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水稻基腐病菌flhDC和fliA基因的功能

2017-01-13 10:11:49陳雪鳳余成鵬劉瓊光
關(guān)鍵詞:鞭毛運(yùn)動(dòng)性突變體

陳雪鳳,余成鵬,劉瓊光

(華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院/廣東省微生物信號(hào)與作物病害重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣州510642)

水稻基腐病菌flhDC和fliA基因的功能

陳雪鳳,余成鵬,劉瓊光

(華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院/廣東省微生物信號(hào)與作物病害重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣州510642)

【目的】水稻細(xì)菌性基腐病(致病菌Dickeya zeae)是水稻重要細(xì)菌病害之一。細(xì)菌的鞭毛是重要的運(yùn)動(dòng)器官,迄今有關(guān)水稻基腐病菌的鞭毛系統(tǒng)、flhDC和fliA基因功能及其調(diào)控機(jī)理尚不清楚,明確這些鞭毛基因的功能,有利于進(jìn)一步了解D. zeae的致病性綜合調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)、開(kāi)發(fā)新型藥物作用靶標(biāo)以及制定病害防控策略。論文旨在明確D.zeae鞭毛系統(tǒng)中flhDC和fliA在致病性中的作用?!痉椒ā恳訢. zeae野生型致病菌株EC1基因組DNA為模板,設(shè)計(jì)一系列引物,PCR擴(kuò)增待敲除的目標(biāo)基因flhDC和fliA各自的上、下游片段,再以混合的上、下游片段為模板,擴(kuò)增得到缺失flhDC和fliA的融合片段,雙酶切純化后連接到自殺性載體pKNG101上,構(gòu)建帶有反向篩選標(biāo)記基因sacB的自殺重組質(zhì)粒pKNG-ΔflhDC和pKNG-ΔfliA,通過(guò)三親轉(zhuǎn)化方法分別將重組質(zhì)粒導(dǎo)入野生型菌株EC1中,通過(guò)兩次等位基因同源重組,PCR檢測(cè)和測(cè)序驗(yàn)證,最終獲得目標(biāo)基因flhDC和fliA缺失突變體ΔflhDC和ΔfliA;測(cè)定并比較突變體與野生菌的胞外酶活性、毒素活性、運(yùn)動(dòng)性、生物膜形成能力,以及對(duì)水稻的致病力和對(duì)煙草的過(guò)敏性反應(yīng)(HR);進(jìn)一步提取細(xì)菌總RNA,以16SrDNA為內(nèi)參來(lái)校正目標(biāo)基因的表達(dá)量,采用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)方法,比較野生菌和突變體ΔflhDC和ΔfliA下游基因flhD、flhC、fliA和fliC的表達(dá)量差異。【結(jié)果】通過(guò)基因操作手段成功構(gòu)建了基因缺失突變體ΔflhDC和ΔfliA。表型測(cè)定結(jié)果顯示,野生菌EC1的運(yùn)動(dòng)性和形成生物膜的能力很強(qiáng),而基因缺失菌株ΔflhDC和ΔfliA的運(yùn)動(dòng)性和形成生物膜的能力明顯下降;野生菌株EC1對(duì)水稻種子萌發(fā)具有很強(qiáng)的抑制作用,而突變體ΔflhDC和ΔfliA則顯著降低了對(duì)水稻種子萌發(fā)的抑制作用;接種野生菌株EC1的水稻植株產(chǎn)生大面積褐色病斑,且腐爛程度嚴(yán)重,而接種突變體ΔflhDC和ΔfliA的水稻植株只在接種的針刺部位周?chē)霈F(xiàn)水漬狀褐色病斑,腐爛程度輕微,說(shuō)明突變體菌株ΔflhDC和ΔfliA顯著降低了對(duì)水稻植株上的致病力。進(jìn)一步的表型測(cè)定結(jié)果顯示,突變體菌株ΔflhDC和ΔfliA與野生菌EC1在產(chǎn)生胞外致病酶、毒素以及引起煙草HR能力等方面沒(méi)有顯著差異。qRT-PCR分析結(jié)果顯示,在突變體菌株ΔflhDC中,flhD和flhC不表達(dá),fliA和fliC的表達(dá)量較野生菌明顯下降;而在突變體ΔfliA中,flhD、flhC和fliA均不表達(dá),fliC表達(dá)明顯下降?!窘Y(jié)論】調(diào)控細(xì)菌鞭毛基因表達(dá)的主調(diào)控因子flhDC操縱子,以及表達(dá)鞭毛特異性因子σ28基因fliA,是細(xì)菌鞭毛系統(tǒng)基因簇的重要組分。flhDC和fliA顯著影響D. zeae的運(yùn)動(dòng)性和生物膜形成能力,并顯著影響水稻種子的萌發(fā)功能,在水稻基腐病菌的致病性中起重要作用。

水稻基腐病菌;flhDC;fliA;運(yùn)動(dòng)性;致病性

0 引言

【研究意義】水稻細(xì)菌性基腐病是由玉米狄克氏菌(Dickeya zeae,異名Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae)引起的水稻重要細(xì)菌病害之一[1]。D. zeae已成為世界性重要植物病原細(xì)菌,發(fā)生范圍不斷擴(kuò)大[2-3]。該病原菌相關(guān)致病因子主要包括胞外酶、胞外多糖、毒素和hrp基因簇。細(xì)菌的鞭毛是重要的運(yùn)動(dòng)器官,然而,迄今有關(guān)D. zeae的鞭毛系統(tǒng)、flhDC和fliA基因功能及其調(diào)控機(jī)理尚不清楚。明確這些鞭毛基因的功能,有利于進(jìn)一步了解D. zeae的致病性調(diào)控機(jī)理,同時(shí),對(duì)于完善植物病原細(xì)菌的致病性綜合調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)和開(kāi)發(fā)新型藥物作用靶標(biāo)以及制定病害防控策略均具有重要意義。【前人研究進(jìn)展】細(xì)菌的鞭毛是重要的運(yùn)動(dòng)器官,它不僅在對(duì)環(huán)境適應(yīng)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)尋找、躲避不良因素傷害等過(guò)程中具有重要功能,而且在趨化性、黏附、定殖、生物膜形成和毒性因子產(chǎn)生等過(guò)程中也發(fā)揮著重要作用[4]。已有研究表明,超過(guò)50個(gè)基因參與了細(xì)菌鞭毛的生物合成以及細(xì)菌的運(yùn)動(dòng),它們成簇排列共同構(gòu)成鞭毛生物合成的級(jí)聯(lián)調(diào)控系統(tǒng)[5]。早期研究比較清楚的周生鞭毛病原菌代表大腸桿菌(Escherichia coli)或沙門(mén)氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium),其鞭毛基因操縱子通常被分為3個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)等級(jí),即級(jí)別Ⅰ、級(jí)別Ⅱ和級(jí)別Ⅲ,根據(jù)基因表達(dá)的先后順序,相應(yīng)地分為早期、中期和晚期,其基因表達(dá)受到精細(xì)的調(diào)控[6]。flhDC操縱子編碼調(diào)控細(xì)菌鞭毛基因表達(dá)的主調(diào)控因子FlhDC,由flhD和flhC組成,位于鞭毛調(diào)控系統(tǒng)的最高一級(jí),其編碼產(chǎn)物FlhD和FlhC共同組成FlhD4-FlhC2異六聚體結(jié)構(gòu),屬于轉(zhuǎn)錄激活蛋白,激活第二等級(jí)基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄[7-8],而由編碼調(diào)控蛋白FliA(σ28)、鞭毛基體和鉤狀體等成分的基因則組成第二等級(jí),負(fù)責(zé)Ⅲ級(jí)基因如鞭毛素蛋白FliC、鞭毛鉤相關(guān)蛋白、馬達(dá)蛋白和趨化蛋白等的轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)[9-10]。細(xì)菌的鞭毛除了作為運(yùn)動(dòng)器官之外,還有許多其他重要的功能,如黏附、生物膜形成和病原菌的侵入等[11-14]。在一些病原細(xì)菌中,毒性因子向胞外分泌,必須依賴(lài)于鞭毛分泌裝置[15-16],細(xì)菌胞外部分的鞭毛是一個(gè)類(lèi)似于III型分泌系統(tǒng)(TTSS)的分泌裝置,某些毒性因子是由鞭毛的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)來(lái)分泌的[17-18]?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】然而,上述以大腸桿菌為代表的鞭毛系統(tǒng)在周生鞭毛中并不都適用,甚至不適用于所有的大腸桿菌,而在D. zeae中有關(guān)鞭毛系統(tǒng)的基因功能尚未見(jiàn)報(bào)道?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題】從D. zeae基因組中尋找分析flhDC和fliA,用同源重組無(wú)痕基因敲除的方法構(gòu)建缺失突變株,qRT-PCR方法分析D. zeae鞭毛基因表達(dá)和調(diào)控層次,并測(cè)定野生菌與突變體的運(yùn)動(dòng)性、致病酶、毒素、致病力等表型,分析鞭毛調(diào)控基因 flhDC和fliA在該細(xì)菌中的功能。

1 材料與方法

試驗(yàn)于 2013年在華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院植物細(xì)菌研究室完成。

1.1 供試材料

1.1.1 供試菌株、質(zhì)粒及培養(yǎng)條件 本研究所用菌株和質(zhì)粒見(jiàn)表1,其中載體質(zhì)粒pKNG101和pRK2013由上海交通大學(xué)陳功友教授惠贈(zèng),D. zeae強(qiáng)致病力菌株EC1及其他菌株均由華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)植物細(xì)菌研究室保存提供。D. zeae野生菌EC1及其突變菌培養(yǎng)于LB或MM培養(yǎng)基[19]中,適宜生長(zhǎng)溫度為30℃;大腸桿菌培養(yǎng)用LB培養(yǎng)基,適宜生長(zhǎng)溫度為37℃。培養(yǎng)基中相應(yīng)抗生素濃度為利福平(Rif)50 μg·mL-1,硫酸鏈霉毒(Sm)50 μg·mL-1,卡那霉素(Km)50 μg·mL-1。水稻品種特秈 13是基腐病感病寄主,煙草品種為K326,種植于溫室,馬鈴薯購(gòu)自附近超市。

1.1.2 主要試劑及引物 PrimerSTARTMHS DNA Polymerase、Taq DNA Polymerase、T4 DNA Ligase、限制性?xún)?nèi)切酶 Spe I、Bam HI、D2000 DNA Ladder Marker、Star Prep Plasmid Miniprep Kit、Universal DNA Purification Kit、DNA Fragment Purification Kit、PrimeScriptTMRT Master Mix(for Real Time)和SYBR? Premix Ex TaqTMII(Tli RNaseH Plus)均購(gòu)自TaKaRa公司;SV Total RNA Isolation System、RQ1 RNase-Free DNase購(gòu)自Promega公司。所有引物合成和測(cè)序由上海英駿生物技術(shù)有限公司完成,引物見(jiàn)表2。

1.2 基因缺失突變體的構(gòu)建

利用兩次同源重組的方法構(gòu)建基因缺失突變體。以D. zeae野生型菌株EC1基因組DNA為模板,分別利用引物 flhDC-U-F、flhDC-U-R以及 flhDC-D-F、flhDC-D-R擴(kuò)增得到 flhDC的上、下游片段;再以flhDC-U-F和flhDC-D-R為引物對(duì),以上、下游片段1∶1比例為模板PCR擴(kuò)增得到缺失flhDC的融合片段,雙酶切純化后連接到自殺性載體pKNG101上,45 s熱擊轉(zhuǎn)入的E. coli K12 CC118感受態(tài)細(xì)胞中,篩選得到陽(yáng)性重組質(zhì)粒pKNG-ΔflhDC。三親結(jié)合方法將重組質(zhì)粒、輔助質(zhì)粒 pRK2013以及受體菌 EC1共培養(yǎng)12 h,將混合液涂布于含硫酸鏈霉素Sm但不含蔗糖的MM平板上培養(yǎng)48 h進(jìn)行第1次同源重組,獲得的單交換子稀釋涂布于不含硫酸鏈霉素Sm但含10%蔗糖的MM平板上再培養(yǎng)48 h進(jìn)行第2次同源重組,挑取雙交換子進(jìn)行PCR和測(cè)序驗(yàn)證,獲得正確的突變體ΔflhDC。用相同的方法構(gòu)建突變體ΔfliA。

表1 本研究所用的菌株、質(zhì)粒Table 1 Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study

表2 本研究所用引物及其序列Table 2 Primers used for genes knocking out and qRT-PCR

1.3 細(xì)菌運(yùn)動(dòng)性、生物膜形成能力、毒素和胞外酶活性測(cè)定

按照SHEN等[20]的方法測(cè)定細(xì)菌的運(yùn)動(dòng)性;按照YAP等[21]的方法測(cè)定細(xì)菌生物膜的形成能力;按照Z(yǔ)HOU 等[22]的方法測(cè)定細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生毒素的能力;按照CHATTERJEE等[23]的方法分別測(cè)定細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生的果膠酶、纖維素酶和蛋白酶活性。

1.4 細(xì)菌對(duì)水稻種子萌發(fā)影響

各取50粒水稻種子于50 mL的滅菌離心管中,分別加入25 mL培養(yǎng)至OD600=0.5的待測(cè)菌液,室溫靜置5 h,棄去菌液,用無(wú)菌水沖洗種子3次,置于墊有濾紙(無(wú)菌水濕潤(rùn))的培養(yǎng)皿中,30℃保濕培養(yǎng),以LB空白培養(yǎng)液為對(duì)照(CK),每處理3個(gè)重復(fù),4 d后測(cè)量胚根與胚芽的長(zhǎng)度。

1.5 煙草過(guò)敏反應(yīng)和水稻致病性測(cè)定

接種細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)和菌液準(zhǔn)備:將野生菌和突變菌分別用含有相應(yīng)抗生素的LB 30℃下培養(yǎng)12—24 h,離心收集菌體,調(diào)節(jié)菌體濃度至OD600約為0.5,備用,以空白LB為對(duì)照(CK)。其中煙草過(guò)敏性反應(yīng)(HR)測(cè)定是采用無(wú)菌注射器將菌液注入煙草葉片,24 h觀察 HR;水稻致病性測(cè)定采用菌液灌根法接種,先用滅菌的針頭刺傷水稻莖基部,然后往盆里各倒入 20 mL的菌液,每個(gè)菌株接種共9株水稻,3次重復(fù),48 h后開(kāi)始觀察水稻癥狀。

1.6 flhDC和fliA的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控分析

采用試劑盒SV Total RNA Isolation System的方法提取細(xì)菌的RNA,經(jīng)瓊脂糖凝膠電泳和核酸分析儀檢測(cè)質(zhì)量,RQ1 RNase-Free DNase去除基因組DNA,然后按照反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒為 PrimeScriptTMRT Master Mix(for Real Time)的方法合成cDNA。以EC1、ΔflhDC和ΔfliA的cDNA為模板進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR反應(yīng),采用 SYBR? Premix Ex TaqTMII(Tli RNaseH Plus)試劑盒,試驗(yàn)儀器 Thermal Cycler Dice? Real Time System(TaKaRa Code:TP800),以16SrDNA為內(nèi)參,檢測(cè)野生型和突變體鞭毛相關(guān)基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 flhDC、fliA基因缺失突變體構(gòu)建及驗(yàn)證

通過(guò)融合PCR獲得缺失目的基因的融合片段,連接在質(zhì)粒 pKNG101上,獲得了重組質(zhì)粒 pKNGΔflhDC和 pKNG-ΔfliA。三親轉(zhuǎn)化方法將重組質(zhì)粒分別導(dǎo)入野生型菌株EC1發(fā)生雙交換后,以雙交換子的菌落DNA為模板,分別以flhDC-U-F和flhDCD-R、fliA-U-F和fliA-D-R進(jìn)行PCR,ΔflhDC和ΔfliA分別擴(kuò)增出大小為1 191、1 099 bp的條帶,而EC1中對(duì)應(yīng)擴(kuò)增出2 123、1 762 bp的條帶(結(jié)果未顯示),再將擴(kuò)展片段送上海英駿生物技術(shù)有限公司測(cè)序驗(yàn)證,獲得了正確的基因缺失突變體 ΔflhDC和ΔfliA。

2.2 ΔflhDC和ΔfliA的運(yùn)動(dòng)性、生物膜形成能力、毒素和胞外酶活性

分別對(duì)野生菌和突變菌株進(jìn)行了運(yùn)動(dòng)性、毒素和胞外酶活性測(cè)定。結(jié)果表明,ΔflhDC和ΔfliA在半固體培養(yǎng)基上的泳動(dòng)能力明顯減弱(圖 1-A),形成生物膜的能力顯著降低(圖1-B),但EC1、ΔflhDC和ΔfliA都產(chǎn)生毒素(圖1-C),并且果膠酶(圖1-D)、蛋白酶(圖1-E)和纖維素酶(圖1-F)的產(chǎn)生能力在不同菌株之間均無(wú)明顯差異。

圖1 EC1、ΔflhDC和ΔfliA菌株的運(yùn)動(dòng)性、生物膜、毒素和胞外酶活性測(cè)定Fig. 1 Determination of mobility, biofilm, toxin, and extracellular enzymes of EC1, ΔflhDC and ΔfliA strains

2.3 基因缺失突變均降低對(duì)水稻種子的抑制作用

水稻基腐病菌具有抑制水稻種子萌發(fā)生根的作用[1],本研究顯示,野生菌株EC1對(duì)水稻種子萌發(fā)具有很強(qiáng)的抑制作用,其處理后種子萌發(fā)基本上不長(zhǎng)根,而突變體ΔflhDC和ΔfliA則顯著降低了對(duì)水稻種子萌發(fā)的抑制作用,其處理后水稻種子萌發(fā)的根、芽長(zhǎng)度與對(duì)照CK基本相似(圖2),表明flhDC和fliA具有影響水稻種子萌發(fā)的作用。

圖2 EC1、ΔflhDC和ΔfliA對(duì)水稻種子萌發(fā)的影響Fig. 2 The inhibition on rice seed germination by EC1, ΔflhDC and ΔfliA

2.4 ΔflhDC和ΔfliA對(duì)煙草的過(guò)敏反應(yīng)和水稻的致病力

HR測(cè)定結(jié)果顯示,ΔflhDC、ΔfliA同野生型菌株EC1一樣,能夠在煙草上激發(fā)HR反應(yīng)(圖3)。然而,水稻苗期灌根接種的結(jié)果顯示,接種野生菌株EC1的水稻莖基部出現(xiàn)大面積的黑褐色病斑,且病部腐爛程度較嚴(yán)重,而接種突變體的水稻植株只在針刺部位的周?chē)a(chǎn)生水漬褐斑,且腐爛程度輕微(圖4),說(shuō)明ΔflhDC、ΔfliA突變體顯著降低了對(duì)水稻的致病力。

2.5 ΔflhDC和ΔfliA中下游基因表達(dá)調(diào)控分析

圖3 EC1、ΔflhDC和ΔfliA的煙草過(guò)敏性反應(yīng)Fig. 3 Hypersensitive response of EC1, ΔflhDC and ΔfliA on tobacco

圖4 EC1、ΔflhDC和ΔfliA接種水稻1周后癥狀Fig. 4 Symptoms on rice plant after one week inoculation by EC1, ΔflhDC and ΔfliA

瓊脂糖凝膠電泳(未顯示)和核酸定量檢測(cè)結(jié)果(A260/A280為2.0左右,A260/A230>2.0)表明,所提取的細(xì)菌總RNA質(zhì)量高,可用于后續(xù)相對(duì)表達(dá)量分析。相對(duì)定量基因表達(dá)結(jié)果顯示,flhDC基因缺失突變后,細(xì)菌的flhD和flhC不能轉(zhuǎn)錄,但fliA和fliC的表達(dá)量明顯下降;然而,在突變體菌株ΔfliA中,flhD、flhC和fliA等3個(gè)基因均不能轉(zhuǎn)錄,fliC表達(dá)明顯下調(diào)(圖5)。推測(cè)編碼鞭毛特異性σ28因子fliA也許通過(guò)影響flhDC,從而調(diào)節(jié)flhD、flhC和fliC。

圖5 qRT-PCR檢測(cè)ΔflhDC和ΔfliA 中的flhD、flhC、fliA及fliC的相對(duì)表達(dá)量Fig. 5 Relative expression of flhD, flhC, fliA and fliC in ΔflhDC and ΔfliA by qRT-PCR

3 討論

鞭毛是細(xì)菌的重要組成結(jié)構(gòu),也是動(dòng)植物病原細(xì)菌重要的毒性因子[24-25]。大量研究表明,鞭毛的有無(wú)對(duì)細(xì)菌的運(yùn)動(dòng)性和生物膜形成有至關(guān)重要的作用。王瑤等[26]研究證實(shí)了假結(jié)核耶爾森氏菌(Yersinia pseudotuberculosis)的 flhDC對(duì)細(xì)菌運(yùn)動(dòng)性和第二級(jí)調(diào)控基因fliA的調(diào)控作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)了FlhDC具有調(diào)控細(xì)菌運(yùn)動(dòng)性和生物膜形成的功能。本研究中水稻基腐病菌flhDC、fliA基因突變體同樣引起細(xì)菌的運(yùn)動(dòng)性減弱,生物膜減少等表型的變化,其原因可能由于細(xì)菌鞭毛的破壞所引起的生物學(xué)表型的變化。然而,有些不運(yùn)動(dòng)的細(xì)菌也能形成很強(qiáng)的生物膜,在大腸桿菌K-12菌株中,鞭毛的運(yùn)動(dòng)性對(duì)黏附的起始和生物膜的發(fā)育并不是必需的[27]。對(duì)于D. zeae,是其運(yùn)動(dòng)性本身還是鞭毛的有無(wú)對(duì)生物膜的影響,有待于進(jìn)一步研究。

不少研究證明,鞭毛基因家族是細(xì)菌潛在的致病因子[28]。在根癌土壤桿菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)中,失去鞭毛的突變體在向日葵上的致病力減弱[29];在類(lèi)鼻疽伯克氏菌(Burkholderia pseudomallei)強(qiáng)毒株KHW中研究發(fā)現(xiàn),fliC缺失突變株沒(méi)有鞭毛,在半固體培養(yǎng)基上無(wú)運(yùn)動(dòng)性,且毒力顯著減弱[30]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),突變體ΔflhDC和ΔfliA對(duì)水稻的致病力減弱、且運(yùn)動(dòng)性和生物膜形成的能力,相對(duì)野生菌也表現(xiàn)明顯地減弱,但相關(guān)致病因子,如毒素、果膠酶、蛋白酶和纖維素酶等活性卻與野生型菌株差異不顯著,并能引起煙草 HR,因此,筆者認(rèn)為水稻基腐病菌的致病力降低可能由于flhDC與fliA的基因突變導(dǎo)致鞭毛的缺失,影響細(xì)菌的運(yùn)動(dòng)性和黏附性,從而影響病原菌的早期侵染,還需進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。

細(xì)菌的鞭毛具有非常復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu),由很多基因參與其合成調(diào)控。已知參與E. coli鞭毛合成的基因就有50多個(gè),成簇排列共同構(gòu)成鞭毛生物合成的級(jí)聯(lián)調(diào)控系統(tǒng)[5];參與水稻黃單胞菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae)鞭毛組裝與調(diào)控的基因位于一個(gè)由60個(gè)基因組成的鞭毛基因簇中,fleQ作為一個(gè)主要的調(diào)控因子,與 σ54協(xié)同作用調(diào)控細(xì)菌鞭毛的合成或運(yùn)動(dòng)性[31-32]。前人研究發(fā)現(xiàn),表達(dá)鞭毛特異性因子 σ28的基因 fliA具有非常重要的作用,在它的控制下,晚期基因能夠表達(dá)從而組裝后一階段的鞭毛結(jié)構(gòu),σ28不僅對(duì)晚期基因表達(dá)是必需的,它的過(guò)量表達(dá)還能夠增強(qiáng)所有中期基因的表達(dá),而在缺少fliA時(shí),flhDC操縱子能夠自我抑制[7,33]。另?yè)?jù)研究表明,σ28也能夠激活自身啟動(dòng)子[34],因此,環(huán)境信號(hào)刺激flhDC操縱子表達(dá)產(chǎn)生的σ28能夠激活flhDC操縱子的進(jìn)一步表達(dá)而產(chǎn)生更多的包括σ28在內(nèi)的中期基因的表達(dá),而過(guò)量的σ28在轉(zhuǎn)錄晚期基因的同時(shí)又刺激flhDC操縱子及中期基因的表達(dá),這就形成了完整的循環(huán)[34]。本研究中,flhDC基因缺失突變后細(xì)菌的flhD和flhC不能轉(zhuǎn)錄,fliA和fliC表達(dá)下調(diào);但fliA基因缺失突變后,flhD、flhC和fliA均不能轉(zhuǎn)錄,fliC表達(dá)下調(diào)。由此,筆者推測(cè)編碼鞭毛特異性σ28因子fliA也許通過(guò)影響flhDC操縱子,從而調(diào)節(jié)flhD、flhC、fliC及下游基因,與缺少fliA時(shí),flhDC操縱子能夠自我抑制[7,34]的結(jié)果相符,但flhDC、fliA對(duì)其他鞭毛基因的影響,還需進(jìn)一步研究驗(yàn)證。

4 結(jié)論

調(diào)控細(xì)菌鞭毛基因表達(dá)的主調(diào)控因子flhDC操縱子,以及表達(dá)鞭毛特異性因子σ28基因fliA,是細(xì)菌鞭毛系統(tǒng)基因簇的重要組分。flhDC和fliA顯著影響水稻基腐病菌的運(yùn)動(dòng)性、生物膜形成能力和對(duì)水稻種子萌發(fā)的功能,在該病菌的致病性中起重要作用。

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(責(zé)任編輯 岳梅)

Functional Analysis of flhDC and fliA in Dickeya zeae

CHEN Xue-feng, YU Cheng-peng, LIU Qiong-guang
(College of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642)

【Objective】 Rice foot rot, caused by Dickeya zeae, is one of the important bacterial diseases on rice. Bacterialflagella is an important movement organ, so far, the mechanism of the flagellar system, flhDC and fliA and their regulatory mechanisms are unclear in D. zeae. To clarify the function of these flagellum genes is helpful for further understanding the pathogenicity of integrated control network in D. zeae, developing new drug action targets and making disease prevention and control strategies. The objective of this study is to investigate the function of flagellar system of flhDC and fliA in D. zeae.【Method】A set of primers were designed based on the genomic DNA of wild strain EC1 of D. zeae. The upstream and downstream fragments of target genes flhDC and fliA to be knocked out were amplified by PCR, respectively. The upstream and downstream fragments were mixed as a template, and then the fusion fragments that lack of flhDC and fliA were obtained by PCR. After dualenzyme digestion and purification, the fusion fragments were connected to the suicide vector pKNG101, suicide recombinant plasmids pKNG-ΔflhDC and pKNG-ΔfliA with reverse selection marker gene sacB were constructed, then transferred into wild strain EC1, respectively, by tri-parental mating, so the gene deletion mutants ΔflhDC and ΔfliA were constructed after two alleles homologous recombination screening and PCR detection and sequencing verification. The biological characteristics such as extracellular enzyme, toxin, motility, biofilm, virulence to rice and HR on tobacco were compared and analyzed. In addition, bacterial total RNA was extracted, and a real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was carried out using 16SrDNA as internal control for normalization. Then the expression of downstream genes flhD, flhC, fliA and fliC in ΔflhDC and ΔfliA was compared.【Result】Two target gene deletion mutants ΔflhDC and ΔfliA were constructed successfully by genetic manipulation. Phenotypic test results showed that the motility and biofilm formation of wild strain EC1 were very strong, while the motility and biofilm formation of the ΔflhDC and ΔfliA were decreased obviously. The wild strain EC1 had a strong inhibitory effect on rice seed germination, while ΔflhDC and ΔfliA significantly reduced the inhibition of rice seed germination. The rice plants inoculated with the wild strain EC1 showed a brown spot and a large extent of rottenness, while rice plants with ΔflhDC and ΔfliA inoculation only showed water-brown lesions around the inoculated sites. It indicated that ΔflhDC and ΔfliA significantly reduced the virulence to rice plant. Further phenotypic results showed that the activities of extracellular enzymes, toxin and the ability to cause HR on tobacco were not different significantly between the mutants and the wild strain. The results of qRT-PCR showed that in the mutant ΔflhDC, the flhDC and the fliA did not express, while the expressions of the fliA and the fliC decreased obviously compared with the wild strain; In addition, the flhD, flhC and the fliA in the mutant ΔfliA did not express, but the expressions of the fliC decreased obviously. 【Conclusion】The flhDC operon, which regulates the expression of the bacterial flagellum genes, and the fliA, which expresses flagellin specific factor σ28, are important components of the bacterial flagellar system gene cluster. The genes flhDC and fliA significantly affect the motility, biofilm and the germination of rice seeds, and play an important role involving in the virulence in D. zeae.

Dickeya zeae; flhDC; fliA; motility; virulence

ntia Agricultura Sinica

10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.24.005

2016-08-30;接受日期:2016-10-18

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(31371903)

聯(lián)系方式:陳雪鳳,E-mail:gxchenxuefeng@163.com。通信作者劉瓊光,E-mail:qgliu@scau.edu.cn

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