何超
四川
一、命題分析
語法填空題是在一篇200詞左右的語言材料中留出10個空白,部分空白的后面給出單詞的基本形式,要求考生根據(jù)上下文填寫空白處所需的內容(1個單詞)或所提供單詞的正確形式(不多于3個單詞)。共有10個小題,分值15分。旨在考查考生在閱讀理解的基礎上對語法知識的掌握情況,著重考查考生的綜合語言運用能力,體現(xiàn)了語言測試的交際性原則。其考查形式分為給出提示詞和不給出提示詞兩種。
1.給出提示詞的考查內容包括:詞性轉換(如名詞、動詞、形容詞與副詞等的詞性轉換);名詞單、復數(shù)變化;形容詞和副詞的比較等級變化;動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)以及非謂語動詞等。
2.不給出提示詞的考查內容包括:根據(jù)上下文語境填入冠詞、副詞、連詞、代詞及介詞等。
二、解題步驟
(一)通讀全文,把握大意
解題之前,我們首先應通讀全文,了解大意。這一步很重要,因為一些空格是要通過對全文結構的整體把握來確定正確答案的。此外,謂語動詞也必須在把握動作發(fā)生的時間后才能確定其時態(tài)。
(二)結合語境,試填空格
讀懂材料以后,要結合所提供的特定語言環(huán)境,從句子結構的完整性去分析設空處所缺單詞的意思及詞性,從上下文的邏輯及搭配的關系去確定所給提示詞在文章中的正確形式。
(三)再讀全文,驗證復查
在解題過程中要先易后難,難題在大部分空格填好后,再經(jīng)過仔細推敲,難題也就不會再難了。所有空格填好后,把整篇文章從頭至尾復讀一遍,糾正之前錯誤,最后確定正確答案。
三、解題技巧
(一)不給出提示詞填空題的解題技巧
這種考查形式主要考查考生對語篇的理解和邏輯關系的把握情況以及對習語和常見句式的掌握程度??疾榈膬热葜饕婕斑B詞、冠詞、介詞、代詞、情態(tài)動詞、復合句和特殊句式等。由于沒有提示詞,因此需要考生根據(jù)短文大意和上下文的邏輯關系及對一些長難句結構的分析和理解等來確定空格處在句中的功能,界定其詞性,進而明確其意義,最后確定其正確形式。
1. 如果句子缺主語或賓語,一般填代詞。
【考例1】 Do you, for instance, feel that too much is being expected of 37 , and yet find it impossible to say no? (2016年上海卷)
解析:you。主句的主語是you,所以賓語從句中仍然使用賓格you作為介詞of的賓語。
【考例2】 When I ask him to please put down the phone and stop ignoring me, he says, “In a minute,” but still checks to see if 38
has posted something new on the internet. (2015年上海卷)
解析: someone/somebody。賓語從句中缺主語,根據(jù)句意可知應填someone/somebody。
2. 名詞前面若沒有限定詞(冠詞、形容詞性物主代詞、不定代詞等),很可能填限定詞。
【考例3】 The adobe dwellings(土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even 62 most modern of architects and engineers. (2015年全國卷II)
解析: the。形容詞最高級前加the。
【考例4】 Mr. Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children. He owned 16
farm, which looked almost abandoned. (2015年廣東卷)
解析: a。farm在文中是第一次出現(xiàn),且表示泛指。
3. 如果句子不缺主語、表語或賓語,在名詞或代詞前面一般填介詞。
【考例5】 In India, for example, most people traditionally eat 50 their hands. (2016年全國卷III)
解析: with。with+表示具體工具的名詞,意為“用……”。
【考例6】 The mother continued to care for the young panda 67 more than two years. (2016年四川卷)
解析: for。此處for表示時間的長短。
4. 若兩個或兩個以上單詞或短語之間沒有連詞,則可能填連詞。
【考例7】 In much of Asia, especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, Korea, 41 Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks. (2016年全國卷III)
解析: and。此處列舉了一些亞洲國家,它們之間是并列關系。
【考例8】 But the river wasnt changed in a few days 64 even a few months. (2014年全國卷I)
解析: or。此處表示選擇關系,指那條河流沒有在幾天內或幾個月內發(fā)生改變。
5. 若兩個句子之間沒有連詞,也沒有分號、破折號或句號,一般填并列連詞或從屬連詞。
(1)并列句
【考例9】 It was time for her to have a new baby, 70 it was also time for the young panda to be independent. (2016年四川卷)
解析: and。此處兩個分句之間為并列關系,故使用and。
(2)名詞性從句
【考例10】 Eventually, I decided to follow her and 26 happened truly amazed me. (2016年上海卷)
解析: what。連接代詞what引導主語從句并在從句中作主語。
【考例11】 Hes so addicted to it that he just cant stand the idea 34 there may be an important text. (2015年上海卷)
解析: that。連接詞that引導同位語從句,且在從句中不作成分。
【考例12】 I didnt understand 20 this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation. (2014年廣東卷)
解析: why。連接副詞why引導賓語從句并在從句中作狀語表示原因。
(3)定語從句
【考例13】 But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, 65 I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. (2016年全國卷I)
解析: when。先行詞the mid-1980s指時間且定語從句中不缺少主干成分,缺少狀語,故用關系副詞when來引導。
【考例14】 Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, 47 lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the develop-
ment of chopsticks. (2016年全國卷III)
解析: who。先行詞Confucius(孔子)指人,非限制性定語從句中缺少主語,故填who。
【考例15】 Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River
64 are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings. (2015年全國卷I)
解析: that/which。本題中定語從句的先行詞指物,定語從句中缺少主語,故填that/which。
(4)狀語從句
【考例16】 Over time, 45 the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. (2016年全國卷III)
解析: as/when。as/when引導時間狀語從句。
【考例17】 The first parking space I found was convenient, but Id noticed a woman in a blue car circling for a while. 25 I was in a good mood, I let her have it. (2015年上海卷)
解析: As/Because/Since。as/because/since引導原因狀語從句。
6. 若句子結構較完整,空格后的謂語動詞是原形,特別是與上下文時態(tài)不一致或主謂不一致時,則很可能填情態(tài)動詞或表示強調或疑問的助動詞(do, does, did等)。
【考例18】 Remember, however, that you should usually consult different types of sources. That is, you 51 always rely just on the Internet for your research. (2015年湖南卷)
解析: shouldnt。由前文“you should usually consult different types of sources”可知,空格處應填情態(tài)動詞shouldnt,表示“不應該”。
【考例19】 Then the driver stoop up and asked, “ 68 anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?” (2014年全國卷II)
解析:Did。本句為一般疑問句,且全篇文章是一般過去時態(tài),故用do的過去式。
7. 根據(jù)特殊的句式結構來判斷空格應填的詞。
(1)根據(jù)“it is…that...”強調結構形式,判斷填it還是that。
【考例20】 But like so many other things, it is only too much stress 34 does you harm. (2016年上海卷)
解析: that ??疾閺娬{句型,本句強調的是句子主語only too much stress。
(2)根據(jù)倒裝句式判斷,是填構成部分倒裝條件的only, so, neither, never, hardly等,還是填do, does, did等。
【考例21】 Not until I returned 32 I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me. (2014年上海卷)
解析: did?!皀ot until...”位于句首時,主句要用部分倒裝,且主從句時態(tài)保持一致,故填did。
(3)根據(jù)it作形式主語或形式賓語的句式判斷,空格處是否填it。
【考例22】 Jane was walking round the department store. She remembered how difficult
31 was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.
解析: it。it作形式主語,替代真正的不定式主語“to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father”。
(4)根據(jù)習慣用法或固定搭配判斷。
【考例23】 But my connection with pandas goes back 64 my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. (2016年全國卷I)
解析: to??疾閯釉~的固定搭配go back to“追溯到……”。
【考例24】 So, get an early start and try to be as productive 65 possible before lunch. (2016年全國卷II)
解析: as??疾榱晳T用法as…as possible“盡可能地……”。
8. 根據(jù)常識和上下文語境來判斷語義和詞形。
【考例25】 Unbelievable! Oh..., if you dont mind, Ill stop and take a deep 70 . (2014年遼寧卷)
解析: breath。根據(jù)上下文語境,Peter認為這樣的事情是不可能的,所以他想深呼吸讓自己平靜下來。
【考例26】 Every kind of communication is important. It is 54 important what kind of call we make or letter we send. What is important is that we let others know we care about them. (2012年湖南卷)
解析: not。根據(jù)句意“打何種電話,寄何種信件不重要,重要的是我們要讓對方知道我們在乎他們。”可知,填not。
(二)給出提示詞填空題的解題技巧。
1. 若句中缺少謂語動詞,或者雖然已有謂語動詞,但需填的動詞與之是并列關系時,所填動詞就是謂語動詞,需要考慮動詞時態(tài)、語態(tài)以及數(shù)的變化。
【考例27】 Leaving the less important things until tomorrow 63 (be) often acceptable. (2016年全國卷II)
解析: is??疾橹髦^一致,單個動名詞短語作主語,視為單數(shù)。
【考例28】 In recent years, stress 33
(regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness. (2016年上海卷)
解析: has been regarded。 考查時態(tài)和語態(tài),本句的時間狀語in recent years常和現(xiàn)在完成時連用,且句子主語stress與動詞regard構成被動關系,所以使用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)形式。
2. 若句中已有謂語動詞,又不是并列謂語時,所填動詞就是非謂語動詞。用動詞-ing形式(動名詞或現(xiàn)在分詞)、-ed形式還是不定式形式,確定的方法主要有以下幾種:
(1) 作賓語,通常用動名詞或動詞不定式形式。
【考例29】 My ambassadorial duties will include 67 (introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia. (2016年全國卷I)
解析: introducing。動詞include后接動名詞作賓語。
【考例30】 In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition” a house without
64 (use)electric equipment. (2015年全國卷II)
解析: using。介詞without后接動名詞作賓語。
【考例31】 I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused 66
(stop) until we reached the next stop. (2014年全國卷II)
解析: to stop。動詞refuse后接不定式作賓語。
(2)作表語,通常用現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞形式。一些表示心理活動的動詞,用過去分詞作表語時,多位于系動詞(be, become, feel, get, look, seem等)之后,表示主語本身(一般為人)“感到……的”;用現(xiàn)在分詞作表語時,表示主語(一般為物) “令人……的”。
【考例32】 Do you find yourself getting impatient or 38 (annoy) with people over unimportant things? (2016年上海卷)
解析: annoyed??崭裉幒托稳菰~impatient構成并列關系和系動詞get構成系表結構,填annoyed“惱怒的,生氣的”,表示你變得生氣。
【考例33】 For some reason he sat beside Mary. Mary felt 18 (please), because there were many empty seats in the room. (2012年廣東卷)
解析: pleased。空格處在系動詞feel后構成系表結構,填pleased“高興的”,表示Mary感到高興。
(3)作定語,通常用動詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞形式。不定式表示將要發(fā)生的動作;現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動或正在進行的動作;過去分詞表示被動或完成的動作。
【考例34】 But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter 66 (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. (2016年全國卷I)
解析: permitted。被修飾名詞 reporter和permit之間是被動關系,故用過去分詞作定語。
【考例35】 For 25 days, she never left her baby, not even to find something 64 (eat)! (2016年四川卷)
解析: to eat。動詞不定式作something的后置定語。
【考例36】 Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people 70
(live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong. (2015年全國卷I)
解析: living。被修飾名詞people和live之間是邏輯上的主謂關系,用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語。
(4)作狀語,通常用動詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞形式。
①作目的狀語或者在形容詞后作狀語,一般用動詞不定式形式。
【考例37】 Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal 43 (create)
special designs. (2016年全國卷III)
解析: to create。動詞不定式作目的狀語。
【考例38】 When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough 66 (cool) the house during the hot day. (2015年全國卷II)
解析: to cool?!靶稳菰~+enough”后接不定式作結果狀語。
②作時間、原因、條件、方式或伴隨狀語,常用分詞形式。與邏輯主語是主動關系,用現(xiàn)在分詞;與邏輯主語是被動關系,就用過去分詞。
【考例39】 People probably cooked their food in large pots, 44 (use) twigs(樹枝) to remove it. (2016年全國卷III)
解析: using。use與邏輯主語people之間是主動關系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語表示主動。
【考例40】 31 (shock), I took it from her automatically. She smiled and walked away. (2015年上海卷)
解析: Shocked。shock與邏輯主語I之間是被動關系,故用過去分詞作狀語表示被動。
(5)作補語,通常用動詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞形式。不定式表示動作的全過程;現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動或正在進行的動作;過去分詞表示被動或完成的動作。
【考例41】 As I back into my car, I saw the same lady 28 (look) in at me. (2015年上海卷)
解析: looking??崭裉幾鞲泄賱釉~see的賓補,根據(jù)“同一位女士看著我”可知,應用現(xiàn)在分詞looking表示主動或正在進行的動作。
【考例42】 While she was getting me 34
(settle) into a tiny but clean room, the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to a small town some 20 kilometers away where there was a garage.
解析: settled??崭裉幾魇挂蹌釉~get的賓補,根據(jù) “我是被她安置在房間里”,故用過去分詞表示被動的動作。
3. 作表語(系動詞之后)、定語(修飾名詞)或補語(表示性質或狀態(tài)),通常用形容詞形式。
【考例43】 Chinese scientists recently had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby. She was a very 63 (care) mother. (2016年四川卷)
解析: caring或careful。修飾名詞mother應用形容詞。
【考例44】 Just be 70 (patience). (2014年全國卷I)
解析: patient。系動詞be后接形容詞構成系表結構
4. 修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子用副詞形式。
【考例45】 The title will be 63 (official) given to me at a ceremony in London. (2016年全國卷I)
解析: officially。修飾動詞要用副詞。
【考例46】 17 (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day. (2015年廣東卷)
解析: Luckily。修飾整個句子要用副詞。
【考例47】 He must be 20 (mental) disabled.
解析: mentally。修飾形容詞disabled,要用副詞。
5. 形容詞和副詞還要看是否有比較等級的變化,即用原級、比較級還是最高級。
【考例48】 If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify (識別)those of 61 (great)and less importance. (2016年全國卷II)
解析: greater??崭裉幣c比較級less是并列關系。
【考例49】 Inside was a beautiful gold necklace with a large grey pearl. It was 32 (nice)gift Id ever received, and I was from a complete stranger. (2015年上海卷)
解析: the nicest。根據(jù)定語從句“Id ever received”可知,空格處應用最高級形式。
6. 作主語、在及物動詞或介詞后作賓語時,前面可能有形容詞修飾,一般用名詞形式。
【考例50】 Then, handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of 62
(achieve). (2016年全國卷II)
解析: achievement。介詞of后接名詞形式作賓語。
【考例51】 Any smell might attract natural
65 (enemy) that would try to eat the little panda. (2016年四川卷)
解析: enemies。動詞后接名詞形式作賓語,此處natural enemies“天敵”,應用復數(shù)形式。
7. 在指示代詞、形容詞性物主代詞或者“冠詞(+形容詞)”后,常用名詞形式。
【考例52】 Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the 48
(develop) of chopsticks. (2016年全國卷III)
解析: development。冠詞the后接名詞,the+名詞+of...意為“……的……”。
【考例53】 In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their 63 (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment. (2015年全國卷II)
解析: ability。形容詞性物主代詞their后接名詞。
8. 當確定所填的詞是名詞時,要考慮該名詞是可數(shù)還是不可數(shù),若是可數(shù)名詞,要注意單、復數(shù)形式。
【考例54】 The nursery team switches him every few 69 (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, the other is with mum —she never suspects. (2016年全國卷I)
解析: days。few修飾復數(shù)名詞。
9. 代詞可能涉及人稱代詞的主格與賓格、形容詞性物主代詞與名詞性物主代詞以及反身代詞之間的轉換。
【考例55】 On my recent visit, I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by 68 (it) mother. (2016年全國卷I)
解析: its。修飾名詞用形容詞性物主代詞,此處指代前面的twin,故用its。
【考例56】 Then the driver stoop up and asked, “Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop ?” A woman on the bus shouted, “Oh dear ! It is 69 (I)”. (2014年全國卷II)
解析: me /mine。此處可理解為“丟行李箱的人是我”或者“那個行李箱是我的”。
10. 括號中所給詞是動詞,也有可能是考查詞類轉換,涉及動詞與名詞、形容詞或副詞之間的轉換。
【考例57】 Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asias biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top
61 (attract). (2016年全國卷I)
解析: attraction。形容詞top后面跟名詞形式。
【考例58】 When we were wondering what to do, the manager came out. She was 22
(surprise) helpful. (2014年廣東卷)
解析: surprisingly。副詞surprisingly在句中作狀語,修飾形容詞helpful。
【考例59】 But Jane knew from past experience that her 36 (choose)of ties hardly ever pleased her father.
解析:choice。形容詞性物主代詞her修飾名詞。
11. 固定搭配或常用句型。
【考例60】It could be anything —gardening, cooking, music, sports—but whatever it is,
70 (make) sure its a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about. (2016年全國卷II)
解析: make。祈使句以動詞原形開頭。
【考例61】It took years of work 65
(reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water. (2014年全國卷I)
解析: to reduce。it takes + 時間 + to do something“花多少時間做某事”。
【考例62】 Apparently, I had difficulty
31 (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. (2014年上海卷)
解析: adapting。have difficulty (in) doing something“做某事有困難”。
12. 根據(jù)句子意思及前后文邏輯關系,括號中所給詞有可能是考查詞類轉換,并兼顧考查其意義相反的派生詞,即需要加具有否定意義的前綴dis-, im-, -ir, non-, un-等,或后綴-less等,這一點雖然目前高考沒有涉及,但最容易忽略,需要同學們留意。
【考例63】Most people work because it is _________(avoid). By contrast, there are some people who actually enjoy work.
解析:unavoidable。根據(jù)后文“相比之下,有一些人真的享受工作”可知,前文內容是“大多數(shù)人工作是因為工作是不可避免的”,故填形容詞unavoidable作表語。
【考例64】He walked in the street _________
(aim), not knowing where to go.
解析:aimlessly。根據(jù)后文“不知該往何處去”可知,前文內容是“他在街上漫無目的地走”,故填副詞aimlessly修飾動詞。
【考例65】Although the life detector has many _________(advantage), it is still of much help to our rescue.
解析:disadvantages。根據(jù)后文“它依然對營救工作有很大幫助”可知,前文內容是“雖然生命探測器有許多缺點”,故填名詞復數(shù)disadvantages作賓語。