李樹江 楊友聯(lián)
(1六盤水師范學(xué)院生物科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院,貴州六盤水553001;2六盤水市生物研究所,貴州六盤水553001)
毛慈菇Cremastra appendiculata(D.Don)Makino為蘭科杜鵑蘭屬多年生草本植物杜鵑蘭的習(xí)稱,主要分布于我國陜西、四川、貴州等省,其與獨蒜蘭、云南獨蒜蘭統(tǒng)稱山慈菇,被收錄入中國藥典,具有清熱解毒、化痰散結(jié)等功效,用于癰腫疔毒,瘰疬痰核,蛇蟲咬傷和癥瘕痞塊(國家藥典委員會,2015)?,F(xiàn)代藥理研究表明,毛慈菇具有抗腫瘤活性,對結(jié)腸癌、肝癌、胃癌、肺癌、乳腺癌等多種癌細胞具有非選擇性細胞毒性(夏文斌等,2005),在臨床上通常作為抗癌中藥配伍使用(中國中醫(yī)藥管理局,1999)。近年來,為滿足市場需求,在貴州貴陽、黔東南等地開始了人工保育或栽培。在調(diào)查貴州省中藥真菌病害過程中,發(fā)現(xiàn)其葉片出現(xiàn)近圓形至不規(guī)則形灰褐色至黑褐色枯斑,影響了杜鵑蘭的生長。截至目前,未見毛慈菇病原真菌的相關(guān)報道,為弄清其病原菌,提高對該病害的防治效果,本研究采用多基因系統(tǒng)學(xué)對分離的病原菌進行鑒定。
在貴州省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院杜鵑蘭保育基地,將發(fā)生枯斑的杜鵑蘭葉片采下,裝入信封,帶回室內(nèi)4℃暫存,采用常規(guī)組織塊分離法分離病原菌(方中達,1998)。
1.2.1 病原菌的培養(yǎng)
采用PDA培養(yǎng)基觀察菌落特征和在水瓊脂培養(yǎng)基平板添加滅菌松針的方法誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)孢結(jié)構(gòu)(楊友聯(lián)等,2015)。PDA培養(yǎng)基:去皮馬鈴薯200 g,切成約1 cm2小塊,加自來水1 000 mL,大火煮沸后文火煮30 min,四層紗布過濾,濾液中加入葡萄糖20 g、瓊脂18 g,補足水1 000 mL,文火加熱至瓊脂完全熔化,pH自然,滅菌后備用。
1.2.2 分子系統(tǒng)學(xué)分析
基因組DNA提取與檢測采用改良的CTAB法(Chen J等,2007)。擴增與測序的目的基因及引物為翻譯延伸因子1-α[elongationfactors1α,EF1-α;引物EF1-986R(5’-TACTTGAAGGAACCCTTACC-3’)和 EF1-728F(5’-CATCGAGAAGTTCGAGAAGC-3’)(Carbone和Kohn,1999)]、核糖體轉(zhuǎn)錄間隔區(qū)序列[internal Transcribed Spaces,ITS;引物ITS4(5’-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3’)和 ITS5(5’-GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3’)(White等,1990)]、核糖體大亞基基因[nuclear ribosomal large subunits gene,LSU;引物L(fēng)R0R(5’-ACCCGC TGAACTTAAGC-3’)和 LR5(5‘-TCCTGAGGGAA ACTTCG-3’)(Vilgalys和Hester,1990)]、核糖體小亞基基因[nuclear ribosomal small subunits gene,SSU;引物為NS1(5’-GTAGTCATATGCTTGTCTC-3’)和NS4(5’-CTTCCGTCAATTCCTTTAAG-3’)(White 等,1990)]、β-微 管 蛋 白 基 因 [β-tubulin gene,TUB2;引物 Bt2a(5’-GGTAACCAAATCGGT GCTGCTTTC-3’)和 Bt2b(5’-ACCCTCAGTGTAG TGACCCTTGGC-3’)(Glass和Donaldson,1995)]。
對自測的各個基因序列在GenBank比對,下載的相關(guān)的序列如表1,采用Paup*4.0 beta 10等軟件構(gòu)建多基因系統(tǒng)樹進行分析(楊友聯(lián)等2015)。
表1 參與系統(tǒng)學(xué)分析的序列Table 1 Taxa used in this study
從葉枯病病斑分離得到菌株1株(菌株號:LPSU20120217)。菌株在PDA培養(yǎng)基上,25℃生長快速(15.2 mm/d),菌落棉絮狀,中央白色到灰色、邊緣白色;背面污白色至黑色(圖1);隨著培養(yǎng)時間延長,整個菌落正面及背面變?yōu)樯詈谏?/p>
菌株在人工培育條件下,在PDA培養(yǎng)基及水瓊脂松針上均未產(chǎn)生無性或有性孢子。
圖1 毛慈菇葉枯病病原菌菌落(菌株號:LPSU20120217)。A,正面;B,反面。Figure 1 culture of pathogeny causingCremastra appendiculataleaf blight(strain:LPSU20120217).A,upper;B,reverse.
分離菌株的EF1-α、ITS、TUB2、LSU和SSU基因序列提交到GenBank的登錄號見表1。在基于多基因構(gòu)建的最大簡約系統(tǒng)樹中(圖2),杜鵑蘭葉枯病病原菌與葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria dothidea(Moug.:Fr.)Ces.&De Not.的模式菌株(菌株號:CMW8000)聚為一支,支持率為74%,與B.fusispora的親緣關(guān)系最近。
圖2 基于翻譯延伸因子1α、核糖體轉(zhuǎn)錄間隔區(qū)序列、核糖體大亞基、核糖體小亞基和β-微管蛋白基因部分序列,用Paup軟件,以Spencermartinsia viticola(菌株號CBS 117009)為外類群構(gòu)建的最大簡約系統(tǒng)樹。分支上的數(shù)值為1 000次重復(fù)后的高于50%以上的Bootstrap值。T,模式菌株或詮釋模式菌株。Figure 2 Maximum parsimony phylograms EF1-α,inferred from combined partial ΙTS,SSU,LSU,and β-tublin sequences data,showing phylogenetic relationships of strain 20120127 isolated from Cremastra appendiculata and selected sequences of Botryosphaeriaceae species.Values above the branches are parsimony bootstrap(equal or above 50%).The tree is rooted with Spencermartinsia viticola(CBS 117009).T,ex-type or ex-epitype.
根據(jù)菌落特征和分子系統(tǒng)學(xué)分析,引起杜鵑蘭葉枯病的病原菌為葡萄座腔菌屬葡萄座腔菌[Botryosphaeria dothidea(Moug.:Fr.)Ces.&De Not]。
葡萄座腔菌廣泛分布于熱帶、亞熱帶以及溫帶地區(qū),是一種危害嚴重的病原真菌,可引起166屬約314種植物病害(Farr&Rossman,2015),可危害植物葉、幼枝、莖及果實,引起潰瘍、枯萎、頂枯、葉斑、果實腐爛等。在國內(nèi),已引起棗樹等干腐?。ㄚw曉軍等,2009)、山核桃、毛梾木、葡萄、桉樹、煙草、中華青莢葉等多種林木潰瘍病(Yu,L.等,2009;Zhang,C.Q 等,2011;Yu,L.等,2012;Yan,J.等,2012;Zhang,Z.X.等,2013;Bian,C.H.等,2015),桉樹、藍莓枯萎病(Yu,L.等,2009;Yu,L.等,2012)、中華青莢葉、葡萄頂枯病和灰氈毛忍冬(Yu,L.等,2012;楊友聯(lián) 等,2014;Yan,J.Y.等,2013);蘋果輪紋病(Tang,W.等,2012;Xu,C.等,2015),杧果、獼猴桃、石榴等果腐病(Ni,H.F.等,2010;Zhou,Y.等,2015;付娟妮 等,2007)以及桃樹流膠病等(Wang,F.等,2011),主要危害木本植物莖或枝及果實,鮮有危害葉引起葉枯病的報道。在本研究樣品采集地附近500 m范圍內(nèi)有蘋果樹、桃樹等分布,稍遠還有葡萄園分布,鑒于葡萄座腔菌寄主的廣泛性,建議在預(yù)防該菌引起的毛慈菇葉枯病時,亦注意周圍樹木的潰瘍、頂枯病等病害防治。
葡萄座腔菌屬真菌在自然基質(zhì)及人工培育條件下不易產(chǎn)生無性或有性型繁殖結(jié)構(gòu),培養(yǎng)基上因生長迅速(一般4~5 d長滿9 cm平板)且菌落隨著培養(yǎng)時間延長由白色逐漸變成黑色而較易識別到屬,但僅憑菌落特征,種的鑒定極為困難。少部分種或菌株雖然在水瓊脂松針上長時間誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)可產(chǎn)生無性型,但歷時長,多數(shù)種或菌株的誘導(dǎo)徒勞無果。即便在自然基質(zhì)或人工誘導(dǎo)下產(chǎn)生子實體,憑借形態(tài)學(xué)方法種間區(qū)分甚微,常常導(dǎo)致有爭議的結(jié)論。故目前對該類群的病原菌鑒定往往采用分子系統(tǒng)學(xué)分析方法,而在分子生物學(xué)鑒定中單基因分子系統(tǒng)學(xué)亦不易明顯區(qū)分近緣種,甚至部分近緣種采用多基因也難以顯著區(qū)分,如在基于延伸因子-1α、核糖體轉(zhuǎn)錄間隔區(qū)序列、β-微管蛋白、核糖體大亞基、核糖體小亞基等5個基因構(gòu)建的多基因系統(tǒng)樹中,不能將Botryosphaeria fusisporaBoonmee,J.K.Liu&K.D.Hyde和B.dothidea這2個種很好地區(qū)分開(支持率低于50%)(Liu J K等,2012),故對葡萄座腔菌屬病原真菌進行鑒定時,應(yīng)結(jié)合產(chǎn)孢結(jié)構(gòu)顯微特征、菌落特征以及多基因分子系統(tǒng)學(xué)綜合分析,提高鑒定的可靠性。
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