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自發(fā)氣調(diào)包裝對(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨采后生理及貯藏品質(zhì)的影響

2017-01-13 10:11賈曉輝王文輝杜艷民王志華姜修成
關(guān)鍵詞:果心果柄庫(kù)爾勒

賈曉輝,王文輝,佟 偉,杜艷民,王志華,姜修成

(中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院果樹(shù)研究所,遼寧興城 125100)

自發(fā)氣調(diào)包裝對(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨采后生理及貯藏品質(zhì)的影響

賈曉輝,王文輝,佟 偉,杜艷民,王志華,姜修成

(中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院果樹(shù)研究所,遼寧興城 125100)

【目的】研究不同材料、不同厚度的保鮮袋自發(fā)氣調(diào)包裝對(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨(Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü‘Korla Xiangli’)采后生理和貯藏品質(zhì)的影響,為生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用提供技術(shù)參考?!痉椒ā糠謩e將商業(yè)成熟的庫(kù)爾勒香梨采用0.04 mm PE袋、0.05 mm PE袋和0.04 mm PVC袋扎口處理形成自發(fā)氣調(diào)環(huán)境,于溫度(0±0.3)℃、相對(duì)濕度90%—95%條件下貯藏,并以0.02 mm PE袋不扎口為對(duì)照。定期監(jiān)測(cè)不同包裝袋內(nèi)O2、CO2和乙烯濃度,在庫(kù)爾勒香梨商業(yè)銷售高峰期(冷藏180 d和240 d)測(cè)定各處理果實(shí)L值、h值、葉綠素?zé)晒鈪?shù)、相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率、丙二醛、乙醇、乙醛、果實(shí)硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、抗壞血酸等理化指標(biāo),并計(jì)算貯藏不同時(shí)期各處理失重率、果柄保鮮指數(shù)、果心褐變指數(shù)和感官分值等?!窘Y(jié)果】采用扎口處理的不同厚度保鮮袋內(nèi)氣體成分在第30天時(shí)達(dá)到平衡,氣調(diào)能力水平由高到低依次為0.05 mm PE袋>0.04 mm PE袋>0.04 mm PVC袋>0.02 mm PE袋。兩年試驗(yàn)篩選出庫(kù)爾勒香梨適合自發(fā)氣調(diào)包裝袋為0.04 mm PE袋和0.04 mm PVC袋,各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)測(cè)定結(jié)果表明,采用上述包裝進(jìn)行自發(fā)氣調(diào)處理能夠降低失重率,減緩果皮L值、相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率、丙二醛、乙醇、乙醛和果心褐變指數(shù)的升高,抑制果皮h值、Fm、Fv和Fv/Fm的下降,提高果柄保鮮指數(shù),對(duì)果實(shí)硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和抗壞血酸等品質(zhì)具有一定的維持效果。冷藏180 d時(shí),扎口處理的庫(kù)爾勒香梨果皮L值、h值與對(duì)照之間差異顯著(P<0.05),對(duì)果柄保鮮指數(shù)、果心褐變指數(shù)和失重率的影響未達(dá)到顯著水平(P>0.05),但冷藏至240 d時(shí),上述指標(biāo)在不同包裝處理與對(duì)照間差異均達(dá)顯著水平(P<0.05)。0.04 mm PE袋和0.04 mm PVC袋扎口處理均維持了庫(kù)爾勒香梨感官分值,而0.05 mm PE袋扎口處理顯著降低了果實(shí)感官分值,加重了果心褐變?!窘Y(jié)論】庫(kù)爾勒香梨采用0.04 mm PE袋或0.04 mm PVC袋扎口自發(fā)氣調(diào)包裝,袋內(nèi)O2和CO2濃度起主要作用,維持在O2:14.5%—17.0%,CO2:2.5%—3.0%時(shí),起到較好的保鮮效果,乙烯濃度對(duì)其保鮮效果影響較小。

庫(kù)爾勒香梨;自發(fā)氣調(diào);采后生理;貯藏品質(zhì);保綠

0 引言

【研究意義】庫(kù)爾勒香梨(Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü‘Korla Xiangli’)為中國(guó)特色梨果主要出口品種之一[1]。近年來(lái)連續(xù)跟蹤調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn),“保綠”即保持果面綠色是市場(chǎng)評(píng)價(jià)的首要指標(biāo)。目前,企業(yè)主要通過(guò)采收期前移和冷藏溫度下調(diào)來(lái)維持果面綠色,常造成果實(shí)品質(zhì)下降和凍害發(fā)生[2],嚴(yán)重影響了庫(kù)爾勒香梨在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。因此,亟需開(kāi)發(fā)香梨簡(jiǎn)易、低能耗保鮮技術(shù),并應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】自發(fā)氣調(diào)包裝(modified atmosphere packaged,MAP)是采用對(duì)O2和CO2具有不同透性的薄膜密封包裝來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)果實(shí)微環(huán)境氣體條件以增強(qiáng)保鮮效果的方法[3-4]。MAP能夠延緩果蔬后熟[5]、保持鮮切果蔬品質(zhì)[6-7]、抑制果蔬葉綠素和其他色素的降解[5,8]、減緩果蔬表面微生物生長(zhǎng)[6-8]。盡管MAP保鮮有諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn),但其仍會(huì)因O2濃度過(guò)低或CO2濃度過(guò)高,導(dǎo)致不能進(jìn)行正常需氧呼吸而引起傷害、風(fēng)味喪失等[5-8]。因此,該項(xiàng)技術(shù)的關(guān)鍵在于選擇適當(dāng)?shù)谋∧げ牧?,以獲得保鮮袋內(nèi)最適宜的氣調(diào)環(huán)境。【本研究切入點(diǎn)】庫(kù)爾勒香梨為較耐CO2的梨果品種,在氣調(diào)環(huán)境中貯藏可明顯延緩衰老和防止生理失調(diào)[9-11]。與CA相比,MAP貯藏成本更低,更符合中國(guó)梨果貯藏環(huán)節(jié)生產(chǎn)實(shí)際,因此,也更有利于普通貯藏企業(yè)進(jìn)行規(guī)?;瘧?yīng)用。目前,尚未見(jiàn)自發(fā)氣調(diào)包裝在庫(kù)爾勒香梨上的研究報(bào)道?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題】采用不同材料、不同厚度的保鮮袋自發(fā)氣調(diào)包裝處理,探索其對(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨采后生理和品質(zhì)的影響,為庫(kù)爾勒香梨生產(chǎn)上探尋簡(jiǎn)易、高效的新型保鮮技術(shù)提供理論依據(jù)和技術(shù)參考。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)材料與處理

2013年進(jìn)行預(yù)試驗(yàn),選擇0.04 mm聚氯乙烯(PVC)薄膜袋和0.02 mm聚乙烯(PE)薄膜袋扎口處理,以0.02 mm PE薄膜袋不扎口為對(duì)照,初步結(jié)果顯示0.04 mm PVC袋扎口處理保綠效果顯著,而0.02 mm PE袋保綠效果不明顯。因此,在此基礎(chǔ)上,2014年9月5日,從新疆庫(kù)爾勒阿瓦提三大隊(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨果園采收試驗(yàn)用果,樹(shù)齡10年,果園管理水平中上等,選取10株有代表性樹(shù)體。果實(shí)采收當(dāng)天經(jīng)物流車配送運(yùn)出,經(jīng)72 h抵達(dá)北京新發(fā)地果品批發(fā)市場(chǎng),后經(jīng)6 h運(yùn)至中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院果樹(shù)研究所采后技術(shù)研究中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室。果實(shí)經(jīng)挑選后設(shè)3個(gè)處理,分別采用0.04 mm PE袋、0.05 mm PE袋和0.04 mm PVC袋扎口處理,以0.02 mm PE袋不扎口為對(duì)照,每袋稱取果重7.5 kg,每處理6次重復(fù)。

試驗(yàn)用薄膜袋由國(guó)家農(nóng)產(chǎn)品保鮮工程技術(shù)研究中心(天津)提供。經(jīng)MAP處理后,果實(shí)于(0±0.5)℃條件下分別貯藏180 d、240 d后取出,一部分果實(shí)在20℃條件下平衡24 h測(cè)定其各項(xiàng)理化指標(biāo),并進(jìn)行相關(guān)指標(biāo)的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析;另一部分果實(shí)在20℃條件下放置7 d后測(cè)定其貨架期各理化指標(biāo),并進(jìn)行相關(guān)指標(biāo)的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。

表1 試驗(yàn)用庫(kù)爾勒香梨果實(shí)基礎(chǔ)值Table 1 The base value of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears at harvesting

1.2 主要試驗(yàn)儀器

Check Point Ⅱ O2/CO2分析儀,丹麥 PBI Dansensor公司;CR-400色差儀,日本Konica Minolta公司;Handy PEA葉綠素效率儀,英國(guó)Hansatech公司;GS-15水果質(zhì)地分析儀,南非GUSS公司;PR-101α折光儀,日本ATAGO公司;808智能電位滴定儀,瑞士萬(wàn)通公司;GC-2010氣相色譜儀,日本島津公司;乙烯測(cè)定儀,意大利FCE公司。

1.3 測(cè)定項(xiàng)目及方法

1.3.1 保鮮袋內(nèi) O2、CO2和乙烯濃度測(cè)定 采用Check Point Ⅱ O2/CO2分析儀測(cè)定。每隔5 d(貯藏30 d前)和30 d(貯藏30—210 d)測(cè)定1次保鮮袋內(nèi)CO2和O2體積分?jǐn)?shù),結(jié)果以百分?jǐn)?shù)表示,每個(gè)處理每次測(cè)定 6個(gè)重復(fù)(6箱)。乙烯濃度采用美國(guó)FCE公司的乙烯測(cè)定儀測(cè)定,測(cè)定時(shí)間同O2、CO2。

1.3.2 果皮顏色和葉綠素?zé)晒鈪?shù)測(cè)定 果皮顏色采用CR-400色差儀測(cè)定,所用光源為D65光源,其中在Lab色空間中,L值表示亮度,L值越大,果皮顏色越亮。h值為色度角,其值越高,則果皮越綠,反之越黃,當(dāng)h值達(dá)到90時(shí)即認(rèn)為完全轉(zhuǎn)黃;葉綠素?zé)晒鈪?shù)采用Handy PEA葉綠素效率儀測(cè)定,在果實(shí)赤道線兩側(cè)選擇兩個(gè)相對(duì)的位點(diǎn),用削皮刀削取直徑約1.5 cm左右的果皮,用樣品夾暗處理30 min后進(jìn)行測(cè)定。

1.3.3 果實(shí)內(nèi)在品質(zhì)指標(biāo)測(cè)定 果實(shí)硬度用 GS-15水果質(zhì)地分析儀測(cè)定,探頭直徑11.3 mm;可溶性固形物(total soluble solid,TSS)含量用PR-101α折糖儀測(cè)定;抗壞血酸(ascorbic acid,ASA)含量采用 2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法,用瑞士萬(wàn)通 808智能電位滴定儀測(cè)定;可滴定酸(titritable acidity,TA)含量采用酸堿滴定法,用瑞士萬(wàn)通 808智能電位滴定儀測(cè)定。

1.3.4 細(xì)胞膜透性和丙二醛含量測(cè)定 細(xì)胞膜透性用 DDS-320 型電導(dǎo)率儀測(cè)定,以相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率表示,用10 mm打孔器分別取15片果皮圓片,放入燒杯中,然后加50 mL水測(cè)定C0。置于搖床上振搖30 min,測(cè)定C1。置于沸水中煮30 min,冷卻后定容至50 mL,測(cè)定C2。果肉圓片為2 mm厚,其余同果皮。相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率(%)=。丙二醛含量測(cè)定參見(jiàn)曹建康等[12]的方法。

1.3.5 乙醇和乙醛含量 采用 GC—2010氣相色譜儀頂空進(jìn)樣法測(cè)定,分別將果肉(包括果皮)和果心勻漿后過(guò)濾,取上清液 5 mL,在頂空瓶?jī)?nèi)先后加入NaCl 1.335—1.350 g、蒸餾水1 mL和上清液5 mL。測(cè)定方法參見(jiàn)曹建康等[12]。

1.3.6 果柄保鮮指數(shù)、果心褐變指數(shù)和失重率 果柄保鮮指數(shù)以果柄干枯長(zhǎng)度占果柄總長(zhǎng)度的比例計(jì)算。共分6級(jí),其中,0級(jí)果柄全部干枯;Ⅰ級(jí)果柄干枯長(zhǎng)度>2/3;Ⅱ級(jí)果柄干枯長(zhǎng)度 1/2—2/3;Ⅲ級(jí)果柄干枯長(zhǎng)度 1/3—1/2;Ⅳ級(jí)果柄干枯長(zhǎng)度<1/3;Ⅴ級(jí)果柄全部新鮮。果心褐變指數(shù)以果心褐變面積占果心總面積的比例計(jì)算,共分6級(jí),其中,0級(jí)果心無(wú)褐變現(xiàn)象,顏色正常;Ⅰ級(jí)果心褐變面積<1/3,即褐變現(xiàn)象較輕微但肉眼能見(jiàn);Ⅱ級(jí)果心褐變面積1/3—1/2;Ⅲ級(jí)果心褐變面積1/2—2/3;Ⅳ級(jí)果心褐變面積>2/3;Ⅴ級(jí)果心全部褐變。分別根據(jù)布朗指數(shù)公式進(jìn)行計(jì)算:

失重率采用稱重法測(cè)定。

1.3.7 果實(shí)感官評(píng)定 選定專業(yè)從事果樹(shù)研究的科研人員10人,對(duì)不同處理梨果進(jìn)行盲評(píng)(依次編號(hào)但不標(biāo)記處理類型),根據(jù)評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行打分(表2),去掉最高分和最低分后計(jì)算平均分即為該處理最終得分。每個(gè)處理用果5個(gè),3次重復(fù)。

1.4 數(shù)據(jù)分析

采用Microsoft Office Excel 2007和SPSS 16.0數(shù)據(jù)分析軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,Duncan新復(fù)極差法檢驗(yàn)差異顯著性。

表2 香梨果實(shí)感官評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Table 2 The sensory evaluation criteria of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears

2 結(jié)果

2.1 不同保鮮袋內(nèi)氣體成分的變化

由圖1可以看出,不同保鮮袋內(nèi)氣體成分差異較大,其中,采用0.02 mm PE袋不扎口處理的保鮮袋內(nèi)O2和CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)與大氣一致。其他采用扎口處理的不同厚度保鮮袋均起到氣調(diào)作用,其中,O2體積分?jǐn)?shù)在第30天時(shí)達(dá)到平衡,穩(wěn)定后,0.04 mm PE袋、0.05 mm PE袋和0.04 mm PVC袋內(nèi)O2體積分?jǐn)?shù)分別為17.0%、17.1%和16.7%。CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)前期逐漸上升,后期小幅下降,后期稍波動(dòng),在第30天時(shí)達(dá)到平衡,穩(wěn)定后0.04 mm PE袋、0.05 mm PE袋和0.04 mm PVC袋內(nèi)CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)分別為3.0%、3.2%和2.5%。由此可以看出,不同保鮮袋氣調(diào)能力水平由高到低依次為0.05 mm PE袋>0.04 mm PE袋>0.04 mm PVC袋。由圖1也可以看出,不同保鮮袋內(nèi)乙烯濃度在第60天時(shí)趨于穩(wěn)定,且由高到低依次為0.04 mm PVC袋>0.05 mm PE袋>0.04 mm PE袋。

2.2 不同包裝對(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨果皮顏色和葉綠素?zé)晒鈪?shù)的影響

隨著庫(kù)爾勒香梨果實(shí)的衰老,外觀表現(xiàn)為果皮顏色由綠轉(zhuǎn)黃,且伴有油膩化程度的加重。由表3可以看出,隨著貯藏天數(shù)的增加,果皮 L值逐漸升高,h值逐漸下降。在整個(gè)冷藏期和貨架期,扎口處理果實(shí)L值顯著低于對(duì)照,且0.04 mm PVC袋和0.05 mm PE袋低于0.04 mm PE袋。扎口處理果實(shí)h值顯著高于對(duì)照(P<0.05),但不同處理間差異不顯著??傮w上看,冷藏180 d時(shí),不同扎口處理間對(duì)果皮L值的作用效果不明顯,但在冷藏240 d時(shí),不同處理間L值差異顯著(P<0.05)。

葉綠素?zé)晒鈪?shù)的變化與葉綠素含量的降解密切相關(guān)[13],且果皮顏色與葉綠素?zé)晒鈪?shù)間存在顯著相關(guān)性。由表 4可以看出,扎口處理的果實(shí)F0均顯著高于對(duì)照(P<0.05),但扎口處理間總體上F0差異不顯著。冷藏240+7* d時(shí),0.05 mm PE袋和0.04 mm PVC袋包裝的庫(kù)爾勒香梨果皮Fv和Fv/Fm值顯著高于對(duì)照和 0.04 mm PE袋(P<0.05)。

肉眼觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),與對(duì)照相比(圖 2),不同扎口處理均可使庫(kù)爾勒香梨果實(shí)外觀保持較好的綠色,有效減輕了果面油膩化程度,這與果皮顏色和葉綠素?zé)晒鈪?shù)測(cè)定結(jié)果相吻合。

圖1 不同包裝袋內(nèi)氣體成分的變化趨勢(shì)Fig. 1 Changes of O2,CO2and ethylene concentrations in different packaging bags of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears during storage

表3 不同包裝對(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨果皮顏色的影響Table 3 Effects of different packaging bags on peel color of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears during storage

2.3 不同包裝對(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨失重率、果柄保鮮指數(shù)、果心褐變指數(shù)和感官分值的影響

由表5可以看出,與對(duì)照相比,不同包裝扎口處理均不同程度降低了果實(shí)失重率、果心褐變指數(shù),提高了果柄保鮮指數(shù)和果實(shí)感官分值。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,冷藏180 d時(shí),扎口處理的失重率、果柄

保鮮指數(shù)與對(duì)照間差異不顯著(P>0.05),冷藏至240 d時(shí),各處理失重率則顯著低于對(duì)照,而果柄保鮮指數(shù)則顯著高于對(duì)照(P<0.05)。冷藏180 d時(shí),庫(kù)爾勒香梨果心褐變指數(shù)較低,且除0.05 mm PE袋扎口處理外,其他處理與對(duì)照間差異不顯著(P>0.05),冷藏至240 d時(shí),0.04 mm PE袋和0.04 mm PVC袋扎口處理果實(shí)果心褐變指數(shù)顯著低于對(duì)照和0.05 mm PE袋(P<0.05)。0.04 mm PE袋和0.04 mm PVC袋扎口處理均維持了庫(kù)爾勒香梨感官分值,而0.05 mm PE袋扎口處理顯著降低了果實(shí)感官分值,主要表現(xiàn)在果肉軟綿、有異味、香氣淡。

表4 不同包裝對(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨葉綠素?zé)晒鈪?shù)的影響Table 4 Effects of different packaging bags on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears during storage

圖2 不同包裝庫(kù)爾勒香梨果實(shí)冷藏外觀比較(左為240 d,右為240+7 d)Fig. 2 The appearance of different packaging bags of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears during storage (left is 240 d, right is on 7thday at 20℃after 240 d)

總體上看,冷藏180 d時(shí),不同包裝對(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨失重率、果柄保鮮效果和果心褐變指數(shù)的影響不明顯,但在冷藏240 d時(shí),對(duì)上述指標(biāo)均有較好的作用效果。

2.4 不同包裝對(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨細(xì)胞膜透性和丙二醛含量的影響

細(xì)胞膜透性和丙二醛含量可在一定程度上反應(yīng)果實(shí)衰老程度。由圖3和圖4可以看出,隨著冷藏期和貨架期的延長(zhǎng),果皮和果肉的相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率和丙二醛含量基本呈升高趨勢(shì)。與對(duì)照相比,扎口處理均降低了果皮相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率和丙二醛含量,冷藏240+7* d時(shí),0.04 mm PE袋和0.04 mm PVC袋扎口處理的果實(shí),其果皮相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率和丙二醛含量顯著低于0.02 mm PE袋對(duì)照果實(shí)(P<0.05)。而對(duì)果心而言,冷藏240 d時(shí),0.05 mm PE袋扎口處理提高了果心相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率和丙二醛含量。

表5 不同包裝對(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨失重率、果柄保鮮指數(shù)、果心褐變指數(shù)和感官分值的影響Table 5 Effects of different packaging bags on weight loss ratio, stalk preservation index, core browning index and sensory score of‘Korla Xiangli’ pears during storage

圖3 不同包裝對(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨果實(shí)細(xì)胞膜透性的影響(左為果皮,右為果心)Fig. 3 Effects of different packaging bags on cell membrane permeability of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears during storage (left is peel, right is core)

圖4 不同包裝對(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨果實(shí)丙二醛含量的影響(左為果皮,右為果心)Fig. 4 Effects of different packaging bags on malondialdehyde of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears during storage (left is peel, right is core)

2.5 不同包裝對(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨果實(shí)乙醇和乙醛含量的影響

果實(shí)中過(guò)多積累的乙醇和乙醛能使果蔬采后生理代謝過(guò)程發(fā)生紊亂,產(chǎn)生異味,影響正常品質(zhì)。由圖5和圖6可以看出,隨著冷藏期的延長(zhǎng),其乙醇和乙醛含量總體上呈上升趨勢(shì)。除0.05 mm PE袋扎口處理外,其他扎口處理的果實(shí),其乙醇和乙醛含量均低于對(duì)照。由圖5和圖6也可以看出,冷藏180+7* d時(shí),0.05 mm PE袋扎口處理對(duì)果肉乙醇和乙醛含量的影響較果心明顯。

2.6 不同包裝對(duì)果實(shí)硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和抗壞血酸含量的影響

由表6和表7可以看出,在整個(gè)冷藏期和貨架期,與對(duì)照相比,扎口可在一定程度上抑制果實(shí)硬度的下降,且0.04 mm PVC袋和0.04 mm PE袋扎口處理果實(shí)硬度顯著高于0.05 mm PE袋扎口處理和0.02 mm PE袋對(duì)照(P<0.05),除0.05 mm PE袋包裝可顯著降低果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量外(P<0.05),其他處理可在一定程度上提高果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量,但之間差異不顯著。

圖5 不同包裝對(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨果實(shí)乙醇含量的影響(左為果肉,右為果心)Fig. 5 Effects of different packaging bags on ethanol of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears during storage (left is fresh, right is core)

圖6 不同包裝對(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨果實(shí)乙醛含量的影響(左為果肉,右為果心)Fig. 6 Effects of different packaging bags on acetaldehyde of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears during storage (left is fresh, right is core)

表6 不同包裝對(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨果實(shí)硬度的影響Table 6 Effects of different packaging bags on fruit firmness of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears during storage (kg·cm-2)

表7 不同包裝對(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨可溶性固形物含量的影響Table 7 Effects of different packaging bags on total soluble solid of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears during storage (%)

由表8和表9可以看出,在整個(gè)冷藏期和貨架期,庫(kù)爾勒香梨果實(shí)可滴定酸和抗壞血酸含量并未隨時(shí)間呈現(xiàn)出規(guī)律性下降,貨架期抗壞血酸含量普遍高于冷藏庫(kù)取出時(shí)。冷藏180 d時(shí),除0.05 mm PE袋扎口處理外,其他扎口處理果實(shí)可滴定酸和抗壞血酸含量顯著高于對(duì)照(P<0.05),而0.05 mm PE袋扎口處理降低了果實(shí)可滴定酸和抗壞血酸含量。

3 討論

3.1 自發(fā)氣調(diào)包裝對(duì)果實(shí)貯藏環(huán)境氣體成分的影響

不同梨果品種對(duì)CO2耐受力不同。與一些西洋梨[14]和酥梨[15]梨果品種相比,庫(kù)爾勒香梨較耐CO2。研究結(jié)果表明,冷藏至30 d時(shí),袋內(nèi)CO2和O2體積分?jǐn)?shù)基本穩(wěn)定,分別維持在2.5%—3.0%和14.5%—17.0%水平,且對(duì)果實(shí)具有較好的保鮮效果。而當(dāng)CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)超過(guò)3%,O2體積分?jǐn)?shù)即使相對(duì)較高(17.1%),仍會(huì)造成果心褐變指數(shù)的升高。保鮮袋內(nèi)穩(wěn)定的 O2和CO2濃度取決于很多因素,比如保鮮袋透氣性、厚度、表面積、果蔬呼吸強(qiáng)度、果蔬質(zhì)量以及貯藏環(huán)境條件等[16]。因此,生產(chǎn)上進(jìn)行MAP貯藏時(shí),應(yīng)綜合考慮影響袋內(nèi)O2和CO2濃度的各種因素,定期監(jiān)測(cè)袋內(nèi)O2和CO2濃度以避免貯藏風(fēng)險(xiǎn)發(fā)生。環(huán)境乙烯長(zhǎng)時(shí)間積累可能導(dǎo)致果實(shí)乙醇等物質(zhì)大量積累[17]。本研究中,與對(duì)照相比,自發(fā)氣調(diào)包裝處理的環(huán)境中均具有較高的乙烯濃度,但并不影響其保鮮效果。這與 BOWER[16]和杭博等[18]分別在巴梨和庫(kù)爾勒香梨上的研究結(jié)果一致,均認(rèn)為環(huán)境乙烯對(duì)果實(shí)品質(zhì)影響較小。

表8 不同包裝對(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨可滴定酸含量的影響Table 8 Effects of different packaging bags on titratable acid of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears during storage (g·kg-1)

表9 不同包裝對(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨抗壞血酸含量的影響Table 9 Effects of different packaging bags on ascorbic acid of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears during storage (mg·kg-1)

3.2 自發(fā)氣調(diào)包裝對(duì)果實(shí)保鮮效果的影響

葉綠素?zé)晒鈪?shù)變化與葉綠素含量的降解密切相關(guān)[19-21]。本研究結(jié)果表明,h值和Fm、Fv、Fv/Fm以及F0/Fm等參數(shù)可較好地表征庫(kù)爾勒香梨果皮由綠轉(zhuǎn)黃程度。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MAP可有效降低果皮轉(zhuǎn)黃速率,起到較好的保綠效果。其主要原因是氣調(diào)貯藏提高了果蔬清除活性氧能力水平[22],而活性氧可影響葉綠素降解速率。同時(shí)CO2和O2還能通過(guò)影響相關(guān)酶的活性而調(diào)節(jié)葉綠素的降解[23]。

抗壞血酸對(duì)清除自由基、保護(hù)和維持黃酮、多酚等物質(zhì)的還原狀態(tài)起著關(guān)鍵作用[24-25]。本研究結(jié)果表明,MAP可有效抑制果實(shí)冷藏過(guò)程中ASA含量的下降,但當(dāng)CO2濃度超出閾值時(shí)(0.05 mm PE袋),其含量反而低于對(duì)照。另外,結(jié)果顯示,果實(shí)冷藏后貨架期抗壞血酸含量均高于出庫(kù)時(shí),這與賈曉輝等[21]在玉露香梨上的研究結(jié)果一致,可能與低溫條件下果實(shí)中半乳糖醛酸等其他代謝與抗壞血酸代謝發(fā)生了相互轉(zhuǎn)化,也可能是還原型抗壞血酸與脫氫型抗壞血酸間發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)換,其機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究。

過(guò)量CO2尤其是伴隨著低濃度的O2,導(dǎo)致果實(shí)乙醇、乙醛含量和活性氧的大量積累[26-28]。這些物質(zhì)最終導(dǎo)致膜解體和細(xì)胞分室化結(jié)構(gòu)被破壞[29],并使果實(shí)產(chǎn)生異味而影響食用品質(zhì)[30]。本研究中,MAP抑制了果實(shí)乙醇和乙醛含量的增加,但當(dāng)CO2濃度超出閾值時(shí)(0.05 mm PE袋),其含量反而更高,主要是果實(shí)進(jìn)行無(wú)氧呼吸所致,另外,對(duì)照果實(shí)也表現(xiàn)出了較高的乙醇和乙醛含量,且在冷藏240 d時(shí)表現(xiàn)突出,可能是后期衰老致使果實(shí)內(nèi)氧化酶活性下降所致。

本研究結(jié)果表明,隨著冷藏時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),果實(shí)丙二醛含量和相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率均呈升高趨勢(shì)。相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率、丙二醛、乙醇、乙醛含量與果皮L值、果心褐變指數(shù)之間雖未表現(xiàn)出顯著相關(guān)性,但卻具有相同的變化趨勢(shì)。因此,綜合分析認(rèn)為,冷藏過(guò)程中,丙二醛、乙醇、乙醛含量的增加,對(duì)果皮、果心細(xì)胞和膜完整性造成了傷害,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致相對(duì)電導(dǎo)率升高,從而使細(xì)胞內(nèi)含物外滲,最終表現(xiàn)為油膩化現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生;同時(shí),分室化結(jié)構(gòu)的解體導(dǎo)致酚類物質(zhì)與酶接觸,造成果心褐變的發(fā)生。MAP通過(guò)適宜高濃度 CO2加上低濃度O2來(lái)維持抗壞血酸和其他抗氧化物水平,以減少氧化反應(yīng)降低梨果氧化能力,達(dá)到較好的保鮮效果。

3.3 自發(fā)氣調(diào)包裝對(duì)果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響

0.05 mm PE袋包裝可顯著降低果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量,其原因可能是0.05 mm PE袋內(nèi)高濃度CO2迫使果實(shí)進(jìn)行無(wú)氧呼吸,糖酵解消耗了大量的干物質(zhì)。其他處理雖可在一定程度上提高果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量,但之間差異不顯著。與采收時(shí)相比,庫(kù)爾勒香梨在冷藏過(guò)程中果實(shí)硬度和可溶性固形物的變化較小,不適合作為其保鮮效果的主要評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。

4 結(jié)論

庫(kù)爾勒香梨為較耐CO2的梨果品種,在冷藏180 d后開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)衰老癥狀,主要表現(xiàn)在果皮由綠轉(zhuǎn)黃并伴有油膩化現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。L值和h值可作為其保鮮效果的主要評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。自發(fā)氣調(diào)包裝對(duì)庫(kù)爾勒香梨的保鮮效果更體現(xiàn)在貯藏180 d以上,宜采用0.04 mm PE袋或0.04 mm PVC袋扎口自發(fā)氣調(diào)包裝,袋內(nèi)O2和CO2濃度起主要作用,維持在O2:14.5%—17.0%,CO2:2.5%—3.0%;乙烯濃度對(duì)其保鮮效果影響較小。

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(責(zé)任編輯 趙伶俐)

Effect of Modified Atmosphere Packaging on Postharvest Physiology and Quality of ‘Korla Xiangli’ Pears During Storage

JIA Xiao-hui, WANG Wen-hui, TONG Wei, DU Yan-min, WANG Zhi-hua, JIANG Xiu-cheng
(Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, Liaoning)

【Objective】 The objective of this study is to optimize packaging bags and provide a scientific foundation for exploring a simple and efficient new preservation technology of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears during storage by studying the effect of modified atmosphere packaging on postharvest physiology and quality. 【Method】 Storage experiments were performed with commercially mature ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears using four packaging bags, including 0.02 mm thickness PE film bags, 0.04 mm thickness PE film bags, 0.05 mm thickness PE film bags and 0.04 mm thickness PVC film bags. The bags were sealed after the fruits were putinto the bags. Theses fruits were stored under the conditions of temperature at (0±0.3)℃ and relative humidity at (RH) 90%-95%. The fruits of unsealed treatment were used as the control. The concentrations of O2, CO2and ethylene in different packaging bags were monitored regularly. In business sales peak of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears (refrigerated 180 d and 240 d), the changes of L and h values and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of peel, relative electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde, ethanol, aldehyde, fruit firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acid, ascorbic acid and other physical and chemical indicators were determined, and the weight loss ratio, stalk preservation index, core browning index and sensory scores in different periods of storage were calculated.【Result】The concentrations of O2and CO2in sealed bags reached equilibrium on the 30th day. The ability level of gas adjustment was 0.05 mm thickness PE film bags, 0.04 mm thickness PE film bags, 0.04 mm thickness PVC film bags and 0.02 mm thickness PE film bags from high to low in turn. The 0.04 mm thickness PVC film bags and 0.04 mm thickness PE film bags were optimum modified atmosphere packaging bags for ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears by two years tests. The results of indicators showed that the adopted packaging bags reduced weight loss ratio, slowed down the rise of L value of peel, relative electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde, ethanol, aldehyde, and core browning index, restrained h value, Fm and Fv and Fv/Fm of peel, improved stalk preservation index, fruit firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acid and ascorbic acid had a good effect of maintaining quality. On the 180 d, the L value, h value were significantly different between treatment and control groups (P<0.05), and the stalk preservation index, core browning index and weight loss ratio were not significantly different (P>0.05), but in the late storage (240 d), the above indexes were significantly different between treatment and control groups (P<0.05). The 0.04 mm thickness PE film bags and 0.04 mm thickness PVC film bags maintained sensory score of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears, but the sensory scores of 0.05 mm thickness PE film bags were lowered significantly, and core browning was increased. 【Conclusion】‘Korla Xiangli’pears more embodied in the storage period by using 0.04 mm thickness PE film bags and 0.04 mm thickness PVC film bags for modified atmosphere packaging, and the O2and CO2concentrations in bags played a main role, and when maintained O2at 14.5% to 17.0% and CO2at 2.5% to 3.0% had a good preservation effect. Ethylene concentration showed less effect on the preservation of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pear.

‘Korla Xiangli’ pear; modified atmosphere packaging; postharvest physiology; quality maintenance; green keeping

2016-05-16;接受日期:2016-09-06

國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃(2016YFD0400903-06)、國(guó)家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專項(xiàng)(CARS-29-19)、中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新工程(CAAS-ASTIP)

聯(lián)系方式:賈曉輝,Tel:0429-3598134;E-mail:jiaxiaohui@caas.cn。通信作者王文輝,Tel:0429-3598188;E-mail:wangwenhui@caas.cn

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