賀元秀

湖北

近幾年的全國(guó)高考英語(yǔ)閱讀試題中，除了考查學(xué)生的詞匯量之外，還出現(xiàn)了越來(lái)越多的長(zhǎng)難句理解題。碰到這類試題，有些學(xué)生雖然能夠在原文中找到試題出處，但還是無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤地選出答案。那么，應(yīng)該怎樣復(fù)習(xí)備考，提高這類試題的得分率呢？下面首先來(lái)分析一下近幾年高考閱讀理解中的長(zhǎng)難句題，并依此提出備考此類試題的方法。

一、真題分析

【考例1】Why was Garzas move a success？（2016年全國(guó)卷I，B篇25題）

A. It strengthened her family ties.

B. It improved her living conditions.

C. It enabled her to make more friends.

D. It helped her know more new places.

主要答題依據(jù)：Today all three generations regard the move as a success， giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.

分析：本句主干是一個(gè)主謂+復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單句，隨后帶了一個(gè)V-ing形式作原因狀語(yǔ)（其邏輯主語(yǔ)是the move），這個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)中又包含一個(gè)隱含虛擬語(yǔ)氣的定語(yǔ)從句。第25題的題干與本句的主干意義一致，所以本題主要考查對(duì)原因狀語(yǔ)的理解。結(jié)合虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法可知，原因狀語(yǔ)意思是說(shuō)，搬到一起后，他們之間的關(guān)系更親密了。如果他們不曾搬家，而是住在各自的城市里，他們之間的關(guān)系就不會(huì)比現(xiàn)在更親密。故本題選A。

【考例2】What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s？ （2016年全國(guó)卷I，B篇27題）

A. They were unsure of themselves.

B. They were eager to raise more children.

C. They wanted to live away from their parents.

D. They had little respect for their grandparents.

主要答題依據(jù)： “In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldnt get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own，” says Christine Crosby， publisher of Grand， a magazine for grandparents .

分析：本題主要考查對(duì)引號(hào)中句子的理解。這個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜，第一個(gè)分句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)；第二個(gè)分句是省略了主語(yǔ)的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)，其后再加far和fast及動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)。本句難就難在考查了一個(gè)特殊的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu) “cant/couldnt ...enough...”表示“越……越好”，所以引號(hào)中句子的意思是 “在20世紀(jì)60年代我們都有一點(diǎn)瘋狂，為了證明我們可以獨(dú)立，我們認(rèn)為離家越遠(yuǎn)越好，越快越好。” 故本題選C。

【考例3】What made the authors getting up early worthwhile？（2015年全國(guó)卷I，B篇25題）

A. Having a swim.

B. Breathing in fresh air.

C. Walking in the morning sun.

D. Visiting a local farmers market.

主要答題依據(jù)：Swimming pools， wine tasting， and pink sunsets （at normal evening hours， not 4 in the afternoon） filled the weekend， but the best part—particularly to my taste， dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetables—was a 7 a.m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call.

分析：這個(gè)句子是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句，但本句其實(shí)就是一個(gè)由but連接的轉(zhuǎn)折并列句。第一個(gè)分句是一個(gè)主謂賓簡(jiǎn)單句“Swimming pools， wine tasting， and pink sunsets filled the weekend”；第二個(gè)分句是個(gè)主系表簡(jiǎn)單句“the best part was a 7 a.m. adventure”。第一個(gè)分句的主語(yǔ)后加了插入語(yǔ)對(duì)pink sunsets 補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明；第二個(gè)分句的主謂之間也用破折號(hào)加入了插入語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)“ a 7 a.m. adventure”后帶了介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)和分隔式定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句“that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call”中的that指代 adventure， 再根據(jù)adventure后的定語(yǔ)可知，這次冒險(xiǎn)是指早起去Sarasota當(dāng)?shù)氐霓r(nóng)貿(mào)市場(chǎng)，因此本題答案選D。

【考例4】What was the author going to do that evening？ （2015年全國(guó)卷I，B篇27題）

A. Go to a farm.

B. Check into a hotel.

C. Eat in a restaurant.

D. Buy fresh vegetables.

主要答題依據(jù)： Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight， my happiness deepened when I learned that Browns Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty， a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton， where—luckily for me—I was planning to have dinner that very night.

分析：本句是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的主從復(fù)合句。主句為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的簡(jiǎn)單句“my happiness deepened”，其前面是一個(gè)as引導(dǎo)的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，其后是when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，這個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中又包含一個(gè)that 引導(dǎo)的主系表結(jié)構(gòu)的賓語(yǔ)從句， 這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句中有一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)for Jack Dusty作狀語(yǔ)，其后接“a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton”作Jack Dusty的同位語(yǔ)， 補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明Jack Dusty是一家新開(kāi)的餐館，然后再由where引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明我打算要在那天晚上在Jack Dusty這家新開(kāi)的餐館里吃飯， 故答案選C。

【考例5】 In the 18th and early 19th centuries， passenger pigeons_______. （2014年全國(guó)卷I，B篇24題）

A. were the biggest bird in the world

B. lived mainly in the south of America

C. did great harm to the natural environment

D. were the largest bird population in the US

主要答題依據(jù)： It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point， there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States， making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world.

分析：本句是一個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句。that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句中包含一個(gè)由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句， 這個(gè)復(fù)合句的主句是there be 句型， 其主語(yǔ)“more than 3 billion passenger pigeons”后由破折號(hào)引出同位語(yǔ)a number， 然后再接定語(yǔ)從句 “which is equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States ”的省略形式（省略了which is） 作a number的后置定語(yǔ)，最后這個(gè)there be 句型后又跟了一個(gè)V-ing形式的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。根據(jù)這個(gè)句子的意思及仔細(xì)比較四個(gè)選項(xiàng)， 可知本題選D。

【考例6】What is the authors attitude towards the experts mentioned in Paragraph 3？ （2014年全國(guó)卷I，C篇30題）

A. Tolerant. B. Doubtful.

C. Respectful. D. Supportive.

主要答題依據(jù)： This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best， the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information.

分析：本句是一個(gè)包含because原因狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句。because原因狀語(yǔ)從句是一個(gè)包含while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句，這個(gè)復(fù)合句的主句主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間插入了who 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，主句的謂語(yǔ)使用的是leave sb/sth adj.（使……處于某種狀態(tài)）的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。本句可翻譯為：當(dāng)所有的專家忙于爭(zhēng)辯哪個(gè)是最好的選擇時(shí)，那些想要改善自己生活的人依然被諸多相互矛盾的信息困擾著，這讓我感到無(wú)限沮喪。因此作者對(duì)專家們的態(tài)度是懷疑的，故本題選B。

二、特點(diǎn)歸納

1.簡(jiǎn)單句中包含有復(fù)雜的修飾成分。

【考例】Swimming pools， wine tasting， and pink sunsets（at normal evening hours， not 4 in the afternoon） filled the weekend， but the best part—particularly to my taste， dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetables— was a 7 a.m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call. （2015年全國(guó)卷I，B篇）

分析：第二個(gè)分句的主語(yǔ)“the best part”后帶修飾成分“particularly to my taste， dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetables”，表語(yǔ)“a 7 a.m. adventure”后，帶修飾成分“ to the Sarasota farmers market和that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call”。

2. 兩個(gè)句子成分之間被插入語(yǔ)等分隔。

【考例】 Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight， my happiness deepened when I learned that Browns Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty， a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton， where—luckily for me—I was planning to have dinner that very night.（2015年全國(guó)卷I，B篇）

分析：先行詞Jack Dusty和定語(yǔ)從句“where—luckily for me—I was planning to have dinner that very night”之間插入同位語(yǔ)“a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton”。

3.從句套從句，環(huán)環(huán)相扣。

【考例】 It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point， there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States， making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world.（2014年全國(guó)卷I，B篇）

分析：主語(yǔ)從句中包含一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。

4.某些特殊句式或特殊語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象。

【考例】 Today all three generations regard the move as a success， giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.（2016年全國(guó)卷I，B篇）

分析：本句考查了V-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)和虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法。

三、備考策略

快速把握句子主干是理解難句的關(guān)鍵。我們必須學(xué)會(huì)分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，把握句子主干，準(zhǔn)確理解句子意思，以利于提高閱讀速度。要理解這些復(fù)雜的句子，我們最好把它們簡(jiǎn)化 為基本句式。因此，我們首先必須扎實(shí)掌握句法的基本知識(shí)。英語(yǔ)句法的基本知識(shí)主要包括以下幾個(gè)方面。

1. 英語(yǔ)句子的主要成分有：主、謂、賓、表、定、狀、補(bǔ)。

2. 英語(yǔ)句子的類型主要包括簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。

1）簡(jiǎn)單句主要有5種基本句型。

①主+謂 It snowed all night.

②主+謂+賓I cant support this heat.

③ 主+系+表He remains a worker.

④ 主+謂+雙賓（間賓+直賓）He told us an interesting story.

⑤ 主+謂+復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)）We made him monitor.

另外還有特殊句式的簡(jiǎn)單句： there be句型、感嘆句和祈使句。

2）并列句由并列連詞連接的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句就構(gòu)成了并列句。根據(jù)簡(jiǎn)單句之間的關(guān)系可將并列句分為聯(lián)合并列句、轉(zhuǎn)折并列句、選擇并列句和因果并列句。

聯(lián)合并列句：Im easy to get along with others（主系表） and I really enjoy making friends.（主謂賓）

轉(zhuǎn)折并列句：He likes sports（主謂賓） whereas Id rather collect stamps.（ 主謂賓）

選擇并列句：Wear your coat（祈使句） or else you will catch a cold.（主謂賓）

因果并列句：All the classmates are friendly and kind（主系表）， so you dont need to worry about the difficulty.（主謂賓）（2014年天津卷）

3）復(fù)合句主要包括名詞性從句、形容詞性從句既定語(yǔ)從句、副詞性從句既狀語(yǔ)從句。

①名詞性從句。

主語(yǔ)從句：What I want to tell you first （引導(dǎo)詞+主謂賓）is the climate here. （2014年天津卷）

賓語(yǔ)從句：I want to tell you how important your help is （引導(dǎo)詞+主系表（表語(yǔ)被how修飾提前））to my life. （2016年北京卷）

表語(yǔ)從句：The fact is that we have lost the game.（引導(dǎo)詞+主謂賓）

同位語(yǔ)從句：Youve given me hope that I can follow my heart.（ 引導(dǎo)詞+主謂賓） （2016年北京卷）

②定語(yǔ)從句。

限制性定語(yǔ)從句：Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker（引導(dǎo)詞作主語(yǔ)+謂賓） has Jane Addams to thank.（2016年全國(guó)卷I）

非限制性定語(yǔ)從句：However， now they are becoming an extended period of adole-

scence， during which many of todays students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.（ 引導(dǎo)詞+主謂賓） （2016年北京卷）

③狀語(yǔ)從句。

由連詞引導(dǎo)，根據(jù)其在句中的功能可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、方式、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、比較等狀語(yǔ)從句。

時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：As he grows（連詞+主謂）you also age.（ 2016年天津卷）

原因狀語(yǔ)從句：And because they felt good about themselves（連詞+主系表）， others felt good about them. （ 2016年天津卷）

條件狀語(yǔ)從句：However， if this is not available（連詞+主系表）， students sit the exam on the first Monday of their course. （ 2016年天津卷）

3.英語(yǔ)句子中還有些非正常語(yǔ)序或結(jié)構(gòu)特殊的句子，如省略句、倒裝句和強(qiáng)調(diào)句等。

省略句： Though willing to get started（省略we are）， we cannot seem to do the job right. （ 2016年天津卷）

倒裝句：Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms Garza finally say yes. （2016年全國(guó)卷I）

強(qiáng)調(diào)句：It is at the hotel that the coach picks up tourists. （ 2016年天津卷）

如果能夠從宏觀上系統(tǒng)掌握英語(yǔ)句法知識(shí)，在閱讀中遇到長(zhǎng)難句時(shí)就能熟練地化繁為簡(jiǎn)，提綱挈領(lǐng)地抓住長(zhǎng)難句大意從而選出正確答案。

四、實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練

Chimps（黑猩猩） will cooperate in certain ways， like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings， they have little instinct （本能） to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children，who are able from a young age to gather their own food.

In the laboratory， chimps dont naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or， with no greater effort， a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage， he will pull at random —he just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.

Human children， on the other hand， are naturally cooperative. From the earliest ages， they desire to help others， to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door， almost all will immediately try to help.

There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help， inform and share are not taught，but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive（認(rèn)知的）skills， at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello， the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.

The core of what childrens mind have and chimps dont is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But beyond that， even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”， a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.

1. What can we learn from the experiment with chimps？

A. Chimps seldom care about others interests.

B. Chimps tend to provide food for their children.

C. Chimps like to take in their neighbors food.

D. Chimps naturally share food with each other.

2. Michael Tomasellos tests on young children indicate that they________.

A. have the instinct to help others

B. know how to offer help to adults

C. know the world better than chimps

D. trust adults with their hands full

3. The passage is mainly about ________.

A. the helping behaviors of young children

B. ways to train childrens shared intentionality

C. cooperation as a distinctive human nature

D. the development of intelligence in children