姚秋楠 魏志平
角蛋白17與銀屑病
姚秋楠 魏志平
角蛋白17作為一種細胞骨架蛋白,在銀屑病患者皮損中過度表達,被認為是銀屑病的一種特異性標志物。角蛋白17是一種自身抗原,攜帶某些和鏈球菌M6蛋白相似的表位。這些表位可以刺激自身反應性T細胞增殖,促進銀屑病相關的細胞因子釋放,繼而進一步刺激角質形成細胞產(chǎn)生角蛋白17。研究表明角蛋白17/T細胞/細胞因子自身免疫環(huán)路可能參與銀屑病的發(fā)病機制,角蛋白17有可能成為一種新的銀屑病治療靶點。
角蛋白17; 自身免疫環(huán)路; 銀屑病
角蛋白17(K17)的表達與許多癌癥如胃腺癌、卵巢癌[1]、宮頸腺癌以及鱗狀細胞癌的進展和不良預后有關[2]。近年來研究表明K17在銀屑病皮損角質形成細胞(KC)中異常高表達[3]。鏈球菌M蛋白尤其是它的ALEEAN序列被證實是銀屑病的主要始動因子,K17分子中至少有5個銀屑病相關T細胞表位,有些表位與ALEEAN序列類似[4]。推測K17可能參與了銀屑病的發(fā)病機制。
角蛋白是一種上皮細胞的中間絲蛋白,這些蛋白組成了細胞骨架的重要組分,參與細胞核的固定,并且通過細胞-細胞接觸的方式維持上皮組織的形態(tài)[5]。角蛋白包括28個I型(酸性)和26個II型(堿性)成員[6]。K17由KRT17基因編碼[7],屬于人類I型上皮角蛋白,與II型角蛋白K6b形成角蛋白雜聚物和中間絲網(wǎng)絡并連接到細胞-細胞接觸點的橋粒[8]。K17是一個含432個氨基酸的結構蛋白,由中間的α螺旋桿狀域和兩側的非螺旋頭域及尾域三部分構成[9]。人和鼠直系同源K17氨基酸序列頭部區(qū)域88%相似、桿部區(qū)域96%相似、尾部區(qū)域97%相似,這種高度桿部和尾部氨基酸序列的同源性表明K17是一個高度保守蛋白并在細胞許多基本功能中必不可少[3]。
K17的多功能體現(xiàn)在多個方面。McGowan等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)K17不僅參與表皮附件的分化和發(fā)育,還能通過減弱TNF-α的促凋亡影響來促進毛囊生長;臨床研究證實K17突變可導致多發(fā)性皮脂囊腫和II型常染色體顯性遺傳附件相關疾病如先天性甲肥厚[11];Hughes等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)K17在痤瘡患者體內(nèi)高表達,痤瘡是Th1細胞介導的炎癥性皮膚疾病伴隨IFN-r表達增加,表明K17可能參與Th1型免疫反應。總而言之,K17主要存在于皮膚附屬器如毛囊、甲、皮脂腺和牙齒等處,許多影響內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定的因素如創(chuàng)傷、病毒感染、銀屑病和多種癌癥中K17的表達均上調(diào)[13]。
研究證實KC中IL-22通過激活STAT3和ERK1/2以劑量依賴的形式上調(diào)K17的表達,這種上調(diào)可以被STAT3和ERK1/2特異性抑制劑(白皮杉醇和PD-98095)以及小干擾RNA(siRNA)部分抑制[14]。Jiang等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)IFN-r可以激活STAT1,誘導KC中K17的表達。此外,Shi等[16]研究表明IL-17A通過依賴STAT1和STAT3機制上調(diào)K17表達,并通過構建報告基因發(fā)現(xiàn)K17的啟動子序列位于-686和-244 bp之間。K17是一種自身抗原,攜帶某些和鏈球菌M6蛋白相似的表位,這些表位可以激活T細胞增殖,如Th1細胞、Th17細胞以及產(chǎn)生IL-22的T細胞,活化的T細胞產(chǎn)生銀屑病相關細胞因子IFN-r、IL-17、IL-22等,這些細胞因子又可以依賴上述信號通路激活KC表達K17,繼而形成了一個反應環(huán)路再次激活T細胞增殖和銀屑病相關細胞因子的產(chǎn)生,這個反應環(huán)路即K17/T細胞/細胞因子自身免疫環(huán)路[17]。
Chung等[18]研究表明K17可以和一種異種核內(nèi)核糖核蛋白(hnRNP)家族成員之一的hnRNA K相互作用,激活趨化因子受體3(CXCR3)產(chǎn)生,從而導致其配體CXCL9、CXCL10、CXCL11產(chǎn)生,形成的K17/hnRNA K/CXCR3信號軸也參與了許多炎癥和免疫反應疾病。
此外,先前的一項研究表明K17可以通過連接蛋白14-3-3參與表皮傷口修復。表皮傷口修復過程中,胞漿14-3-3蛋白表達水平增加,進而促使PI3K/AKT/mTOR信號活化以及蛋白合成速度提升[19]。
銀屑病是一種常見的慢性T細胞介導的炎癥性皮膚病,主要特征是KC過度增生和異常分化,真皮乳頭微血管增生擴張,復發(fā)率高[20]。近年來對銀屑病患者KC中角蛋白的研究從K1、K10逐漸轉變成K6、K16、K17,但K17是唯一一個由銀屑病相關細胞因子誘導表達并被證實在銀屑病發(fā)病機制中起到重要作用的角蛋白[17]。銀屑病皮損中活化的KC中K17過表達,正常皮膚與非銀屑病皮損中K17正常表達,因此認為K17是銀屑病的標志之一[21]。K17的過表達可誘導小鼠表皮增生和Th1和Th17細胞支配的炎癥反應[22]。銀屑病皮損中CXCR3及其配體CXCL9、CXCL10、CXCL11表達增加,表明K17依賴的CXCR3活化參與了銀屑病發(fā)病[23]。鏈球菌感染被證實是急性點滴狀銀屑病的主要始動因素,鏈球菌的M蛋白尤其是ALEEAN序列,起到重要作用。T細胞識別K17中與ALLEEAN類似的表位后,形成K17/T細胞/細胞因子自身免疫環(huán)路,參與銀屑病的發(fā)生。
近年來,許多專家學者嘗試研究以K17作為靶點治療銀屑病的方法。Fu等[24]用單個丙氨酸殘基代替法置換了幾個銀屑病患者的K17肽配體,發(fā)現(xiàn)置換的肽配體119R和335L可以下調(diào)銀屑病的T細胞增殖,抑制了促炎細胞因子IFN-r和IL-2的分泌,同時上調(diào)抗炎細胞因子IL-4、IL-10、TGF-β的表達,表明置換的肽配體可有效地發(fā)揮免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用。Chang等[4]將K17特異性抑制劑ASODN和小干擾RNA作用于構建的SCID-hu異種移植銀屑病老鼠模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)ASODN和小干擾RNA可以抑制KC增殖、誘導其凋亡,在mRNA和蛋白質水平上下調(diào)KC中K17的表達,并能改善臨床癥狀。此外,臨床上常用的治療銀屑病的藥物如他克莫司可以抑制IFN-r誘導的KC細胞中磷酸化的STAT1的表達[25],而IFN-r可以通過STAT1通路誘導K17表達,從而推斷他克莫司可以下調(diào)KC中K17的表達,成為治療銀屑病的有效途徑之一。
作為一種上皮角蛋白,K17發(fā)揮著其多種多樣的作用,其中最主要的是K17/T細胞/細胞因子這個自身免疫環(huán)路參與了銀屑病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展,但對于K17的功能和調(diào)節(jié)路徑我們還需要做進一步的研究與探索,這將為以K17為靶點治療銀屑病提供新的思路與方法。
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(收稿:2016-01-22)
·臨床研究·
Keratin 17 and psoriasis
YAOQiunan,WEIZhiping.
AffiliatedHospitalofXuzhouMedicalUniversity,Xuzhou221002,China
WEIZhiping,E-mail:xzwzp1961@aliyun.com
As a cytoskeletal protein, keratin17 (K17) is over-expressed in psoriatic lesional epidermis, and is considered to be a hallmark of psoriasis.K17 is an autoantigen with certain epitopes similar to M6 protein of streptococci. These epitopes can stimulate the proliferation of autoreactive T cells and promote the release of psoriasis-related cytokines which stimulate keratinocyte to induce K17. Some studies indicate that K17/T cells/cytokine autoimmune loops may be present in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. K17 may be an attractive target of the novel therapies in psoriasis.
keratin 17; autoimmune loop; psoriasis
徐州醫(yī)學院附屬醫(yī)院,江蘇徐州, 221004
魏志平, E-mail: xzwzp1961@aliyun.com