周榮偉,趙麗珂,王錢,黃慈波
(北京醫(yī)院風濕免疫科,國家老年醫(yī)學中心,北京 100730)
·綜述·
微小核糖核酸在骨關節(jié)炎中的研究進展
周榮偉,趙麗珂,王錢,黃慈波
(北京醫(yī)院風濕免疫科,國家老年醫(yī)學中心,北京 100730)
骨關節(jié)炎(OA)是一種隨年齡增長而發(fā)生率上升的以關節(jié)軟骨退變和關節(jié)周圍骨質增生為病理特征的慢性進行性骨關節(jié)疾病,同時軟骨細胞表型和軟骨內穩(wěn)態(tài)的變化以及軟骨下骨的代謝變化是骨關節(jié)炎發(fā)展過程中密不可分的一部分。微小RNA(microRNA或miRNA)屬于內源性非編碼蛋白的單鏈小分子RNA,主要通過調控基因轉錄后水平,進而對組織生長和穩(wěn)態(tài)進行控制。本文基于miRNA的基因調控機制,從其生物學特性、miRNA與軟骨形成及關節(jié)軟骨、miRNA與疼痛及炎性反應等幾個方面對兩者關系進行綜述,為臨床治療提供新的策略。
骨關節(jié)炎;微RNAs;基因表達調控
骨關節(jié)炎(OA)是一種隨年齡增長而發(fā)生率上升的以關節(jié)軟骨退變和關節(jié)周圍骨質增生為病理特征的慢性進行性骨關節(jié)疾病,主要侵害關節(jié)軟骨、骨和滑膜組織,導致關節(jié)疼痛、畸形和功能障礙,是引起中老年人疼痛的最常見原因[1]。雖然有關OA的相關研究已取得很大的進展,但目前關于OA的發(fā)病及其病理過程的分子機制尚不清楚,臨床上還未出現一種有效的治療方法[2-3]。近年來,隨著微小核糖核酸(miRNA)的深入研究,其在骨關節(jié)炎發(fā)病機制中的研究已成為焦點。研究表明:在OA患者中,可以檢測出多種miRNA的水平發(fā)生改變;并且一些miRNA會影響軟骨細胞的細胞凋亡和基因表達[4]。因此,進一步研究其作用靶點和調控因子可能對控制關節(jié)炎的破壞和刺激修復具有重要作用,從而帶來新的治療方法。本文基于miRNA的基因調控機制,從其生物學特性、miRNA與軟骨形成及關節(jié)軟骨、miRNA與疼痛及衰老、miRNA與炎性反應等幾個方面對兩者關系進行綜述,為臨床治療提供新的策略。
miRNA是一類內源性非編碼蛋白的單鏈小分子RNA,由內含子和編碼基因間隔區(qū)的基因編碼,長度20~24 nt之間,廣泛存在于生物基因組中[3,5]。自發(fā)現lin-4以來[6],越來越多的miRNA被發(fā)現;據生物信息學預測幾乎30%的mRNA可能受miRNA調節(jié),miRNA相關的靶基因可能不止一個,一個基因也可能受多個miRNA調控[7]。在細胞核中,miRNA的編碼基因在RNA聚合酶Ⅱ、Ⅲ的共同作用下轉錄形成miRNA的前體分子(primary miRNA),primary miRNA在核糖核酸酶Drosha的作用下,剪切為具有莖環(huán)結構的miRNA前體(Pre-miRNA),大約70個核苷酸[8-9];Pre-miRNA被Exportin-5轉運至細胞質,經Dicer酶處理成為長21~24個核苷酸的成熟miRNA;當miRNA與靶基因mRNA3′端非翻譯區(qū)序列(UTR)的結合位點完全匹配時,靶mRNA降解,大多數miRNA與靶基因的結合為不完全配對,主要引起mRNA翻譯抑制,從而實現對靶基因轉錄后的調控[10]。
miRNA是一個發(fā)展迅速的領域,之前被普遍認為是只在非哺乳動物中表達相關功能的小分子RNA。隨著RNA干擾的發(fā)現,人們對miRNA調控基因表達的能力不斷有了新的認識,目前研究表明miRNA參與基因轉錄后水平的調控,不僅參與生命過程中一系列的重要進程,包括生長、發(fā)育、分化、增殖和凋亡,機體代謝及免疫調節(jié)[11],還參與多種疾病的發(fā)生與發(fā)展,如肝細胞癌[12]、心血管疾病[13]、銀屑病[14]和類風濕關節(jié)炎[15]等??傊?,miRNA在基因表達調控領域中起著非常重要的作用,可能會給基因治療帶來新的突破。
帽子是miRNA形成的一個重要的成分,它的缺乏會使軟骨細胞分化加速和再生減少,從而導致軟骨細胞數量的減少[16]。目前miRNA在軟骨形成和軟骨內穩(wěn)態(tài)的重要作用已經越來越受關注。
2.1 促進 Zhang等[17]研究發(fā)現,在誘導軟骨細胞形成前后,有12種miRNA差異性表達:miR-193b、miR-199a-3p、miR-455-3p、miR-210、miR-381、miR-92a、miR-320c和miR-136上調表達,而miR-490-5p、miR-4287、miR-BART8、miR-US25-1表達下調。說明在脂肪干細胞分化成軟骨細胞的過程中,這些miRNA可能起著很重要的作用。miR-34a通過直接調節(jié)SIRT1/p53信號通路減少大鼠軟骨細胞的凋亡,表明其在OA的發(fā)病機制中具有重要作用[18]。miR-142-3p通過抑制HMGB1介導的NF-kB信號通路,從而抑制OA中的軟骨細胞凋亡[19]。
2.2 抑制 miR-9通過過表達原生質體來激活半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3信號通路和促進凋亡,從而抑制成軟骨細胞和關節(jié)軟骨細胞的存活[20]。在大鼠骨關節(jié)炎模型中,miR-98可能通過下調Bcl-2的表達來促進軟骨細胞凋亡和軟骨退化[21]。MiR-193b可以通過靶向TGFB2和TGFBR3抑制早期軟骨形成,并且可以通過抑制炎癥軟骨細胞中的TNF-α表達來調節(jié)炎癥[22]。
關節(jié)軟骨為四肢運動提供了一個良好的環(huán)境,這個重要功能是通過細胞外基質實現的。細胞外基質的主要成分為聚集蛋白聚糖和Ⅱ型膠原蛋白,同時基質金屬蛋白酶(包括基質降解酶和ADAMTS)參與了細胞外基質的降解。目前認為分解代謝和合成代謝之間的平衡對軟骨體內自身平衡至關重要,許多miRNA被認為是關節(jié)軟骨形成、維持和破壞的重要因素之一。
Mao等[23]研究發(fā)現,miR-92a-3p可以直接靶向HDAC2來調節(jié)軟骨的發(fā)育和自身穩(wěn)態(tài),表明其在軟骨基質增加中起重要作用。miRNA-138-5p可以通過靶向FOXC1來促進人軟骨細胞中的IL-1β誘導的軟骨降解,表明miR-138能夠促進軟骨降解[24]。Kirilov等[25]研究發(fā)現在正常和骨關節(jié)炎軟骨細胞中,有7個miRNA差異性表達:miR-483-5p在OA軟骨細胞中表達上調;miR-149、miR-582-3p、miR-1227、miR-634、miR-576-5p和miR-641在OA軟骨細胞中表達下調,表明這7個miRNA參與關節(jié)軟骨的發(fā)育和破壞。miR-146a能夠增加VEGF的表達量和抑制目的基因Smad4的TGF-β信號通路,從而導致軟骨的機械損傷和細胞凋亡[26]。
骨關節(jié)炎是一種常見的慢性疾病,軟骨細胞表型和軟骨內穩(wěn)態(tài)的變化以及軟骨下骨的代謝變化是骨關節(jié)炎發(fā)展過程中密不可分的一部分[27]。很多研究表明miRNA在OA中起著重要的作用。
Borgonio Cuadra等[28]利用TaqMan低密度陣列方法檢測關節(jié)軟骨受損者的380個血漿miRNA后發(fā)現:與健康人群相比,有12種miRNA差異表達:miR-16、miR-20b、miR-29c、miR-30b、miR-93、miR-126、miR-146a、miR-184、miR-186、miR-195、miR-345和miR-885-5p;特定的miRNA在疾病發(fā)生與發(fā)展的過程中,可以由于軟骨損傷或固有的細胞機制而釋放到血漿中,從而參與調節(jié)與疾病發(fā)展相關的基因和途徑。Liang等[29]研究發(fā)現,miR-23a-3p的過表達能夠抑制Ⅱ型膠原和聚集蛋白聚糖表達,同時SMAD3基因的敲除可以逆轉miR-23a-3p抑制劑對Ⅱ型膠原和聚集蛋白聚糖表達的影響,表明miR-23a-3p可通過直接靶向SMAD3促進OA進展,為OA治療提供潛在的治療靶點。
4.1 miRNA與衰老 年齡是骨關節(jié)炎發(fā)生的重要危險因素,可引起調節(jié)異常、分解合成代謝紊亂和關節(jié)損傷。盡管miRNA和衰老之間的關系并不十分明確,但許多研究表明:miRNA與衰老相關。Ukai等[30]發(fā)現miR-199a-3p和miR-193b的表達上調與年齡、Ⅱ型膠原蛋白、聚集蛋白聚糖和SOX9的下調表達相關;miR-320c的表達下調與年齡、ADAMTS5的上調表達相關,表明在軟骨的新陳代謝中,miR-199a-3p、miR-193b和miR-320c參與軟骨細胞衰老的調控。目前研究表明,miRNA在年齡相關的肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)過程中起重要作用,進一步的研究可能有助于提高我們對這些過程在細胞和細胞外水平的認識[31]。Miyaki等[32]研究表明,miR-140是軟骨發(fā)育和內穩(wěn)態(tài)的調控者,它的缺失可能導致年齡相關性OA的發(fā)生與發(fā)展。miR-21也已被證明能夠增加軟骨的衰老[33]。
4.2 miRNA與疼痛 疼痛是引起OA患者活動受限的主要原因,緩解或減輕疼痛是目前治療OA的主要目標之一。最近的研究發(fā)現,OA的慢性疼痛多由基因調控的炎性反應引起,miRNA可能參與疼痛相關的某些通路[34]。Li等[35]研究發(fā)現miR-146a通過軟骨和血漿中與疼痛相關的炎性因子來調控膝關節(jié)內穩(wěn)態(tài)和OA相關的疼痛。miR-146a和miR-183也被確認與炎癥介質和疼痛密切相關,可能是一個有效的治療疼痛相關OA的方式[36]。這都說明miRNAs在OA引起的疼痛中有重要作用,但仍需更多的研究來證明。
4.3 miRNA與炎癥 骨關節(jié)炎是一種復雜的疾病,炎癥在其中扮演了重要作用,參與OA的發(fā)生發(fā)展,如軟骨、滑膜釋放的細胞因子和前列腺素等。Zhang等[37]在大鼠OA模型中發(fā)現miR-210的表達降低,它的過表達可以抑制NF-κB和DR6以及細胞因子的產生,表明miR-210通過靶向DR6和抑制NF-κB信號通路減少OA大鼠關節(jié)腔的炎癥。miRNA-130a的表達減少與TNF-α在骨關節(jié)炎的發(fā)展中相關[38]。
miRNA在基因表達領域中起著重要的調控作用,通過與細胞因子的相互影響、改變靶基因的表達,從而影響其生物學特性。檢測特異性miRNA的表達對骨關節(jié)炎的診斷和預后判斷可能有重要的作用,對特異性miRNA表達的調控可能為骨關節(jié)炎的臨床靶向分子治療提供全新的途徑。
[1] NUGENT M.MicroRNAs:exploring new horizons in osteoarthritis[J].Osteoarthr Cartilage,2015,24(4):573-580.
[2] STEINBERG J,ZEGGINI E.Functional genomics in osteoarthritis:Past,present,and future[J].J Orthop Res,2016,34(7):1105-1110.
[3] SWINGLER T E,WHEELER G,CARMONT V,et al.The expression and function of microRNAs in chondrogenesis and osteoarthritis[J].Arthritis Rheumatol,2012,64(6):1909-1919.
[4] OKUHARA A,NAKASA T,SHIBUYA H,et al.Changes in microRNA expression in peripheral mononuclear cells according to the progression of osteoarthritis[J].Mod Rheumatol,2012,22(3):446-457.
[5] MIYAKI S,ASAHARA H.Macro view of microRNA function in osteoarthritis[J].Nat Rev Rheumatol,2012,8(9):543-552.
[6] LEE RC,FEINBAUM RL,AMBROS V.The C.elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14[J].Cell,1993,89(6):1828-1835.
[7] FRIEDMAN RC,FARH KK,BURGE CB,et al.Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs[J].Genome Res,2009,19(1):92-105.
[8] LEE Y,KIM M,HAN J,et al.MicroRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II[J].Embo J,2004,23(20):4051-4060.
[9] LEE Y,AHN C,HAN J,et al.The nuclear RNase III Drosha initiates microRNA processing[J].Nature,2003,425(6956):415-419.
[10] LYTLE JR,YARIO TA,STEITZ JA.Target mRNAs are repressed as efficiently by microRNA-binding sites in the 5′ UTR as in the 3′ UTR[J].P Natl Acad Sci USA,2007,104(23):9667-9672.
[11] LE LT,SWINGLER TE,CLARK IM.Review:the role of microRNAs in osteoarthritis and chondrogenesis[J].Arthritis Rheumatol,2013,65(8):1963-1974.
[12] CHU YH,HSIEH MJ,CHIOU HL,et al.MicroRNA gene polymorphisms and environmental factors increase patient susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Plos One,2014,9(2):e89930.
[13] HE Y,YANG J,KONG D,et al.Association of miR-146a rs2910164 polymorphism with cardio-cerebrovascular diseases:A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Gene,2015,565(2):171-179.
[14] XIA P,FANG X,ZHANG ZH,et al.Dysregulation of miRNA146a versus IRAK1 induces IL-17 persistence in the psoriatic skin lesions[J].Immunol Lett,2012,148(2):151-162.
[15] MAEDA Y,FARINA NH,MATZELLE MM,et al.SynoviUM-DERived MicroRNAs regulate bone pathways in rheumatoid arthritis[J/OL].J Bone Miner Res,2016[2016-11-30].https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=SynoviUM‐DERived+MicroRNAs+regulate+bone+pathways+in+rheumatoid+arthritis.
[16] KANELLOPOULOU C,MULJO SA,KUNG AL,et al.Dicer-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells are defective in differentiation and centromeric silencing[J].Gene Dev,2005,19(4):489-501.
[17] ZHANG Z,KANG Y,ZHANG Z,et al.Expression of microRNAs during chondrogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells[J].Osteoarthr Cartilage,2012,20(12):1638-1646.
[18] YAN S,WANG M,ZHAO J,et al.MicroRNA-34a affects chondrocyte apoptosis and proliferation by targeting the SIRT1/p53 signaling pathway during the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis[J].Int J Mol Med,2016,38(1):201-209.
[19] WANG X,GUO Y,WANG C,et al.MicroRNA-142-3p inhibits chondrocyte apoptosis and inflammation in osteoarthritis by targeting HMGB1[J].Inflammation,2016,39(5):1-11.
[20] SONG J,KIM D,CHUN CH,et al.MicroRNA-9 regulates survival of chondroblasts and cartilage integrity by targeting protogenin[J].Cell Commun Signal,2013,11(1):1-13.
[21] WANG J,CHEN L,JIN S,et al.MiR-98 promotes chondrocyte apoptosis by decreasing Bcl-2 expression in a rat model of osteoarthritis[J].Acta Bioch Bioph Sin,2016,48(10):923-929.
[22] HOU CH,YANG ZB,KANG Y,et al.MiR-193b regulates early chondrogenesis by inhibiting the TGF-beta2 signaling pathway[J].FEBS Lett,2015,589(9):1040-1047.
[23] MAO G,ZHANG Z,HUANG Z,et al.MicroRNA-92a-3p regulates the expression of cartilage-specific genes by directly targeting histone deacetylase 2 in chondrogenesis and degradation[J/OL].Osteoarthr Cartilage,2016[2016-11-30].https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=MicroRNA-92a-3p+regulates+the+expression+of+cartilage-specific+genes+by+directly+targeting+histone+deacetylase+2+in+chondrogenesis+and+degradation.
[24] YUAN Y,ZHANG GQ,CHAI W,et al.Silencing of microRNA-138-5p promotes IL-1β-induced cartilage degradation in human chondrocytes by targeting FOXC1:miR-138 promotes cartilage degradation[J].Bone Joint Res,2016,5(10):523-530.
[25] KIRILOV N,DIMOV S,DALGALARRONDO M,et al.Characterization of microRNA expression profiles in normal and osteoarthritic human chondrocytes[J].Osteoarthr Cartilage,2011,13(1):144.
[26] JIN L,ZHAO J,JING W,et al.Role of miR-146a in human chondrocyte apoptosis in response to mechanical pressure injury in vitro[J].Int J Mol Med,2014,34(2):451-463.
[27] KWAN TS,LAJEUNESSE D,PELLETIER JP,et al.Targeting subchondral bone for treating osteoarthritis:what is the evidence?[J].Best Pract Res Cl Rh,2010,24(1):51-70.
[28] BORGONIO CUADRA VM,GONZáLEZ-HUERTA NC,ROMERO-CóRDOBA S,et al.Altered expression of circulating microRNA in plasma of patients with primary osteoarthritis and in silico analysis of their pathways[J].Plos One,2014,9(6):1653-1660.
[29] LIANG K,CAO Y,YU S,et al.MicroRNA-23a-3p promotes the development of osteoarthritis by directly targeting SMAD3 in chondrocytes[J].Biochem Bioph Res Co,2016,478(1):467-473.
[30] UKAI T,SATO M,AKUTSU H,et al.MicroRNA-199a-3p,microRNA-193b,and microRNA-320c are correlated to aging and regulate human cartilage metabolism[J].J Orthop Res,2012,30(12):1915-1922.
[31] WEILNER S,GRILLARIVOGLAUER R,REDL H,et al.The role of microRNAs in cellular senescence and age-related conditions of cartilage and bone:A review[J].Acta Orthop Scand,2015,86(1):1-8.
[32] MIYAKI S,SATO T,INOUE A,et al.MicroRNA-140 plays dual roles in both cartilage development and homeostasis[J].Genes & Development,2010,24(11):1173-1185.
[33] PEFFERS MJ.Transcriptomic signatures in cartilage ageing[J].Arthritis Res Ther,2013,21(4):1-17.
[34] LIU-BRYAN R,TERKELTAUB R.Chondrocyte innate immune myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent signaling drives procatabolic effects of the endogenous Toll-like receptor 2/Toll-like receptor 4 ligands low molecular weight hyaluronan and high mobility group box chromosomal protein[J].Arthritis Rheumatol,2010,62(7):2004-2012.
[35] LI X,GIBSON G,KIM JS,et al.MicroRNA-146a is linked to pain-related pathophysiology of osteoarthritis[J].Gene,2011,480(1/2):34-41.
[36] LI X,KROIN JS,KC R,et al.Altered spinal microRNA-146a and the microRNA-183 cluster contribute to osteoarthritic pain in knee joints[J].J Bone Miner Res,2013,28(12):2512-2522.
[37] ZHANG D,CAO X,LI J,et al.MiR-210 inhibits NF-κB signaling pathway by targeting DR6 in osteoarthritis[J].Sci Rep-UK,2015(5):12775.
[38] LI ZC,HAN N,LI X,et al.Decreased expression of microRNA-130a correlates with TNF-α in the development of osteoarthritis[J].Int J Clin Exp Path,2014,8(3):2555-2564.
Research progress of microRNAs in osteoarthritis
ZhouRongwei,ZhaoLike,WangQian,HuangCibo
(DepartmentofRheumatology,BeijingHospital,Beijing100730,China)
Correspondingauthor:HuangCibo,Email:huangcibo1208@139.com
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic progressive osteoarthrosis characterized by articular cartilage degeneration and peri-articular bone hyperplasia,which is associated with an increase in age.Chondrocyte phenotype,cartilage changes in the steady state and subchondral bone metabolism are the inseparable part of the development of osteoarthritis.MicroRNA belongs to the endogenous non-coding protein of single-stranded small RNA,mainly through the regulation of gene transcription level,and then control tissue growth and steady state.Based on the miRNA gene regulation mechanism,this paper reviews the relationship between miRNA and articular cartilage,miRNA and pain,miRNA and inflammatory response,then provides a new strategy for clinical treatment.
Osteoarthritis;MicroRNAs;Gene expression regulation
首都衛(wèi)生發(fā)展科研專項(BJ-2014-092)
周榮偉,醫(yī)師,Email:18311208303@139.com
黃慈波,主任醫(yī)師,教授,碩士生導師,Email:huangcibo1208@139.com
R684.3
A
10.3969/J.issn.1672-6790.2017.04.040
2017-01-09)