崔澤林,肖迨,馮婷婷,湯榮,陳雯靜,易峻文,俞琦,洪慶,舒文,劉慶中,李莉
1. 上海交通大學(xué)附屬第一人民醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)醫(yī)學(xué)科,上海 200080; 2. 上海交通大學(xué)附屬第一人民醫(yī)院臨床藥學(xué)科,上海 200080
·論著·
血流感染糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌的臨床分布及耐藥研究
崔澤林1,*,肖迨1,*,馮婷婷2,湯榮1,陳雯靜1,易峻文1,俞琦1,洪慶1,舒文1,劉慶中1,李莉1
1. 上海交通大學(xué)附屬第一人民醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)醫(yī)學(xué)科,上海 200080; 2. 上海交通大學(xué)附屬第一人民醫(yī)院臨床藥學(xué)科,上海 200080
回顧性分析上海市某三甲醫(yī)院血培養(yǎng)陽性標(biāo)本中糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌的臨床分布及對抗菌藥物的耐藥特征,為臨床治療其所致感染奠定基礎(chǔ)。收集上海市某三甲醫(yī)院2012年2月—2016年9月血流感染患者血液標(biāo)本中的糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌,采用法國生物梅里埃公司的VITEK 2 Compact 全自動細(xì)菌鑒定和藥敏分析系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行細(xì)菌鑒定及藥敏測定,研究細(xì)菌臨床分布特點(diǎn)及對常用抗菌藥物的耐藥特征。共分離獲得30株糞腸球菌和17株屎腸球菌。糞腸球菌樣本主要來自泌尿科、消化科和血液科,所占比例分別為13.33%、16.67%和10.00%。糞腸球菌對青霉素、氨芐西林、環(huán)丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、四環(huán)素和紅霉素的耐藥率分別為13.33%、10.00%、36.67%、33.33%、66.67%和60.00%。屎腸球菌樣本主要來自消化科(29.41%),其對以上抗菌藥物的耐藥率分別為88.24%、82.35%、88.24%、76.47%、23.53%和70.59%。屎腸球菌對青霉素、氨芐西林、環(huán)丙沙星和左氧氟沙星的耐藥率顯著高于糞腸球菌,而對四環(huán)素的耐藥率顯著低于糞腸球菌。兩者均對替加環(huán)素、利奈唑胺和萬古霉素敏感,但萬古霉素對屎腸球菌的最低抑菌濃度顯著低于糞腸球菌。結(jié)果提示,屎腸球菌對青霉素、氨芐西林、環(huán)丙沙星、左氧氟沙星的耐藥率高于屎腸球菌,對萬古霉素敏感,且其萬古霉素最低抑菌濃度低于糞腸球菌。本研究為治療這兩種細(xì)菌所致感染的經(jīng)驗(yàn)性用藥提供了數(shù)據(jù)支持。
血流感染;糞腸球菌;屎腸球菌;抗菌藥物;最低抑菌濃度
腸球菌是廣泛分布的常見細(xì)菌[1]。在食品領(lǐng)域,某些腸球菌可作為益生菌[2];在臨床上,尤其是對患有基礎(chǔ)疾病的患者,腸球菌作為重要的條件致病菌,常引起腹腔感染,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致血流感染[3]。耐萬古霉素腸球菌的出現(xiàn)及流行給臨床治療帶來了嚴(yán)重困擾。在歐美等國家,腸球菌所致血流感染比例逐年上升,且在所分離腸球菌中耐萬古霉素腸球菌的分離率也呈上升趨勢,在部分國家高達(dá)27.3%[3-4]。
本研究關(guān)注最近4年來從上海市某三甲醫(yī)院患者血培養(yǎng)標(biāo)本中分離到的糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌,對其臨床分布和患者基礎(chǔ)疾病進(jìn)行分析,并系統(tǒng)比較糞腸球菌與屎腸球菌對臨床常見抗菌藥物青霉素、氨芐西林、左氧氟沙星、環(huán)丙沙星、萬古霉素、紅霉素、四環(huán)素和替加環(huán)素的耐藥情況,期望能為防控腸球菌引起的血流感染,尤其是在個(gè)體化醫(yī)療及臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)性用藥等方面提供依據(jù)及數(shù)據(jù)支持。
1.1 標(biāo)本來源
2012年2月—2016年9月從上海市某三甲醫(yī)院各臨床科室送檢血培養(yǎng)項(xiàng)目標(biāo)本中共分離出30株糞腸球菌和17株屎腸球菌,收集血培養(yǎng)陽性患者的臨床信息,包括年齡、性別、就診科室、所患基礎(chǔ)疾病,標(biāo)本轉(zhuǎn)種、分離和分純均嚴(yán)格按《全國臨床檢驗(yàn)操作規(guī)程》(第4版)的要求進(jìn)行,同一患者多次分離到的重復(fù)菌株不計(jì)入。質(zhì)控菌株為鉛黃腸球菌ATCC 700327和糞腸球菌ATCC 29212。
1.2 儀器與方法
采用法國生物梅里埃公司的VITEK 2 Compact 全自動細(xì)菌鑒定和藥敏分析系統(tǒng)及其配套試劑、VITEK2-GP67 革蘭陽性細(xì)菌鑒定卡、AST-GP67 VITEK 2革蘭陽性細(xì)菌藥敏卡。所有操作均嚴(yán)格按說明書進(jìn)行,藥敏結(jié)果分析及判斷參考CLSI-M100-S26版本。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
用Whonet 5.6進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)提取和統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)算敏感率和耐藥率等指標(biāo);用SPSS 19.0軟件進(jìn)行最低抑菌濃度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)分析,選用秩和檢驗(yàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù);制圖使用軟件Origin8.5。
2.1 糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌的臨床分布
本研究共獲得血流感染來源的糞腸球菌30株和屎腸球菌17株,臨床分布如表1所示。兩者引起的血流感染多見于有肝膽、胰腺、消化及泌尿系統(tǒng)受損等基礎(chǔ)疾病的患者,也見于血液病化療患者。年齡方面,血流感染患者多為中老年。性別方面,多見于男性。
表1 血培養(yǎng)糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌陽性標(biāo)本的臨床分布
Tab.1 The clinical distributions ofE.faecalisandE.faeciumcausing bloodstream infections
SubjectsBacteriaE.faecalisn%E.faeciumn%Underlyingdiseases (orrelated)Age(yearsold)ClinicaldistributionsSexHepaticcalculus516.67423.53Gastrointestinaldiseases826.67211.76Urinarysystemdiseases310.00211.76Pancreatitis0015.88Hematologicaldiseases26.6700Otherdiseases1240.00847.060-20000021-3026.670031-4013.3315.8841-5026.67211.7651-60930.0015.88>601653.331376.47Urology413.3315.88Gastroenterology516.67529.41Hematology310.0000Orthopedics26.6715.88Geriatrics26.6700Livertransplantation26.6715.88Others1240.00952.94Male2170.001270.59Female930.00529.41
2.2 糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌的耐藥特征及分析
分析糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌對常用抗菌藥物的耐藥率,結(jié)果如表2所示。未發(fā)現(xiàn)對萬古霉素、利奈唑胺和替加環(huán)素耐藥的糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌;糞腸球菌對青霉素、氨芐西林、環(huán)丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、四環(huán)素和紅霉素的耐藥率分別為13.33%、10.00%、36.67%、33.33%、66.67%和60.00%,而屎腸球菌對這些抗菌藥物的耐藥率分別為88.24%、82.35%、88.24%、76.47%、23.53%和70.59%。結(jié)果表明,屎腸球菌對青霉素、氨芐西林、環(huán)丙沙星和左氧氟沙星的耐藥率顯著高于糞腸球菌,而對四環(huán)素的耐藥率顯著低于糞腸球菌。
2.3 常見抗菌藥物對糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌的MIC折點(diǎn)變化
比較常見抗菌藥物青霉素、氨芐西林、萬古霉素、環(huán)丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、紅霉素、四環(huán)素、替加環(huán)素和利奈唑胺對血培養(yǎng)來源糞腸球菌與屎腸球菌的MIC,結(jié)果如圖1所示。利奈唑胺、替加環(huán)素和紅霉素對糞腸球菌與屎腸球菌的MIC無顯著差異(P>0.05),萬古霉素和四環(huán)素對糞腸球菌的MIC顯著高于屎腸球菌(P<0.05),但兩者均對萬古霉素敏感。環(huán)丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、青霉素和氨芐西林對糞腸球菌的MIC顯著低于屎腸球菌(P<0.05)。
表2 血培養(yǎng)糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌對常用抗菌藥物的敏感率(%)
Tab.2 The susceptibilities ofE.faecalisandE.faeciumtoantimicrobial agents
AntimicrobialagentStrainsE.faecalis(n=30)MIC(mg/L)MIC50(mg/L)MIC90(mg/L)R(%)S(%)E.faecium(n=17)MIC(mg/L)MIC50(mg/L)MIC90(mg/L)R(%)S(%)Penicillin1-6441613.3386.671-64646488.2411.76Ampicillin2-322810.0090.002-32323282.3517.65Ciprofloxacin0.5-161836.6760.000.5-88888.2411.76Levofloxacin0.5-81833.3366.671-88876.4711.76Tetracycline1-16161666.6733.330.12-1611623.5376.47Tigecycline0.12-0.120.1250.1250100.000.12-0.120.1250.1250100.00Erythromycin0.25-88860.0013.330.25-88870.5911.76Vancomycin0.5-2120100.000.5-10.510100.00Linezolid0.5-422093.331-422094.12
TheXaxis represents the minimum inhibitory concentration, andYaxis represents the percentage of the corresponding strains to the total number. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin, penicillin, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin againstE.faeciumwere significantly higher than those againstE.faecalis(P<0.05), while the minimum inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline and vancomycin againstE.faeciumwere lower than those againstE.faecalis(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the minimum inhibitory concentrations of erythromycin, tigecycline and linezolid.
圖1 臨床常用抗菌藥物對血培養(yǎng)陽性糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌的MIC變化
Fig.1 The difference in minimum inhibitory concentration for commonly used clinical antimicrobial agents between blood culture positiveE.faecalisandE.faecium
腸球菌是重要的條件致病菌,糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌在臨床上最常見。在某些歐美國家,腸球菌所致血流感染比例逐年增加[5],其中耐萬古霉素腸球菌所致血流感染在部分國家和地區(qū)高達(dá)27.3%[4]。2011年,我國15所醫(yī)院分離到的糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌對萬古霉素的耐藥率分別為0.1%和3.9%[6];同年,上海23所醫(yī)院分離到的糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌對萬古霉素的耐藥率分別為0.2%和1.6%[7],表明我國糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌對萬古霉素的耐藥率處于較低水平。國內(nèi)外糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌對萬古霉素的耐藥率差異可能與萬古霉素使用情況、流行菌株差異、人群易感性等有很大關(guān)系。本研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)耐萬古霉素糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌,這可能與樣本量較少有關(guān)。但筆者所在醫(yī)院從非血流感染來源的腸球菌中發(fā)現(xiàn)了耐萬古霉素菌株(未發(fā)表數(shù)據(jù))。有研究報(bào)道了來自不同臨床樣本的耐萬古霉素腸球菌的分子生物學(xué)特征[8],但致血流感染的腸球菌資料較缺乏。本研究聚焦近4年來上海市某三甲醫(yī)院血培養(yǎng)陽性腸球菌的臨床分布及藥敏特征,期望能為個(gè)性化用藥及經(jīng)驗(yàn)性用藥提供依據(jù)。
本研究分析了致血流感染的腸球菌共47株,其中糞腸球菌30株、屎腸球菌17株,主要來自泌尿科、消化科和血液科,患者通常為有肝膽、胃腸或腎相關(guān)基礎(chǔ)疾病的中老年男性(表1)。結(jié)果顯示,未見對替加環(huán)素、萬古霉素和利奈唑胺耐藥的菌株。屎腸球菌對氨芐西林、青霉素、左氧氟沙星和環(huán)丙沙星的耐藥率顯著高于糞腸球菌,且這些抗菌藥物對其的MIC顯著高于糞腸球菌(P<0.05),而屎腸球菌對四環(huán)素的耐藥率顯著低于糞腸球菌(表2);進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn),四環(huán)素和萬古霉素對屎腸球菌的MIC顯著低于糞腸球菌(P<0.05),而紅霉素、替加環(huán)素及利奈唑胺對兩者的MIC無顯著差異(圖1)。
隨著質(zhì)譜技術(shù)在臨床微生物菌種鑒定中的廣泛應(yīng)用,臨床微生物學(xué)鑒定菌種極為快捷[9-10],但細(xì)菌藥敏試驗(yàn)相對滯后,這使得正式藥敏結(jié)果出來之前臨床上需經(jīng)驗(yàn)性給藥。此外,隨著個(gè)體化醫(yī)療技術(shù)的發(fā)展,臨床上血藥濃度監(jiān)測及以MIC為基礎(chǔ)的抗感染治療近年來引起重視。如果掌握某醫(yī)院或某地區(qū)細(xì)菌流行特性和耐藥情況,可供更精細(xì)的全面臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)性用藥參考。所謂細(xì)菌對抗菌藥物敏感,表示用常規(guī)用量治療有效,常規(guī)用藥時(shí)達(dá)到的平均血藥濃度超過細(xì)菌MIC 5倍以上;所謂細(xì)菌對抗菌藥物耐藥,是指用常規(guī)用量治療不能抑制細(xì)菌生長,MIC高于藥物在血液和體液中可能達(dá)到的濃度;所謂細(xì)菌對抗菌藥物中介,是指MIC接近血液和體液中的藥物濃度,治療反應(yīng)率低于敏感株,藥物生理濃集部位有效,加大用藥劑量可能有效。有研究顯示,及時(shí)有效給藥可降低腸球菌菌血癥病死率,且住院周期縮短[11-12]。本研究雖未發(fā)現(xiàn)血培養(yǎng)萬古霉素耐藥腸球菌,且糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌均對萬古霉素敏感,但屎腸球菌的萬古霉素MIC顯著低于糞腸球菌;屎腸球菌對氨芐西林、青霉素、左氧氟沙星、環(huán)丙沙星的耐藥率平均高達(dá)75%以上,且這些抗菌藥物對其的MIC顯著高于糞腸球菌。因此,臨床上選用這幾類抗菌藥物防控屎腸球菌引起的血流感染時(shí)需慎重。本研究47株致血流感染腸球菌中,未見對利奈唑胺耐藥菌株。由此推斷,由于糞腸球菌對青霉素、氨芐西林、左氧氟沙星和環(huán)丙沙星等常用抗菌藥物的敏感率較高,在糞腸球菌所致血流感染的防控中可經(jīng)驗(yàn)性選用這些抗菌藥物。雖然糞腸球菌對萬古霉素敏感,但其MIC較高。而對治療濃度與中毒濃度十分接近的抗生素,在敏感的情況下需選擇MIC較低者。因此,臨床上防控糞腸球菌所致血流感染時(shí),經(jīng)驗(yàn)性用藥不首選萬古霉素。屎腸球菌對青霉素、氨芐西林、環(huán)丙沙星和左氧氟沙星的耐藥率較高,不但對萬古霉素敏感,且萬古霉素對其的MIC顯著低于糞腸球菌。因此,對屎腸球菌所致血流感染,可考慮首選萬古霉素。本研究結(jié)果可為臨床個(gè)體化防控由糞腸球菌和屎腸球菌所致血流感染的抗菌藥物使用提供一定參考。
[1] Guzman Prieto AM, van Schaik W, Rogers MR, Coque TM, Baquero F, Corander J, Willems RJ. Global emergence and dissemination of enterococci as nosocomial pathogens: attack of the clones? [J]. Front Microbiol, 2016. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00788.
[2] Divyashri G, Krishna G, Muralidhara M, Prapulla SG. Probiotic attributes, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuromodulatory effects of Enterococcus faecium CFR 3003: in vitro and in vivo evidence [J]. J Med Microbiol, 2015, 64(12): 1527-1540.
[3] Ryan L, O’Mahony E, Wrenn C, FitzGerald S, Fox U, Boyle B, Schaffer K, Werner G, Klare I. Epidemiology and molecular typing of VRE bloodstream isolates in an Irish tertiary care hospital [J]. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2015, 70(10): 2718-2724.
[4] Mendes RE, Castanheira M, Farrell DJ, Flamm RK, Sader HS, Jones RN. Longitudinal (2001-14) analysis of enterococci and VRE causing invasive infections in European and US hospitals, including a contemporary (2010-13) analysis of oritavancin in vitro potency [J]. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2016, 71(12): 3453-3458.
[5] Tedim AP, Ruíz-Garbajosa P, Rodríguez MC, Rodríguez-Baos M, Lanza VF, Derdoy L, Cárdenas Zurita G, Loza E, Cantón R, Baquero F, Coque TM. Long-term clonal dynamics of Enterococcus faecium strains causing bloodstream infections (1995-2015) in Spain [J]. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2017, 72 (1): 48-55.
[6] 胡付品, 朱德妹, 汪復(fù), 蔣曉飛, 楊青, 徐英春, 張小江, 孫自鏞, 陳中舉, 王傳清, 王愛敏, 倪語星, 孫景勇, 俞云松, 林潔, 單斌, 杜艷, 徐元宏, 沈繼錄, 張泓, 孔菁, 卓越, 蘇丹虹, 張朝霞, 季萍, 胡云建, 艾效曼, 黃文祥, 賈蓓, 魏蓮花, 吳玲. 2011年中國CHINET細(xì)菌耐藥性監(jiān)測 [J]. 中國感染與化療雜志, 2012, 12(5): 321-329.
[7] 朱德妹, 楊洋, 蔣曉飛, 王傳清, 王愛敏, 劉瑛, 陳峰, 倪語星, 孫景勇, 應(yīng)春妹, 汪雅萍, 張泓, 孫菁, 蔣燕群, 湯瑾, 周庭銀, 陳險(xiǎn)峰, 袁軼群, 武楠, 湯榮, 劉慶忠, 楊海慧, 衛(wèi)穎玨, 張蓓, 黃衛(wèi)春, 王金鐸, 魏麗, 胡必杰, 黃聲雷, 李娜, 臧先林, 張正銀, 孫晴, 沈燕雅, 金文敏, 孫杰, 沈思娣, 康向東, 戴俊華, 唐群力, 馮景, 汪瑞忠, 房華, 唐之儉, 王芳, 張莉, 秦云. 2011年上海地區(qū)細(xì)菌耐藥性監(jiān)測 [J]. 中國感染與化療雜志, 2012, 12(6): 401-411.
[8] Kang M, Xie Y, He C, Chen ZX, Guo L, Yang Q, Liu JY, Du Y, Ou QS, Wang LL. Molecular characteristics of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium from a tertiary care hospital in Chengdu, China: molecular characteristics of VRE in China [J]. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2014, 33(6): 933-939.
[9] Angeletti S. Matrix assisted laser desorption time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in clinical microbiology [J]. J Microbiol Methods, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2016.09.003.
[10] Yonetani S, Ohnishi H, Ohkusu K, Matsumoto T, Watanabe T. Direct identification of microorganisms from positive blood cultures by MALDI-TOF MS using an in-house saponin method [J]. Int J Infect Dis, 2016, 52:37-42.
[11] Kajihara T, Nakamura S, Iwanaga N, Oshima K, Takazono T, Miyazaki T, Izumikawa K, Yanagihara K, Kohno N, Kohno S. Clinical characteristics and risk factors of enterococcal infections in Nagasaki, Japan: a retrospective study [J]. BMC Infect Dis, 2015, 15: 426. doi: 10.1186/s12879-015-1175-6.
[12] Zasowski EJ, Claeys KC, Lagnf AM, Davis SL, Rybak MJ. Time is of the essence: the impact of delayed antibiotic therapy on patient outcomes in hospital-onset enterococcal bloodstream infections [J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2016, 62(10): 1242-1250.
s. CUI Zelin,E-mail:czl_phage@126.com;FENG Tingting,E-mail:ycttfeng@163.com
Antimicrobial agent susceptibilities and clinical distributions ofEnterococcusfaecalisandEnterococcusfaeciumcausing bloodstream infection
CUI Zelin1,*, XIAO Dai1,*, FENG Tingting2, TANG Rong1, CHEN Wenjing1, YI Junwen1,YU Qi1, HONG Qing1, SHU Wen1, LIU Qingzhong1, LI Li1
1.DepartmentofClinicalMedicine,ShanghaiGeneralHospital,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity,Shanghai200080,China;2.DepartmentofClinicalPharmacy,ShanghaiGeneralHospital,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity,Shanghai200080,China
The present paper aims to retrospectively analyze the antimicrobial agent susceptibilities and clinical distributions ofEnterococcusfaecalis(E.faecalis) andE.faeciumcausing bloodstream infection in a tertiary hospital in Shanghai, and to lay a foundation for the clinical treatment of infections caused by these bacteria. The collected strains ofE.faecalisandE.faeciumwere isolated between February 2012 and September 2016. The bacteria were identified by bioMérieux VITEK antimicrobial susceptibility testing system, and their clinical distribution and drug resistance were analyzed. ThirtyE.faecalisand 17E.faeciumstrains were obtained.E.faecalisstrains were mainly from urology, gastroenterology and hematology departments, accounting for 13.33%, 16.67% and 10.00%, respectively. The resistance rates ofE.faecalisto penicillin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, tetracycline and erythromycin were 13.33%, 10.00%, 36.67%, 33.33%, 66.67% and 60.00%, respectively. The resistance rates ofE.faeciumto these antimicrobial agents were 88.24%, 82.35%, 88.24%, 76.47%, 23.53% and 70.59%, respectively. The resistance rates ofE.faeciumto penicillin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were significantly higher than those ofE.faecalisand the resistance rate to tetracycline was significantly lower than that ofE.faecalis. Most of theE.faecium(29.41%) samples were from gastroenterology department. Both were sensitive to tigecycline, linezolid and vancomycin. However, the minimum inhibition concentration of vancomycin againstE.faeciumwas significantly lower than that ofE.faecalis. This study provided data support for the empirical treatment of infections caused by the two bacteria.
Bloodstream infection;Enterococcusfaecalis;Enterococcusfaecium; Antimicrobial agent; Minimum inhibitory concentration
國家青年科學(xué)基金(31500154),上海市科學(xué)技術(shù)委員會“揚(yáng)帆計(jì)劃”(15YF1409500),上海市衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育委員會科研課題(201440289),上海市第一人民醫(yī)院“優(yōu)青前計(jì)劃”(06N1503012)
崔澤林,馮婷婷
2016-09-30)
*同為第一作者