靳海斌
(天津市第四中心醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,天津300000)
冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄后再通的治療策略及臨床管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)
靳海斌
(天津市第四中心醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,天津300000)
對(duì)冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)血栓、斑塊破裂等多種原因?qū)е鹿跔顒?dòng)脈的狹窄或部分/完全性阻塞,可以使用抗血小板(阿司匹林、二磷酸腺苷受體阻滯劑)和非腸道抗凝劑進(jìn)行治療。此外,臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖蛋白ⅡB/Ⅲa受體抑制劑(GPI)和血管擴(kuò)張藥物對(duì)于改善病灶部位血栓以及心外膜和心肌灌注也十分有益。這些藥物可以明顯改善冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)的血流緩慢和(或)經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入(PCI)治療后無(wú)復(fù)流的情況。本文對(duì)目前臨床上使用的冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄后再通的治療策略及臨床管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行總結(jié)歸納,并進(jìn)一步對(duì)未來(lái)臨床的藥物使用及治療方案等進(jìn)行深入探討。
心肌梗死;急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死;經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療;藥物治療
在我國(guó),隨著患者的生活質(zhì)量的不斷提高,每年發(fā)生心肌梗死,特別是ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction,STEMI)的患者越來(lái)越多,STEMI后冠狀動(dòng)脈再通的處理方法主要包括使用抗凝劑、糖基磷脂酰肌醇、血管擴(kuò)張劑、經(jīng)皮裝置等,本文在既往研究的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)多種經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)治療使用的血管再通藥物和技術(shù)進(jìn)行介紹,以對(duì)比多種藥物之間的異同以及優(yōu)、劣勢(shì),并為PCI治療的藥物選擇做出評(píng)價(jià)。
對(duì)于直接PCI(primary percutaneous coronary intervention,PPCI)治療,抗凝選擇包括普通肝素(unfraction heparin,UFH),依諾肝素和比伐盧定。與依諾肝素相比,使用UFH滴定并調(diào)節(jié)到適當(dāng)?shù)幕罨獣r(shí)間[1-2]是抗凝治療的關(guān)鍵。此外,在原發(fā)性血管成形術(shù)和靜脈注射依諾肝素或UFH以減少短期和長(zhǎng)期隨訪(fǎng)的缺血和出血事件(primary angioplasty and intravenous enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin to lower ischemic and bleeding events at short-and long-term follow-up,ATOLL)試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),與使用UFH比,靜脈依諾肝素未能達(dá)到主要的復(fù)合終點(diǎn)要求(心肌梗死,手術(shù)失敗和嚴(yán)重出血并發(fā)癥發(fā)生較高)[3]。因此,歐洲的指南建議在Ⅰ線(xiàn)用藥中使用UFH,證據(jù)等級(jí)C級(jí),而依諾肝素為ⅡB級(jí)用藥,證據(jù)等級(jí)為B[4]。
然而,歐洲指南指出,與UFH比較,依諾肝素依舊是首選[4],這是基于其他大量的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)[4]以及對(duì)ATOLL試驗(yàn)的考慮[3]后得出的結(jié)論。制定該結(jié)論的原因在于人們對(duì)復(fù)合終點(diǎn)的關(guān)注點(diǎn):主要終點(diǎn)事件包括復(fù)發(fā)性心肌梗死或急性心肌梗死緊急血運(yùn)重建;次要復(fù)合終點(diǎn)包括死亡或心臟驟停復(fù)蘇和死亡,或發(fā)生心肌梗死,是否使用抗凝劑引起出血增加。盡管依諾肝素治療沒(méi)有達(dá)到抗凝治療主要終點(diǎn)事件的要求,但可明顯降低次要復(fù)合終點(diǎn)中的死亡情況[3]。此外,最近一項(xiàng)包含了23項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)的薈萃分析結(jié)果中,包含了30 966例行PCI治療(33.1%為STEMI行PPCI的患者,28.2%的患者行補(bǔ)救性PCI治療,38.7%的患者為急性非STEMI患者)的患者,這表明,依諾肝素可以明顯降低相關(guān)病死率,明顯減少大出血,尤其是在PPCI治療后的STEMI患者中[5]。比伐盧定是一種直接凝血酶抑制劑。在對(duì)急性心肌梗死患者行協(xié)調(diào)血運(yùn)和重建支架(harmonizing outcomes with revascularization and stents in acute myocardial infarction,HORIZONS-AMI)試驗(yàn)[6]中,將3 602例STEMI患者隨機(jī)分為肝素加糖蛋白抑制劑(glucose protein inhibitor,GPI)或單用比伐盧定組,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),后者30 d、1年和3年大出血發(fā)生率明顯減低[5-7],不論是心源性死亡或全因病死率均顯著下降[5]。相反,使用比伐盧定則與ST段初始抬高增加相關(guān),30 d后消失[5]?;谶@些數(shù)據(jù),歐洲指南推薦使用比伐盧定,而不建議STEMI患者使用UFH作為I線(xiàn)用藥,證據(jù)等級(jí)B級(jí),而GPI僅限于緊急救助條件下使用[3]。
糖基磷脂酰肌醇(包括阿昔單抗、替羅非班和依替巴肽)類(lèi)藥物可以通過(guò)阻斷纖維蛋白原活化血小板形成白色血栓結(jié)合抑制聚合過(guò)程的最后共同通路發(fā)揮作用。使用GPI藥物后,發(fā)現(xiàn)在心外膜冠狀動(dòng)脈水平可以明顯減少血栓負(fù)荷,從而發(fā)揮作用,進(jìn)而改善微血管血流,減少無(wú)復(fù)流及梗死面積,從而改善短期和長(zhǎng)期預(yù)后[8-9]。
雖然,急性心肌梗死患者行PCI治療后經(jīng)常給予GPIs,在一些隨機(jī)臨床試驗(yàn)中也以此作為一種治療策略。GPIs在STEMI患者中的作用,與PPCI雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療發(fā)生沖突,特別是在出血問(wèn)題[10-12]上,最明顯的證據(jù)為阿昔單抗可以在PPCI治療中與肝素結(jié)合使用[13-14]。
2013年美國(guó)心臟病學(xué)會(huì)/美國(guó)心臟協(xié)會(huì)(ACC/AHA)指南[2]給出了在STEMI患者PPCI治療后的治療上游,GPIs可以作為常規(guī)使用藥物,為ⅡB級(jí)推薦。然而,作為ⅡB級(jí)推薦,GPIs的效應(yīng)顯然被低估了,尤其對(duì)于高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者,癥狀發(fā)作的最初4 h內(nèi)大量心肌組織面臨壞死風(fēng)險(xiǎn),GPIs可降低心肌壞死,復(fù)活心肌組織[15]。這也如On-TIME2試驗(yàn)結(jié)論所示,盡管GPI上游管理與高動(dòng)脈開(kāi)通率和較低的初始血栓負(fù)荷相關(guān),但其應(yīng)用可不限于早期(<76 min)的原因[16]。因此,歐洲指南[4]建議,GPIs應(yīng)作為緊急救助治療藥物使用(證據(jù)等級(jí):ⅡA級(jí)、C級(jí))。如果有證據(jù)表明,大血栓負(fù)荷(large thrombus burden,LTB)、緩慢或無(wú)復(fù)流以及血栓性并發(fā)癥出現(xiàn),或可從上游進(jìn)行管理,但這種方式僅限于高?;颊撸ㄗC據(jù)等級(jí):ⅡB級(jí),B級(jí))。但大規(guī)模研究顯示,與接受PPCI治療的STEMI患者晚期(>76 min)相比,給予GPIs治療的獲益只限于早期(<76 min),進(jìn)一步,對(duì)于早期(<76 min)給予GPIs治療要得到良好的效果,最好是冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)給予阿昔單抗,盡管患者受益,但仍存在出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[16]。一些小型研究表明,冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)注射GPI后心肌梗死面積可以明顯減少,微血管阻塞減少,左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)提高,心肌灌注改善,但無(wú)顯著性差異,臨床預(yù)后與冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)注射阿昔單抗的基本一致[17-19]。根據(jù)最近發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)薈萃分析研究的結(jié)果,冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)給藥不僅有利于恢復(fù)心肌梗死溶栓試驗(yàn)(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI)血流,此外,PCI治療后靶血管血運(yùn)重建術(shù)后短期病死率并沒(méi)有增加出血并發(fā)癥[20-21]??傊?,對(duì)于STEMI患者接受PPCI治療后,冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)給藥的作用和效果仍需通過(guò)多中心、隨機(jī)和對(duì)照試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。
目前臨床PPCI治療中廣泛使用的血管擴(kuò)張劑包括硝普鈉、腺苷和地爾硫 或維拉帕米。使用時(shí),這些藥物通常在冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)給藥,以達(dá)到較高的局部濃度。因此,以上藥物可以直接通過(guò)引導(dǎo)導(dǎo)管,或通過(guò)遠(yuǎn)端的電線(xiàn)球囊,輸液導(dǎo)管或輸液氣球給藥發(fā)揮作用[22]。腺苷是一種心臟保護(hù)劑,對(duì)許多因素參與的再灌注損傷具有保護(hù)作用,并已被證明可以降低缺血后心功能不全和心肌細(xì)胞壞死和凋亡。此外,一些研究表明,對(duì)冠狀動(dòng)脈血流[23-24]具有有益效果。與其他藥物相比,腺苷具有很短的半衰期,因此,其不良反應(yīng)也可以得到較好解決。硝普鈉是一個(gè)直接的一氧化氮供體,在臨床上作為一個(gè)有效的靜脈和動(dòng)脈血管擴(kuò)張劑使用。選擇性冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)注射硝普鈉管理是安全的,患者的耐受性良好,并可以促進(jìn)血管擴(kuò)張,改善組織灌注,尤其是在患者發(fā)展緩慢或PCI治療后無(wú)復(fù)流的情況下。此外,如果使用球囊或支架成形術(shù),冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)注射硝普鈉以及腺苷之前,可減少無(wú)復(fù)流的發(fā)生,提高心肌灌注評(píng)分,縮短術(shù)后恢復(fù)時(shí)間。在心肌受損的情況下,與腺苷單獨(dú)使用比較,PCI治療后腺苷和硝普鈉聯(lián)合治療已被證明可以提供更加安全和更好的改善冠狀動(dòng)脈血流的作用[24-26]。一些小型臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)鈣離子通道阻滯劑也可以發(fā)揮重要作用,尤其是維拉帕米,對(duì)于改善了鈣離子介導(dǎo)的遠(yuǎn)端微血管痙攣[27-28]有重要的保護(hù)作用,可以預(yù)防PCI治療后無(wú)復(fù)流的發(fā)生。雖然輔助藥物,如鈣離子通道阻滯劑可以改善PCI治療后冠狀動(dòng)脈的通暢程度,但某些小型臨床研究顯示,腺苷和硝普鈉對(duì)降低栓塞率和對(duì)臨床預(yù)后的作用相對(duì)有限。
在過(guò)去的幾年中,取栓術(shù)已經(jīng)成為治療STEMI的一個(gè)有用的方法,取栓可以明顯減少患者的血栓負(fù)荷,改善遠(yuǎn)端栓塞,進(jìn)一步提高PPCI治療的獲益。與傳統(tǒng)的PPCI治療相比,取栓術(shù)表現(xiàn)出較好的臨床療效,在替代終點(diǎn),心肌酶譜分析以及ST段測(cè)量,左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)測(cè)量等發(fā)現(xiàn),這種方法可以有效減少心肌梗死面積[29,30-33]。
在隨機(jī)評(píng)估血栓成形術(shù)中血栓吸入引起的遠(yuǎn)端栓塞機(jī)械減壓的作用(randomized evaluation of the effect of mechanical reduction of distal embolization by thrombus aspiration in primary and rescue angioplasty,REMEDIA)試驗(yàn)中,將DiverCE血栓抽吸(invatec,意大利)與常規(guī)PPCI治療[31]之間進(jìn)行比較,結(jié)果表明,臨床結(jié)果或肌酸激酶MB(creatine kinase MB,CKMB)峰值濃度無(wú)明顯差異,CKMB濃度明顯升高,但灌注分級(jí)和ST段降低明顯減低。在原發(fā)性PCI治療梗死相關(guān)動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管(EXPort catheter in infarct-related artery during primary percutaneous coronary intervention,EXPIRA)試驗(yàn)中,可通過(guò)兩項(xiàng)指標(biāo)評(píng)價(jià)患者接受PPCI(美敦力公司,MN)治療的收益情況,兩項(xiàng)指標(biāo)包括心肌灌注分級(jí)和ST段回落[34]。PCI治療急性心肌梗死期間抽吸血栓(thrombus aspiration during percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction,TAPAS)試驗(yàn)是最大的隨機(jī)試驗(yàn),對(duì)STEMI[29]患者PPCI血栓抽吸的療效進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。這個(gè)試驗(yàn)隨機(jī)收集1 071例STEMI患者,早期使用血栓抽吸發(fā)現(xiàn),其中73%患者獲益。
薈萃分析結(jié)果表明,PPCI治療的STEMI患者中,手動(dòng)和機(jī)械取栓兩者生存率相當(dāng),心肌梗死的預(yù)后相當(dāng)[33],但由于樣本量有限,其結(jié)論還有待商榷。間接的薈萃分析顯示,與手工取栓相比,機(jī)械取栓可以明顯降低病死率。在一些臨床試驗(yàn)中,如斯堪的納維亞ST升高的心肌梗死中血栓吸收術(shù)(thrombus aspiration in ST-elevation myocardial infarction in Scandinavia,TAPAS)和對(duì)急性心肌梗死發(fā)生血栓進(jìn)行接受流變血栓清除術(shù)(AIMI),冠狀動(dòng)脈發(fā)生血栓的患者比例明顯減低(<50%)。這兩種治療策略的生存率是相當(dāng)?shù)?,這一結(jié)果表明,機(jī)械取栓可以顯著減少再梗死和卒中的發(fā)生率[33]。該研究雖然支持機(jī)械取栓,但是,直到目前而言,這個(gè)結(jié)論仍令人懷疑。事實(shí)上,機(jī)械取栓的使用范圍較廣,而且機(jī)械取栓裝置對(duì)于去除血管內(nèi)血栓的作用一致。但是,隨著機(jī)械取栓裝置的使用,相關(guān)的負(fù)面結(jié)果也逐漸被報(bào)道。AIMI臨床試驗(yàn)將480例患者隨機(jī)分為240例PPCI接受流變血栓清除術(shù)(rheolytic thrombectomy,RT)輔助治療組和240例PPCI治療組[34],其中RT為機(jī)械取栓的一種。一方面,與PPCI治療組比,RT組最終TIMI血流3級(jí)的患者比例降低,但最終心肌梗死面積明顯增加,30 d主要不良心血管事件發(fā)生率較高(4.6%vs.0.8%;P=0.02)[34]。另一方面,操作者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和技術(shù),也可能會(huì)影響RT的實(shí)際病死率。文章討論所示,AIMI試驗(yàn)中,執(zhí)行RT的醫(yī)生經(jīng)驗(yàn)性地認(rèn)為,RT發(fā)生冠狀動(dòng)脈穿孔率較高,RT最終梗死面積更高,同時(shí),最終TIMI血流3級(jí)和30 d主要不良心血管事件發(fā)生率較高[34]。
綜上所述,由于冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)血栓形成與遠(yuǎn)端栓塞,心肌損傷以及臨床預(yù)后不良之間具有很強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性。因此,在STEMI患者的PCI治療中,一般需要使用幾種藥物相結(jié)合并聯(lián)合輔助技術(shù)進(jìn)行治療,配合冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)支架的使用等。PCI治療期間,減輕冠狀動(dòng)脈血栓負(fù)擔(dān),對(duì)于合理分配醫(yī)療資源具有重要的意義。在我國(guó),由于醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生發(fā)展水平不均衡,多種治療方法相結(jié)合的治療策略還需要進(jìn)一步完善。
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R542.2+2
A
1007-9688(2017)03-0351-04
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9688.2017.03.29
2016-07-20)
靳海斌(1977-),男,主治醫(yī)師,主要研究方向?yàn)楣谛牟〗槿胫委煛?/p>