侯丁丁 康驊 王亞軍 趙菁 李開富 韓婧
【摘要】目的探討近紅外熒光法聯(lián)合美藍(lán)染料法在早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴結(jié)活組織檢查(SLNB)中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法應(yīng)用近紅外熒光法和美藍(lán)染料法對(duì)141例臨床腋窩淋巴結(jié)檢查陰性的早期原發(fā)性乳腺癌患者行SLNB,記錄單用近紅外熒光法或美藍(lán)染料法以及聯(lián)合2種方法檢出前哨淋巴結(jié)(SLN)的數(shù)目和檢出率,比較聯(lián)合法檢出的SLN術(shù)中冰凍病理檢查與術(shù)后石蠟病理檢查結(jié)果,分析BMI對(duì)近紅外熒光法檢出SLN情況的影響。結(jié)果141例中近紅外熒光法檢出SLN(2.78±1.28)枚/人,優(yōu)于美藍(lán)染料法檢出的(2.29±1.31)枚/人(t=4.640,P<0.01),兩者檢出率比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=4.083,P=0.039);聯(lián)合法檢出SLN(3.11±1.30)枚/人,優(yōu)于美藍(lán)染料法(t=10.360,P<0.01),兩者檢出率比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=8.100,P=0.002)。聯(lián)合法檢出的140例SLN術(shù)中冰凍病理檢查與術(shù)后石蠟病理檢查陽性率比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.250,P=0.625)。BMI≥24 kg/m2者共86例(61.0%),近紅外熒光法中共3例未測(cè)出發(fā)熒光的SLN,而BMI<24 kg/m2者的近紅外熒光法SLN檢出率為100%。結(jié)論近紅外熒光法聯(lián)合美藍(lán)染料法可提高SLN的檢出率和檢出數(shù)目,提高SLNB的準(zhǔn)確性,但如何提高肥胖患者的檢出率是值得進(jìn)一步研究的問題。
【關(guān)鍵詞】乳腺癌;前哨淋巴結(jié);前哨淋巴結(jié)活組織檢查;近紅外熒光法;美藍(lán)染料法
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical value of near-infrared fluorescent method combined with methylene blue method for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with early breast cancer. MethodsIn total, 141 patients diagnosed with early primary breast cancer who were negative for armpit lymph node examination received SLNB by near-infrared fluorescent method combined with methylene blue method. The quantity and detection rate of sentinel lymph node (SLN) by near-infrared fluorescent method or methylene blue method alone and combined application of two methods were recorded. Pathological examination of intraoperative frozen sections and postoperative paraffin-embedded sections were compared, evaluate the effect of BMI upon the detection results of SLN by near-infrared fluorescent method. ResultsThe mean quantity of SLN detected by near-infrared fluorescent method was (2.78±1.28), significantly higher compared with (2.29±1.31) by methylene blue method (t=4.640, P<0.01). The detection rate of SLN significantly differed between two methods (χ2=4.083, P=0.039). The average quantity of SLN detected by combined methods was (3.11±1.30), significantly higher than that detected by methylene blue method alone (t=10.360, P<0.01). The detection rate of SLN also significantly differed between two approaches (χ2=8.100, P=0.002). For the SLN detected by the combined methods in 140 cases, the positive rate between intraoperative frozen sections and postoperative paraffin-embedded sections did not significantly differ (χ2=0.250, P=0.625). For 86 patients with BMI≥24 kg/m2, SLN was not detected in 3 cases by near-infrared fluorescent method alone, whereas the detection rate was up to 100% for those with BMI<24 kg/m2. ConclusionCombined application of near-infrared fluorescent method and methylene blue method can enhance the detection rate and quantity of SLN and increase the accuracy of SLNB. However, how to enhance the detection rate of SLN for obese patients remains to be investigated.
【Key words】Breast cancer; Sentinel lymph node; Sentinel lymph node biopsy;
Near-infrared fluorescent method; Methylene blue method
目前乳腺癌前哨淋巴結(jié)活組織檢查(SLNB)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法包括美藍(lán)染料法、放射性核素法及兩者的聯(lián)合,其中聯(lián)合法具有最佳的檢出率和特異性,已成為西方國(guó)家臨床常規(guī)方法[1]。但我國(guó)尚無批準(zhǔn)的商品化核素示蹤劑,加之核素法具有放射性輻射、價(jià)格昂貴、需特殊的檢測(cè)設(shè)備等,導(dǎo)致該法的應(yīng)用在國(guó)內(nèi)受到諸多限制[2]。近年來有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道近紅外熒光法具有較高敏感性與特異性,且具有操作簡(jiǎn)單、無放射性、價(jià)格低廉等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[3]。結(jié)合以上背景,為探討適合國(guó)內(nèi)廣泛開展并能提高早期乳腺癌SLNB檢出率的方法,從2013年8月至2017年3月,筆者聯(lián)合應(yīng)用近紅外熒光法和美藍(lán)染料法對(duì)我院普外科乳腺病區(qū)某個(gè)治療小組收治的早期乳腺癌患者進(jìn)行了SLNB,分析了該法對(duì)SLNB的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,以期為同行提供參考依據(jù)。
對(duì)象與方法
一、研究對(duì)象
1.試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
我院普外科乳腺病區(qū)某個(gè)治療小組在2013年8月至2017年3月共收治141例早期原發(fā)性乳腺癌患者,術(shù)前均經(jīng)粗針穿刺活組織檢查(活檢)確診。141例中男3例、女138例,年齡(57.8±12.9)歲,BMI(25.1±3.9)kg/m2。141例均符合以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn),納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①經(jīng)活檢病理診斷為原發(fā)性乳腺癌;②臨床分期為cTisN0M0、cT1-2N0M0,即早期乳腺癌,或經(jīng)新輔助化學(xué)治療降期至cT1-2N0M0;③臨床腋窩淋巴結(jié)檢查陰性[4-5]。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①炎性乳腺癌;②對(duì)示蹤劑過敏;③臨床觸診或者影像學(xué)檢查提示腋窩淋巴結(jié)陽性;④腋窩手術(shù)史及放射史;⑤妊娠哺乳期乳腺癌;⑥有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移[6]。本研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有患者均簽署知情同意書。
二、方法
對(duì)每例患者均采用近紅外熒光示蹤法和美藍(lán)染料法進(jìn)行SLNB,并將采用不同方法識(shí)別的SLN進(jìn)行分組以便進(jìn)行患者的自身對(duì)照,其中僅由近紅外熒光法識(shí)別的前哨淋巴結(jié)(SLN)為近紅外熒光組,僅由美藍(lán)染料法識(shí)別的SLN為美藍(lán)染料法組,由美藍(lán)染料法聯(lián)合近紅外熒光法識(shí)別的SLN為聯(lián)合法組。對(duì)行SLNB后發(fā)現(xiàn)有SLN轉(zhuǎn)移者,則在行乳腺手術(shù)后進(jìn)一步行腋窩淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)(ALND),無轉(zhuǎn)移者則不再行ALND。
1.儀器和試劑
SLNB熒光探測(cè)系統(tǒng)(南京產(chǎn));亞甲藍(lán)注射液(即美藍(lán)注射液,2 ml,每瓶20 mg,濟(jì)川產(chǎn));注射用吲哚菁綠(10 ml,每瓶25 mg,遼寧產(chǎn))。
2.示蹤劑注射方法及部位
亞甲藍(lán)注射液注射方法:術(shù)前5~10 min用皮試針在腫瘤表面及乳暈周圍3點(diǎn)(12點(diǎn)、4點(diǎn)、7點(diǎn))的皮內(nèi)注射亞甲藍(lán),注射量約1 ml,示蹤劑注射后均按摩5 min左右。注射用吲哚菁綠注射方法:術(shù)前5 min用皮試針在腫塊表面及乳暈周圍4點(diǎn)(12點(diǎn)、3點(diǎn)、6點(diǎn)及9點(diǎn))的皮內(nèi)注射濃度為0.03%的吲哚菁綠(具體配制方法為用1 ml皮試針抽取原液0.1~0.15 ml,繼續(xù)抽取無菌注射用水稀釋至1.0 ml),注射量約0.5~1.0 ml。
3.操作方法
操作方法如下:①按照以上方法及部位注射美藍(lán)和吲哚菁綠示蹤劑,5 min后關(guān)閉無影燈,使用紅外觀測(cè)相機(jī)成像系統(tǒng)可見由注射部位至腋窩顯示熒光的淋巴管,在熒光消失的皮膚處作標(biāo)記;②在腋窩部順皮紋方向做3~5 cm切口,切開皮膚及皮下組織,采用鈍性分離和電刀緩慢切割相結(jié)合,尋找藍(lán)染的淋巴管,循藍(lán)染的淋巴管方向,同時(shí)通過紅外觀測(cè)相機(jī)成像系統(tǒng)找到顯示熒光的SLN;③將藍(lán)染或者顯示熒光的SLN取出;④再次通過熒光探測(cè)系統(tǒng)觀察腋窩術(shù)區(qū),切除能發(fā)出熒光的淋巴結(jié);⑤記錄2種方法各自檢出SLN的數(shù)目、大??;⑥將活檢的SLN送快速冰凍和石蠟病理檢查,病理檢查顯示SLN轉(zhuǎn)移陽性者,進(jìn)一步行ALND,陰性者不再行ALND;⑦乳腺病灶具體術(shù)式視病情行單純腺體切除術(shù)、局部擴(kuò)大切除術(shù)或乳腺腺體切除一期乳房假體置入術(shù)等。
4. SLN及SLN轉(zhuǎn)移陽性判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
①近紅外熒光法檢出的SLN為單純有熒光或者既有熒光又有藍(lán)染的淋巴結(jié);②美藍(lán)染料法檢出的SLN為單純有藍(lán)染或者既有藍(lán)染又有熒光的淋巴結(jié)[7]。滿足以上條件之一的均為SLN。通常將SLN轉(zhuǎn)移狀態(tài)分為宏轉(zhuǎn)移、微轉(zhuǎn)移及孤立腫瘤細(xì)胞(ITC)轉(zhuǎn)移。鑒于有ITC轉(zhuǎn)移的患者即使不接受腋窩治療其腋窩復(fù)發(fā)率也不會(huì)升高,通常將有ITC轉(zhuǎn)移的SLN視為SLN轉(zhuǎn)移陰性,而將宏轉(zhuǎn)移和微轉(zhuǎn)移的SLN視為SLN轉(zhuǎn)移陽性[8]。
三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
用SPSS 19.0處理數(shù)據(jù),2組率的比較運(yùn)用配對(duì)χ2檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料采用±s表示,組間比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
三、聯(lián)合法檢出的140例SLN術(shù)中冰凍病理檢查與術(shù)后石蠟病理檢查的比較
聯(lián)合法檢出的140例SLN術(shù)中冰凍病理檢查示陽性為28例、陰性為112例,術(shù)后石蠟病理檢查示1例為假陽性,3例為假陰性,兩者陽性率比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.250,P=0.625),見表2。
五、不良反應(yīng)
所有患者注射美藍(lán)和吲哚菁綠示蹤劑后在圍手術(shù)期均未出現(xiàn)過敏反應(yīng),部分患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)皮膚綠染、壞死等并發(fā)癥,均給予了對(duì)癥處理。
目前美藍(lán)染料法、放射性核素法及兩者的聯(lián)合方法均為臨床腋窩淋巴結(jié)陰性早期乳腺癌SLNB的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法。在本研究中,單獨(dú)近紅外熒光法在SLN的檢出率和檢出數(shù)上均優(yōu)于單獨(dú)美藍(lán)染料法。與Sugie等[9]報(bào)道的近紅外熒光法較美藍(lán)染料法更具有優(yōu)勢(shì)的結(jié)論相似(檢出率99% vs.78%,P<0.001)。
有研究顯示,切除1、2、3個(gè)SLN其預(yù)測(cè)腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的準(zhǔn)確性分別為88.6%、96.2%、100%,理論上,切除越多的SLN預(yù)測(cè)腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的準(zhǔn)確性越高,但切除過多的SLN可能會(huì)加重患者術(shù)后淋巴水腫等并發(fā)癥的程度[12]。Ban等[13]建議SLNB的個(gè)數(shù)以3~4枚最佳,既能獲得較滿意的準(zhǔn)確性(96.5%~100%),又能降低假陰性率(0%~11.1%)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,聯(lián)合法識(shí)別SLN的總數(shù)及平均數(shù)均優(yōu)于單獨(dú)美藍(lán)染料法,因此聯(lián)合法較單獨(dú)美藍(lán)染料法的準(zhǔn)確性更高。
在SLNB過程中需注意患者的BMI、術(shù)中冰凍病理檢查與術(shù)后石蠟病理檢查、新輔助化學(xué)治療等對(duì)檢查結(jié)果的影響。肥胖會(huì)增加SLN精確定位難度,熒光透過脂肪組織時(shí)更易于衰減,而且衰減的程度與BMI相關(guān),超過皮下1 cm的熒光信號(hào)不易被檢測(cè)到,本研究結(jié)果顯示,超體質(zhì)量和肥胖患者采用近紅外熒光法時(shí)有3例未能檢出發(fā)熒光的SLN,而對(duì)于BMI<24 kg/m2的患者均能檢出發(fā)熒光的SLN,因此對(duì)于超體質(zhì)量和肥胖的患者,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用近紅外熒光法和美藍(lán)染料法更顯重要。對(duì)比術(shù)中冰凍病理檢查與術(shù)后石蠟病理檢查的結(jié)果顯示,盡管前者假陰性3例、假陽性1例,但兩者陽性率比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,提示術(shù)中冰凍病理檢查對(duì)SLN的病理狀態(tài)具有較好的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,可較準(zhǔn)確判斷腋窩淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài)。此外對(duì)于腋窩淋巴結(jié)陰性的乳腺癌患者,若在術(shù)前接受了新輔助化學(xué)治療,雖然該治療會(huì)改變淋巴回流途徑,但并未改變SLN的位置,因此對(duì)于接受了新輔助化學(xué)治療后的腋窩淋巴結(jié)仍為陰性的乳腺癌,SLNB亦是可行的[14]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,在國(guó)內(nèi)缺乏推廣放射性核素法的條件下,在采用美藍(lán)染料法的基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)用近紅外熒光法可提高SLNB的SLN檢出率和檢出數(shù)目,并提高其準(zhǔn)確性,該聯(lián)合法適用于臨床腋窩淋巴結(jié)陰性早期乳腺癌的SLNB。
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(收稿日期:2017-07-23)
(本文編輯:洪悅民)