廖 瑩,萬(wàn)啟軍,黃浩桂
以腎衰竭為首發(fā)表現(xiàn)的Castleman病一例并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)
廖 瑩,萬(wàn)啟軍,黃浩桂
目的 探討以腎衰竭為首發(fā)表現(xiàn)的Castleman病的臨床表現(xiàn)及病理特點(diǎn)。方法 對(duì)收治的以腎衰竭為首發(fā)表現(xiàn)的Castleman病1例的臨床資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析。結(jié)果 患者因水腫及尿色異常10個(gè)月,腎功能異常4個(gè)月就診。曾在外院診斷為慢性腎功能不全(尿毒癥期),予腹膜透析及相關(guān)治療后病情未見明顯緩解。入院后經(jīng)骨髓穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查、淋巴結(jié)活組織病理檢查(活檢)、免疫組織化學(xué)染色及腎臟組織病理檢查診斷為多中心漿細(xì)胞型Castleman病、慢性腎臟病Ⅳ期,予化療及對(duì)癥治療后病情好轉(zhuǎn)出院。隨訪8年余,病情未復(fù)發(fā)。結(jié)論 對(duì)急性腎功能損害者應(yīng)積極尋找病因,伴淋巴結(jié)增大者要考慮到Castleman病的可能,及時(shí)行淋巴結(jié)活檢,減少誤診誤治。
Castleman病;巨淋巴結(jié)增生;誤診;尿毒癥
Castleman病又稱血管濾泡性淋巴組織增生病或巨大淋巴結(jié)增生病,為原因不明的反應(yīng)性淋巴結(jié)病,由Castleman于1956年率先報(bào)道。我科近期收治以腎衰竭為首發(fā)表現(xiàn)的Castleman病1例,病初誤診為慢性腎功能不全(尿毒癥期),現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
男,57歲。因水腫及尿色異常10個(gè)月,腎功能異常4個(gè)月入院。10個(gè)月前無(wú)明顯誘因間斷出現(xiàn)肉眼血尿,無(wú)膀胱刺激征,可自行緩解,同時(shí)出現(xiàn)眼瞼及顏面部水腫,伴全身皮膚瘙癢及食欲缺乏,未在意亦未診治。4個(gè)月前因反復(fù)水腫及肉眼血尿就診于一三級(jí)甲等醫(yī)院,查血肌酐710 μmol/L,血紅蛋白50 g/L,診斷為慢性腎功能不全(尿毒癥期),予腹膜透析,但不排除多發(fā)性骨髓瘤可能,行3次骨髓穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查均未能確診,后患者肉眼血尿消失,水腫及皮膚瘙癢減輕,食欲好轉(zhuǎn)出院。出院后規(guī)律行腹膜透析,每周皮下注射促紅細(xì)胞生成素10000 U,同時(shí)予補(bǔ)充鐵劑等對(duì)癥治療,4個(gè)月后查血紅蛋白60 g/L,病情未見明顯緩解,訴全身瘙癢明顯,為進(jìn)一步診治到我院就診,以腎衰竭并重度貧血收入我科。查體:體溫36.9℃,脈搏96/min,呼吸18/min,血壓136/82 mmHg。貧血貌,眼瞼及顏面部無(wú)水腫,瞼結(jié)膜蒼白;雙側(cè)頸部、腋窩及腹股溝區(qū)可觸及數(shù)枚花生粒大小的淋巴結(jié),無(wú)壓痛,邊界清楚;心肺腹未見明顯異常;雙下肢無(wú)水腫。查血白細(xì)胞7.96×109/L,血紅蛋白37 g/L,紅細(xì)胞比積0.13,血小板461×109/L;白蛋白20 g/L,球蛋白64 g/L;肌酐225 μmol/L;血鈣1.68 mmol/L;便隱血試驗(yàn)陰性;尿比重1.010,尿蛋白陰性,隱血(++++),鏡檢紅細(xì)胞(++++)/HP;尿蛋白定量1014 mg/24 h;血清及尿液免疫固定電泳均陰性。行骨髓穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查示:骨髓增生活躍,粒、紅、巨三系增生,粒系輕度病態(tài)造血,成熟紅細(xì)胞呈緡錢樣排列,漿細(xì)胞比例明顯升高,雙核漿細(xì)胞易見。行左側(cè)頸部淋巴結(jié)活組織病理檢查(活檢)示:可見大量漿細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),細(xì)胞較小,胞質(zhì)偏位,間質(zhì)可見嗜酸性小圓球,濾泡內(nèi)見嗜酸性物質(zhì)沉積,偶見血管植入濾泡;免疫組織化學(xué)染色示:EMA、LCA及CD138均部分(+),CD55(-),ki-67<1%(+)。腎臟活檢示:中度系膜增生性腎小球病變伴部分腎小球硬化;免疫熒光示:IgG、IgM、IgA、C3、C1q、HBsAg、HBcAg及Fib均(-),剛果紅染色(-);免疫組織化學(xué)染色示:κ和λ均(+)。診斷為Castleman病(多中心漿細(xì)胞型)、慢性腎臟?、羝?中度系膜增生性腎小球病變伴部分腎小球硬化)。轉(zhuǎn)至血液科行VP(長(zhǎng)春新堿+潑尼松)化療,腎功能穩(wěn)定后停止腹膜透析,并拔除腹膜透析導(dǎo)管,定期應(yīng)用腹膜透析液沖洗腹腔,病情好轉(zhuǎn)出院。隨訪8年余,患者病情平穩(wěn),血肌酐波動(dòng)在182~245 μmol/L。
Castleman病臨床較少見,其病因及發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未明確,目前認(rèn)為與人類皰疹病毒8型(HHV8)和人類免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染、免疫調(diào)節(jié)異常、白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-6過度分泌等有關(guān)[1-3]。根據(jù)組織病理學(xué)特點(diǎn)分為透明血管型(hyaline vascular, HV)、漿細(xì)胞型(plasma cell, PC)和混合型[4]。根據(jù)病變累及范圍分為局灶型(unicentric castleman disease, UCD)和多中心型(multicentric castleman disease, MCD)[5]。本例為多中心漿細(xì)胞型Castleman病。
Castleman病起病隱匿,進(jìn)展緩慢,患者常無(wú)特異性臨床表現(xiàn),多以局部或全身多發(fā)無(wú)痛性腫物或淋巴結(jié)增大為主要表現(xiàn)。MCD臨床表現(xiàn)存在較大差異[6],貧血最為常見,但也可見于UCD,尤其是PC型,多數(shù)表現(xiàn)為鐵劑治療無(wú)效的慢性貧血[7-8],僅5.2%的患者伴血小板減少[9]。國(guó)內(nèi)報(bào)道副腫瘤性天皰瘡(PNP)伴發(fā)的腫瘤以Castleman病為主[10-11]。該病累及腎臟較少見。劉寧等[12]檢索到1984—2008年報(bào)道的Castleman病共737例,其中64例(8.7%)表現(xiàn)為腎損害。高然等[13]報(bào)道82例Castleman病,其中7例(8.5%)累及腎臟,臨床表現(xiàn)為蛋白尿、血尿、腎病綜合征、急(慢)性腎功能衰竭等[14]。以腎損害為主要表現(xiàn)的Castleman病腎臟病理學(xué)表現(xiàn)具有多樣性,包括血栓性微血管病、新月體性腎小球腎炎、腎淀粉樣變、腎小球微小病變、慢性腎小管間質(zhì)腎病及系膜增生樣腎小球病變等。國(guó)外以腎淀粉樣變?yōu)橹鳎鶠镻C型及混合型[15]。王素霞等[16]分析10例Castleman病,結(jié)果顯示以血栓性微血管病變較多見。本例腎臟病理學(xué)改變?yōu)橹卸认的ぴ錾阅I小球病變伴部分腎小球硬化。
多發(fā)性骨髓瘤是一種漿細(xì)胞異常增生,導(dǎo)致單克隆免疫球蛋白或片段(M蛋白)異常分泌的惡性腫瘤,可累及全身各個(gè)系統(tǒng),包括血液系統(tǒng)、骨骼系統(tǒng)和泌尿系統(tǒng)等[17-18]。本例以腎功能損害為首發(fā)表現(xiàn),外院疑診為多發(fā)性骨髓瘤,但行3次骨髓穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查均未能明確診斷,后行淋巴結(jié)活檢確診為Castleman病(多中心漿細(xì)胞型)。兩者鑒別診斷的要點(diǎn)是:多發(fā)性骨髓瘤骨髓漿細(xì)胞常>15%,且出現(xiàn)幼稚漿細(xì)胞(骨髓瘤細(xì)胞),伴多發(fā)性骨質(zhì)破壞和克隆性免疫球蛋白等特異性臨床表現(xiàn);Castleman病常合并水腫(肢體水腫、胸腔積液或腹腔積液)和多發(fā)性神經(jīng)病變。該病還應(yīng)注意與POEMS綜合征相鑒別[19]。
Castleman病確診主要依靠病理檢查。UCD多表現(xiàn)為局部腫物,全身癥狀少見,以手術(shù)治療為主,預(yù)后較好。MCD多以全身多處淋巴結(jié)及肝脾增大為主,常合并全身癥狀,以化療為主,預(yù)后相對(duì)較差[13]。本例以肉眼血尿和腎功能衰竭為首發(fā)癥狀,病初無(wú)明顯淋巴結(jié)增大,腹膜透析4個(gè)月后血肌酐逐漸下降,提示在慢性腎衰竭基礎(chǔ)上存在急性加重因素。在治療過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)患者在規(guī)律予促紅細(xì)胞生成素及鐵劑等治療后,腎性貧血未見好轉(zhuǎn),反而加重,在排除消化道出血等原因后,考慮可能存在血液系統(tǒng)疾病,后發(fā)現(xiàn)多處淋巴結(jié)增大,行淋巴結(jié)活檢最終確診為Castleman病,通過化療,貧血得到改善,腎功能穩(wěn)定。提示臨床遇及以急性腎功能損害為主,伴腎性貧血進(jìn)行性加重和多處淋巴結(jié)增大的患者時(shí),要考慮到Castleman病的可能,積極尋找病因,仔細(xì)查體,盡早行淋巴結(jié)活檢,以早期診斷及治療,減少誤診誤治。
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Castleman Disease With Renal Failure as an Initial Symptom: a Case Report and Literature Review
LIAO Ying, WAN Qi-jun, HUANG Hao-gui
(Department of Nephrology, the Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China)
Objective To discuss clinical and pathological characteristics of Castleman disease with renal failure as an initial symptom. Methods Clinical data of one Castleman disease patient with renal failure as an initial symptom was retrospectively analyzed. Results The patient went to hospital because of edema and abnormal urine colour for 10 months and abnormal renal function for 4 months. The patient was diagnosed as having chronic kidney insufficiency (uremia period), and the symptom did not relieve after peritoneal dialysis and other related treatments. Multicentric Castleman disease and chronic kidney disease (stage Ⅳ) was confirmed by results of bone marrow biopsy cytological examination, lymph node biopsy pathologic examination, immunohistochemical staining and pathologic examination for kidney tissue after admission. Chemotherapy and symptomatic treatment were given, and the patient was discharged after condition had improved. With follow-up for more than 8 years, the patient had no recurrence. Conclusion Clinicians should actively find causes of patients with acute kidney injury, and consider the possibility of Castleman disease when patients have multiple lymph nodes enlargement. Lymph node biopsy should be performed early to avoid misdiagnosis and mistreatment.
Castleman disease; Giant lymph node hyperplasia; Misdiagnosis; Uremia
518035 廣東 深圳,深圳市第二人民醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科
萬(wàn)啟軍,E-mail:wanqijunsz@aliyun.com
R733.4
A
1002-3429(2017)06-0036-03
10.3969/j.issn.1002-3429.2017.06.014
2017-03-10 修回時(shí)間:2017-04-12)