱讀,最好能在老師的指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)膶?zhuān)題閱讀。例如在某一段時(shí)間內(nèi),追蹤某個(gè)特定事件的新聞報(bào)道,這樣有更多機(jī)會(huì)碰到同一個(gè)話題的某些核心詞塊,對(duì)于內(nèi)化詞塊的運(yùn)用效果更好。
例2(2016年衡陽(yáng)卷)榮光學(xué)校九年級(jí)(2)班就環(huán)境問(wèn)題召開(kāi)了一次班會(huì),并且以“OurEnvironmentin Ten Years:forBetter or Worse”為題進(jìn)行了一次討論。許多同學(xué)表示對(duì)未來(lái)樂(lè)觀,但也有些同學(xué)對(duì)未來(lái)有些擔(dān)心。請(qǐng)根據(jù)表格中的內(nèi)容提示,用英文寫(xiě)一篇短文。
提示:1)短文中不得出現(xiàn)真實(shí)的人名和地名;2)短文中應(yīng)包含4個(gè)要點(diǎn);3)書(shū)寫(xiě)工整,語(yǔ)句通順,連貫,詞數(shù)不少于80個(gè)。注意:文章開(kāi)頭已給出,不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。參考詞匯:optimistic adj.樂(lè)觀的;government n.政府;take measures to采取措施;private adj.私有的。
Many students are optimistic about environment in ten years._______________
解析:同學(xué)們?cè)诖_定寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)后,最關(guān)鍵的一步就是運(yùn)用詞塊來(lái)搭建句子的主體,保證寫(xiě)作的準(zhǔn)確性。如:越來(lái)越多的人more and more people;環(huán)保主義者volunteers to protect environment;采取更多的措施take more measures to do sth.;改善環(huán)境improve the environment;大量的樹(shù)木a large number of trees;被砍伐be cut down;私家車(chē)private cars等。用這些關(guān)鍵的詞塊來(lái)擴(kuò)充句子,文章會(huì)更準(zhǔn)確、流利和地道。
附參考答案:Many students are optimisticabout environment in ten years.In fact,they think that the world will be abetterplace than itisnow.Moreand morepeopleare becoming volunteers to protect environment. Thegovernmentwilltakemoremeasuresto improve the environment.
However, other students are worried aboutthe future.A large numberoftrees will be cut down.Private cars will be more and more.Theysaytheworld willbecome more crowded.
But in myopinion,Ithink weshould plantmore treesand pick up litteraround us.We work together to protect our homes.
南京大學(xué)丁言仁教授對(duì)21世紀(jì)杯全國(guó)英語(yǔ)演講比賽和 CCTV杯全國(guó)英語(yǔ)演講比賽優(yōu)勝者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),成功的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者身上具有驚人的相同的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷:誦讀過(guò)多位名人演講稿;閱讀、背誦過(guò)大量?jī)?yōu)美文章;注重背書(shū)的語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)與錄音一致;聽(tīng)和模仿英語(yǔ)廣播或錄音磁帶;觀看和模仿英語(yǔ)電影和電視??;記憶大量完整的詞塊;關(guān)注詞塊的功能及其出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)境。由此可見(jiàn),充分利用詞塊進(jìn)行記憶與模仿,能更有效地提高英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用的各項(xiàng)能力。
【鏈接】
最后,請(qǐng)同學(xué)們體會(huì)一下王敏同學(xué)寫(xiě)的一篇英語(yǔ)日記,畫(huà)線部分為詞塊的運(yùn)用。
Rain
Ilove the rain!Rain iswonderful!It brings special things for us to see and hear. When Iwasyoung,Ineverwentoutside when it rained.My mother never let me.I would look out of my window and watch the rain come down. Sometimes children in raincoats would walk by.How Iwished I could be outside,too!
One summer I went to visit my uncle. There were many tall trees behind his house. I could hardly wait to explore it.
On the firstmorning Iwoke up very early.Then I heard it.Rain was beating on the roof and tapping at the windows.
“Oh,no!It’sraining.And Ihave to stay inside!”I said to my uncle.
“Stay in!Why?”said my uncle.“Rain is fun,Xiaoming.Come on - I’llshow you.”
Uncle and I took off our shoes and ran outside.The trees looked so wonderful.Small drops of water were on the leaves and grass.
Three birds were splashing in a big puddle.“When it rains,every puddle becomes a good place for birds,”said Uncle.
The sound of singing and splashing filled the air.“Justlisten,” Isaid.“The birds have a special rain song.”
When wegotback tothehouse,my uncle made some hot tea.We drank it and listened to the rain.We listened to its tap, tap on the roof.We heard its beautiful sound on the windows.“The rain makes its own music,” uncle said.“Why don’twe write something about rain?”
“Why not?”said I.“I’ll get paper and a pen.We’ll begin right away!”
點(diǎn)評(píng):作者通過(guò)優(yōu)美的文筆、細(xì)膩的描寫(xiě)、富有哲理性的語(yǔ)言,將一個(gè)深刻的、具有廣泛性的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象推到讀者的面前。令人讀來(lái)回味深長(zhǎng)。作為一篇優(yōu)秀的初中生習(xí)作,詞塊在其中所起的作用功不可沒(méi)。