王 會,劉娟娟,戚孟春△,董 偉,李 任,孫 紅
(華北理工大學(xué):1.口腔醫(yī)學(xué)院口腔頜面外科教研室;2.基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院病理學(xué)教研室,河北唐山 063000)
論著·基礎(chǔ)研究
唑來膦酸對破骨細(xì)胞分化中CaMKⅡ δ及下游基因表達(dá)的影響*
王 會1,劉娟娟1,戚孟春1△,董 偉1,李 任1,孫 紅2
(華北理工大學(xué):1.口腔醫(yī)學(xué)院口腔頜面外科教研室;2.基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院病理學(xué)教研室,河北唐山 063000)
目的 研究唑來膦酸(ZOL)對破骨細(xì)胞分化中鈣調(diào)蛋白依賴性激酶Ⅱ δ(CaMKⅡδ)以及下游信號基因表達(dá)的影響。方法 將小鼠破骨前體細(xì)胞RAW264.7細(xì)胞分為對照組和ZOL組;兩組細(xì)胞均用50 μg/L核因子κB受體激活蛋白配體(RANKL)誘導(dǎo)與第5天收獲,ZOL組同時(shí)加用1×10-6mol/L ZOL處理2 d。5 d后收獲細(xì)胞,檢測破骨細(xì)胞生成及CaMKⅡ δ、活化T細(xì)胞核因子蛋白c1(NFATc1)、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)及c-Src基因表達(dá)情況。結(jié)果 ZOL組TRAP+多核破骨細(xì)胞數(shù)目、牙本質(zhì)吸收陷窩數(shù)目和面積分別是(20.0±3.2)、(18.0±4.2)和(6 335.3±1 043.2)μm2,顯著低于對照組的(36.0±8.4)、(37.2±5.0)和(11 636.2±3 661.1)μm2(P<0.05或P<0.01),分別下降了44.4%、51.6%和45.6%。ZOL處理還使破骨細(xì)胞分化中CaMKⅡδ及下游因子NFATc1、TRAP和c-Src 基因表達(dá)產(chǎn)生顯著抑制,mRNA水平分別下降了44.1%、49.0%、53.8%和49.6%(P<0.05或P<0.01),蛋白水平分別下降了43.5%、32.2%、45.5%和48.0%(P<0.05或P<0.01)。免疫熒光化學(xué)檢測顯示ZOL組CaMKⅡδ、NFATc1、TRAP和c-Src的熒光強(qiáng)度較對照組也明顯減弱。結(jié)論 ZOL可顯著抑制破骨細(xì)胞生成和骨吸收功能,并下調(diào)破骨細(xì)胞分化中CaMKⅡ δ及下游NFATc1、TRAP和c-Src基因表達(dá)。
破骨細(xì)胞;唑來膦酸;鈣調(diào)蛋白依賴性激酶Ⅱδ;活化T細(xì)胞核因子c1;抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶;c-Src
唑來磷酸(zoledronate,ZOL)能夠顯著抑制破骨細(xì)胞的生成及骨吸收功能,因而廣泛應(yīng)用于骨過度吸收性疾病[1];但其作用機(jī)制尚未弄清。鈣調(diào)蛋白(calmodulin)-活化T細(xì)胞核因子c1(nuclear factor of activated T cells type c1,NFATc1)信號通路對破骨細(xì)胞的分化至關(guān)重要;而鈣調(diào)蛋白依賴性蛋白激酶Ⅱ(Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Ⅱ,CaMKⅡ)是其中的關(guān)鍵信號分子[2-4]。CaMKⅡ有α、β、γ、δ 4個(gè)異構(gòu)體[5];國外學(xué)者研究顯示,異構(gòu)體δ對破骨細(xì)胞分化的調(diào)控作用可能最為關(guān)鍵[6-7],但其是否參與ZOL誘發(fā)的破骨細(xì)胞抑制目前尚不清楚。本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過檢測ZOL對CaMKⅡδ及其下游基因表達(dá)的影響,探討CaMKⅡδ在ZOL誘發(fā)的破骨細(xì)胞抑制中的作用,為唑來膦酸治療骨過度吸收性疾病提供實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)材料 小鼠巨噬細(xì)胞RAW264.7細(xì)胞株來自北京軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院;核因子-κB受體激活因子配體(RANKL)購自美國Biovision公司;DMEM培養(yǎng)基、唑來膦酸、胎牛血清購自中國四季青公司;兔抗鼠CaMKⅡ δ多克隆抗體、β-actin單克隆抗、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)單克隆抗體、NFATc1單克隆抗體、c-Src單克隆抗體購自美國Santa Cruz公司;TRAP染色試劑盒、異硫氰酸熒光素(FITC)、碘化丙啶(PI)購自美國Sigma公司;PCR引物購自上海生工;激光聚焦顯微鏡(LSCM)購自日本Olympus公司);Rotor-Gene 3000熒光定量PCR儀購自美國gene company limited。
表1 Real-time PCR使用基因引物
1.2 方法 RAW264.7細(xì)胞分為對照組和ZOL組。兩組細(xì)胞均用含50 μg/L RANKL的DMEM培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)5 d,使細(xì)胞向破骨細(xì)胞分化;ZOL組在RANKL誘導(dǎo)1 d后,加用1×10-6mol/L ZOL處理2 d[8],繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)。
1.2.1 破骨細(xì)胞生成及功能檢測 (1)TRAP染色:細(xì)胞以5×103/cm2密度種在載玻片上制備細(xì)胞爬片。收獲細(xì)胞后,按TRAP試劑盒說明進(jìn)行染色,光鏡200倍下選取6個(gè)視野,計(jì)數(shù)TRAP+多核細(xì)胞數(shù)目(細(xì)胞核大于或等于3個(gè)),取平均值;每組檢測3個(gè)細(xì)胞爬片[8]。(2)牙本質(zhì)吸收陷窩檢測:用新鮮拔除的下頜阻生智齒制備厚約0.2 mm的牙本質(zhì)磨片,超聲震蕩,高溫高壓滅菌;細(xì)胞接種密度為5×103個(gè)/cm2。細(xì)胞收獲后掃描電鏡(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)觀察,500倍下每個(gè)磨片上選取6個(gè)視野,測量吸收陷窩總數(shù)目及總面積,取平均值,作為該磨片的吸收陷窩數(shù)目及面積;每組檢測3個(gè)牙本質(zhì)磨片[8]。
1.2.2 CaMKⅡ δ及其下游因子NFATc1、TRAP、c-Src基因表達(dá)檢測
1.2.2.1 免疫熒光細(xì)胞化學(xué)檢測 以5×103個(gè)/cm2密度接種在激光共聚焦皿里。5 d后收獲細(xì)胞,磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)沖洗3次,4%多聚甲醛固定30 min,0.4%的TritonX-100 PBS室溫孵育25 min,單克隆抗體一抗4 ℃過夜,F(xiàn)ITC標(biāo)記為二抗,37 ℃避光孵育90 min,PI復(fù)染胞核,甘油封片,激光共聚焦顯微鏡(LSCM)觀察,每個(gè)共聚焦小皿隨機(jī)檢測6個(gè)視野,實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
1.2.2.2 Real-time PCR檢測 Trizol法提取細(xì)胞總RNA,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄合成cDNA;在Rotor-Gene3000熒光定量PCR儀上檢測;引物見表1。反應(yīng)條件為:95 ℃,30 s;95 ℃ 15 s,56 ℃ 20 s,72 ℃ 20 s,45個(gè)循環(huán)。計(jì)算目的基因mRNA相對表達(dá)量;每個(gè)因子設(shè)3個(gè)復(fù)孔。
1.2.2.3 Western blot檢測 加蛋白酶抑制劑(RIPA)提取細(xì)胞總蛋白,Bradford法測蛋白濃度;加入1×buffer后,煮沸5 min變性;蛋白上樣,凝膠電泳,轉(zhuǎn)膜;室溫封閉1 h,一抗4 ℃過夜,二抗37 ℃孵育35 min,ECL顯色儀上顯色。用Image-Lab分析軟件檢測膜上條帶光密度值;實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
2.1 ZOL對破骨細(xì)胞的生成和骨吸收功能影響 RANKL誘導(dǎo)5 d后,兩組均出現(xiàn)TRAP+多核破骨細(xì)胞(細(xì)胞質(zhì)紅染),見圖1 ;與對照組比較,ZOL組多核破骨細(xì)胞顯著減少,破骨細(xì)胞下降了44.4%(P<0.05),見表2。掃描電鏡(SEM)觀察,兩組牙本質(zhì)磨片上均出現(xiàn)不同程度的吸收陷窩;ZOL組吸收陷窩的數(shù)目和面積均顯著少于對照組(P<0.05或P<0.01),見表2,分別下降了51.6%和45.6%。ZOL可顯著抑制破骨細(xì)胞的骨吸收功能。
A:對照組TRAP染色;B:ZOL組TRAP染色;C:對照組牙本質(zhì)吸收陷窩檢測;D:ZOL組牙本質(zhì)吸收陷窩檢測。
圖1 破骨細(xì)胞生成與功能
2.2 免疫熒光細(xì)胞化學(xué)檢測CaMKⅡ δ、NFATc1、TRAP、c-Src表達(dá) 經(jīng)檢測,CaMKⅡ δ、NFATc1、TRAP、c-Src在兩組細(xì)胞中均有表達(dá);但在對照組中熒光較強(qiáng);而在ZOL組中則表達(dá)明顯較弱(圖2,F(xiàn)ITC標(biāo)記靶蛋白,PI標(biāo)記細(xì)胞核)。ZOL對破骨細(xì)胞分化中CaMKⅡ δ以及下游因子NFATc1、TRAP、c-Src蛋白表達(dá)均產(chǎn)生了顯著的抑制作用。
2.3 Real-time PCR檢測CaMKⅡ δ、NFATc1、TRAP、c-Src mRNA水平 經(jīng)Real-time PCR分析,CaMKⅡ δ、NFATc1、TRAP、c-Src在兩組中都有表達(dá),但ZOL組mRNA水平明顯下降。ZOL組CaMKⅡ δ、NFATc1、TRAP、c-Src mRNA水平分別為0.595±0.007、0.503±0.014、0.474±0.006和0.494±0.016,顯著低于對照組的1.065±0.066、0.986±0.013、1.026±0.070和0.981±0.016(P<0.05或P<0.01),較對照組分別下降了44.1%、49.0%、53.8%和49.6%。唑來膦酸顯著下調(diào)了破骨細(xì)胞分化中CaMKⅡ δ及下游NFATc1、TRAP、c-Src mRNA水平。
表2 破骨細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)及牙本質(zhì)磨片吸收陷窩定量分析
a:P<0.05,與對照組比較;b:P<0.01,與對照組比較。
圖2 免疫熒光細(xì)胞化學(xué)檢測CaMKⅡ δ及其下游基因在兩組破骨細(xì)胞中表達(dá)(LSCM×400)
組別CaMKⅡδNFATc1TRAPc-Src對照組205.104±13.006243.283±10.200169.350±12.089223.276±11.830ZOL組115.921±5.891164.849±11.82592.322±8.307116.040±11.655t10.8188.6999.09611.183P<0.05<0.01<0.01<0.01
圖3 Western blot檢測兩組中CaMKⅡ δ、NFATc1、TRAP、c-Src蛋白表達(dá)
2.4 Western blot檢測CaMKⅡ δ、NFATc1、TRAP、c-Src蛋白表達(dá) 經(jīng)Western-blot檢測,ZOL組中CaMKⅡ δ、NFATc1、TRAP、c-Src的蛋白表達(dá)量較對照組明顯減弱(圖3);定量數(shù)據(jù)分析顯示(表3),ZOL組中CaMKⅡ δ、NFATc1、TRAP和c-Src蛋白條帶光密度值較對照組分別下降了43.5%、32.2%、45.5%和48.0%(P<0.01或P<0.05)。上述結(jié)果說明,ZOL能夠顯著降低CaMKⅡ δ、NFATc1、TRAP、c-Src蛋白表達(dá),從而對破骨細(xì)胞的生成產(chǎn)生抑制作用。
臨床上牙周炎、骨腫瘤、種植體周圍炎等疾病造成的骨過度吸收均與破骨細(xì)胞數(shù)目及活性異常有關(guān)[9];ZOL作為臨床上治療骨過度吸收性疾病的常用藥物,主要通過抑制破骨細(xì)胞分化及骨吸收功能發(fā)揮作用[1]。在本研究中,應(yīng)用1×10-6mol/L ZOL處理RANKL誘導(dǎo)下的RAW264.7細(xì)胞48 h,發(fā)現(xiàn)TRAP+多核破骨細(xì)胞生成及骨吸收功能受到顯著抑制,破骨細(xì)胞數(shù)及牙本質(zhì)吸收陷窩顯著少于未經(jīng)處理的對照組;從而進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了ZOL對破骨細(xì)胞的抑制功能。需要指出的是,ZOL加入的時(shí)間為RANKL誘導(dǎo)第2~3天,此時(shí)正是單核破骨細(xì)胞向多核破骨細(xì)胞融合,即細(xì)胞多核化階段;因而上述結(jié)果證實(shí),ZOL可在破骨細(xì)胞分化中期,即破骨細(xì)胞多核化階段發(fā)揮對破骨細(xì)胞的抑制作用,從而影響破骨細(xì)胞的生成及后期的骨吸收功能。破骨細(xì)胞分化相關(guān)信號通路研究近年來取得了許多進(jìn)展,其中NFATc1信號通路的發(fā)現(xiàn)被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)重要突破[2-4]。在該信號通路中,CaMKs是Calmodulin下游Ca2+信號傳遞的重要分子;在CaMKs中,CaMK Ⅱ和CaMK Ⅳ在破骨細(xì)胞分化中的作用尤為重要。CaMK Ⅳ對破骨細(xì)胞分化的作用已證實(shí)[4],而CaMK Ⅱ相關(guān)研究尚無明確定論。Park-Min等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn), RANKL刺激可使破骨細(xì)胞分化中CaMK Ⅱ磷酸化;William等[11]研究顯示,RANKL顯著提高了破骨細(xì)胞中CaMKⅡ 的活性,提示CaMKⅡ 在破骨細(xì)胞分化中可能發(fā)揮著重要作用。本課題組前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),唑來膦酸可顯著抑制破骨細(xì)胞分化中CaMKⅡ 和CaMK Ⅳ基因表達(dá)[8,12],進(jìn)一步說明了CaMKⅡ可能發(fā)揮的作用。
CaMKⅡ有ɑ、β、γ、δ四種異構(gòu)體[5];在破骨細(xì)胞分化過程中異構(gòu)體ɑ、β表達(dá)較弱或幾乎不表達(dá),而異構(gòu)體δ表達(dá)則較強(qiáng)[4,6-7];提示CaMKⅡδ與破骨細(xì)胞分化密切相關(guān);而CaMKⅡδ是否參與了ZOL對破骨細(xì)胞生成的抑制,目前尚不清楚。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),唑來膦酸處理可使破骨細(xì)胞分化中CaMKⅡ δ基因表達(dá)在mRNA及蛋白水平均顯著下降,提示該因子可能參與了ZOL對破骨細(xì)胞分化的抑制。
NFATc1是破骨細(xì)胞分化的主要調(diào)節(jié)基因,參與Cathepsin K、TRAP、integrin β3、c-Src、DC-STAMP、Atp6v0d2等許多破骨細(xì)胞特異性基因表達(dá)的調(diào)控,對破骨細(xì)胞分化及骨吸收功能至關(guān)重要[2,13-14]。NFATc1基因敲除的胚胎干細(xì)胞不能向破骨細(xì)胞分化;而NFATc1過表達(dá)則在沒有RANKL的條件下骨髓基質(zhì)細(xì)胞依然能分化成破骨細(xì)胞[15]。本研究中,ZOL處理使破骨細(xì)胞分化中NFATc1、TRAP、c-Src蛋白及mRNA水平均較對照組顯著降低;提示上述因子參與了ZOL對破骨細(xì)胞生成的抑制;鑒于NFATc1在破骨細(xì)胞分化中的作用,其表達(dá)下調(diào)可能是ZOL誘發(fā)的破骨細(xì)胞生成抑制的主要原因。
有關(guān)CaMKⅡδ調(diào)控NFATc1基因表達(dá)及破骨細(xì)胞分化的機(jī)制,目前尚不清楚。Chang等[6]研究認(rèn)為,CaMKⅡ與CaMK Ⅳ一樣[4],通過cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein(CREB)及c-fos信號通路來發(fā)揮作用;而Yao 等[7]則認(rèn)為,CaMKⅡδ 具有拮抗CREB 信號通路的作用,因而支持Park-Min等[10]的研究結(jié)論,即CaMKⅡδ 通過MEK-ERK 信號通路來發(fā)揮對破骨細(xì)胞的調(diào)控作用。然而,CaMKⅡδ是怎樣調(diào)控NFATc1基因表達(dá)及破骨細(xì)胞分化的?有哪些信號分參與其中,尚待進(jìn)一步研究。
本研究表明,唑來膦酸可顯著抑制破骨細(xì)胞生成及CaMKⅡδ、NFATc1、TRAP、c-Src基因表達(dá);唑來膦酸對破骨細(xì)胞生成的抑制與上述因子表達(dá)下調(diào)有關(guān)。
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Effects of zoledronate on CaMKⅡ δ and down-stream gene expressions during osteoclast differentiation*
WangHui1,LiuJuanjuan1,QiMengchun1△,DongWei1,LiRen1,SunHong2
(1.TeachingandResearchingSectionofOralandMaxillofacialSurgery,CollegeofStomatology;2.TeachingandResearchingSectionofPathology,CollegeofBasicMedicine,North-ChinaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Tangshan,Hebei063000,China)
Objective To study the effect of zoledronate (ZOL) on Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase Ⅱ δ (CaMKⅡδ) and down-stream gene expressions during osteoclast differentiation.Methods Mouse osteoclast precursors RAW264.7 cells were divided into the control group and ZOL group.The cells in both groups were induced with 50 μg/L receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and were harvested on 5 d,while the cells in ZOL group were also simultaneously treated with 1×10-6mol/L ZOL for 2 d.Five days later,the cells were harvested and examined osteoclastogenesis,as well as gene expressions of CaMKⅡδ,nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1),tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and cell-sarcoma receptor coactivator (c-Src).Results The number of TRAP positive multinuclear osteoclasts,number and size of dentin absorption lacunae and area in the ZOL group were (20.0±3.2),(18.0±4.2) and (6 335.3±1 043.2)μm2respectively,which were significantly lower than (36.0±8.4),(37.2±5.0) and (11 636.2±3 661.1)μm2in the control group and decreased by 44.4%,51.6% and 45.6% respectively (P<0.01).ZOL also significantly inhibited the gene expressions of CaMKⅡ δ,NFATc1,TRAP and c-Src,and the mRNA levels of these genes were decreased by 44.1%,49.0%,53.8% and 49.6% respectively,the protein level were decreased by 43.5%,32.2%,45.5% and 48.0% respectively.The immunofluorescent cytochemistry detection results showed the fluorescence intensity of CaMKⅡδ,NFATc1,TRAP and c-Srcin in the ZOL group was significantly weakened when compared with the control group.Conclusion ZOL could significantly inhibit the osteoclast formation and bone absorption function,and down-regulates gene expressions of CaMKⅡ δ,NFATc1,TRAP and c-Src in osteoclast differentiation.
osteoclasts;zoledronic acid;Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase Ⅱ δ;nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1;tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase;c-Src
10.3969/j.issn.1671-8348.2017.10.004
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81270965);河北省教育廳重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(ZD2015005)。 作者簡介:王會(1983-),碩士,主要從事唑來膦酸對破骨細(xì)胞分化中作用機(jī)制的研究?!?/p>
,E-mail:qimengchun@163.com。
R782
A
1671-8348(2017)10-1308-04
2016-10-28
2017-01-24)