羅 忠, 梁 濤綜述, 徐祖才審校
連續(xù)腦電監(jiān)測對神經系統(tǒng)重癥疾病評價的研究進展
羅 忠, 梁 濤綜述, 徐祖才審校
近年來,隨著神經重癥醫(yī)學的快速發(fā)展,神經重癥患者的救治成功率明顯提高,但對其病情預后判斷還缺乏系統(tǒng)評價標準。連續(xù)腦電監(jiān)測(Continuous electroencephalogram monitoring,CEM)能動態(tài)觀察腦功能的變化,是反應腦功能變化較為客觀的指標,如大腦缺血、缺氧和代謝異常等病變后的腦電變化,昏迷患者預后判斷,以及對非驚厥性癲癇持續(xù)狀態(tài)的識別。此外,CEM還具操作方便、無創(chuàng)傷及實時監(jiān)測等優(yōu)點。現(xiàn)將CEM對神經系統(tǒng)重癥疾病評價的研究進展進行綜述。
腦血管病主要包括缺血與出血性腦血管病,急性腦血管病發(fā)病率及死亡率均較高。隨著人們對腦血管病的認識不斷深入,神經重癥醫(yī)師對腦血管病的認識已從結構轉向對腦功能的認識,CEM是觀察腦功能動態(tài)變化的敏感指標,是早期確定急性大面積腦梗死的常用手段,當CT檢查陰性時,受損側可見多形性δ波活動,受損側 α/ β活動明顯減少[8]。在急性腦梗死患者CEM前瞻性研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),梗死半球急性期常見于高幅慢波,α/β波活動與非受損區(qū)相比較,其頻率減慢,慢波活動與腦卒中的嚴重程度及預后密切相關[9]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在大面積腦梗死患者CEM中:θ/β預后良好,δ波活動提示預后不良[10]。在急性腦梗死患者腦電監(jiān)測中發(fā)現(xiàn),α/θ昏迷、電靜息及爆發(fā)-抑制者提示預后差[11]。在出血性腦疾病中,CEM可以幫助預判蛛網膜下腔出血后血管痙攣出現(xiàn)的遲發(fā)性腦缺血,從而提高臨床療效[12]。在對蛛網膜下腔出血合并遲發(fā)性腦缺血CEM一項前瞻性研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),合并腦缺血組的α/δ率與對照組相比有顯著差異,α率變化可以反應腦缺血程度[13]。CEM可以提前預測蛛網膜下腔出血遲發(fā)性腦缺血與癲癇發(fā)作[14]。加拿大有學者在對12例蛛網膜下腔出血患者合并遲發(fā)性腦缺血CEM中研究發(fā)現(xiàn),有3例提前24~48 h預測出遲發(fā)性腦缺血[15]。美國有研究者在對116例蛛網膜下腔出血患者CEM回顧性研究中發(fā)現(xiàn):腦電反應消失或出現(xiàn)癲癇樣放電提示預后差[16]。因此,有學者提出,CEM是早期判斷蛛網膜下腔出血合并遲發(fā)性腦缺血、血管痙攣最有用的監(jiān)測手段[17]。
CEM可對重型顱腦損傷患者神經功能恢復進行預測。美國一項對219例腦外傷患者CEM前瞻性研究回顧分析發(fā)現(xiàn),彌漫性慢波與腦損傷嚴重程度密切相關,彌漫性慢波增加且持續(xù)時間越長,以及腦電反應性消失則提示預后較差[18]。在對重型顱腦損傷患者入院24 h之內開始進行CEM監(jiān)測10 d后發(fā)現(xiàn),癲癇樣放電持續(xù)狀態(tài)與睡眠結構缺失的患者預后不良[19]。同時CEM是鑒別重型顱腦損傷后癲癇和癲癇持續(xù)狀態(tài)最有效的方法,有助于重型顱腦損傷預后的判斷[20],在重型顱腦損傷昏迷患者中α波活性明顯減少,植物狀態(tài)中α波常常無反應[21]。國外有學者在對105例重型顱腦損傷患者CEM中研究顯示:與CT相比,腦電圖頻段能量分析評估腦損傷程度具有較高的預測靈敏度及特異性[22]。美國對152例成人顱腦損傷患者腦電監(jiān)測與CT相比,腦電圖判斷評分特異性>90%[23]。
腦電監(jiān)測的結果對中樞神經系統(tǒng)感染性疾病的診斷有輔助作用。在重癥CJD(Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease,CJD)患者中,一位美國患者在接受CEM檢查后,結果顯示周期性尖慢復合波,并排除非驚厥性癲癇發(fā)作,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)對于CJD的臨床診斷具有暗示作用[24]。Wieser報道CEM在疾病的不同階段會顯示特征性的變化。從非特異性表現(xiàn)為彌漫性擴散和額葉早期節(jié)律性活躍到疾病中、后期階段出現(xiàn)典型的周期性尖慢復合波,再到反應性昏迷或者甚至在臨終前可出現(xiàn)α樣昏迷[25]。同樣,另一份研究表明CEM結果在CJD不同時期顯示不同的異常。在CJD最初階段,腦電圖顯示輕微的減慢與彌漫性5-7 Hz節(jié)律活動背景,偶爾有雙側或單側不規(guī)則復合波。在中間階段,腦電圖顯示彌漫性中度減慢4-5 Hz節(jié)律和多灶性兩相或三相復合波頻繁爆發(fā)的背景活動。最后階段,變?yōu)閺V義周期性樣放電的腦電圖[26]。CEM不僅對中樞神經系統(tǒng)感染性疾病的診斷有幫助,還對中樞神經系統(tǒng)感染性疾病的預后有重要的預測作用。在重癥單純皰疹型腦炎(Herpes simplex encephalitis,HSE)患者CEM中,根據患者的發(fā)作表現(xiàn)和最初CEM監(jiān)測結果顯示的嚴重程度,可對患者經過阿昔洛韋6 m治療后的效果進行有效預測[27]。
對昏迷患者的預后判斷還沒有很好的方法,在臨床上還是一個很大的挑戰(zhàn),CEM可以幫助臨床評估,是不明原因昏迷患者病情評估的可靠方法[28]。CEM可以反應大腦皮質功能,可以顯示是否有覺醒功能,CEM可顯示昏迷患者的即時變化,可提供早期的病因及預后情況[29]。國外在對165例不明原因昏迷患者CEM前瞻性研究分析發(fā)現(xiàn):腦電覺醒與睡眠紡錘波是判斷昏迷患者行為覺醒最可靠的指標,與格拉斯哥昏迷評分標準相比有較好的分辨率[30]。在對106例昏迷患者CEM結果回顧性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),波幅降低與δ頻率預后不良,α與θ頻次預后良好[31]。同時另有學者在對175例不同病因昏迷患者的CEM中發(fā)現(xiàn),低波幅的θ和δ波與昏迷患者存活相關[32]。對心肺復蘇術后昏迷患者,因缺血腦缺氧再灌注致腦損傷,會出現(xiàn)神經系統(tǒng)嚴重后遺癥甚至死亡,CEM是對腦缺血缺氧進行早期預后判斷的重要檢測方法,CEM監(jiān)測結果提示爆發(fā)抑制,周期樣放電,腦電無反應,癲癇樣放電持續(xù)狀態(tài)等與心肺復蘇術后密切相關[33]。心臟驟停后昏迷患者爆發(fā)抑制提示預后不良,快速恢復模式預后良好[34]。2012年,瑞典對61例心肺復蘇術后昏迷患者CEM研究中發(fā)現(xiàn):腦電反應性消失、癲癇樣放電及電靜息提示預后不良[35]。一項在對106例因不同原因導致昏迷的患者CEM中發(fā)現(xiàn),腦電覺醒和睡眠紡錘波是一種用于昏迷患者早期行為覺醒的腦電標記物。結合腦電覺醒與格拉斯哥評分的預后模型對提示覺醒具有重要的作用[36]。
目前,我國的神經重癥專業(yè)也加入快速發(fā)展階段,神經重癥患者的救治成功率明顯提高,由于神經重癥患者遺留神經功能殘缺等后遺癥較多,因此,對神經重癥患者進行早期監(jiān)測、減少后遺癥的產生越來越受到臨床醫(yī)師的高度重視。連續(xù)腦電監(jiān)測具有較高的預測價值,不僅對神經重癥患者早期腦功能的監(jiān)測具有很好的評價作用,同時連續(xù)腦電監(jiān)測能及時反應腦功能的動態(tài)變化,指導臨床醫(yī)師用藥,判斷患者預后等。同時連續(xù)腦電監(jiān)測具有有操作方便,價格低廉等優(yōu)點。當然,連續(xù)腦電監(jiān)測目前存在一定的局限性,尤其是監(jiān)測結果受,麻醉鎮(zhèn)靜藥物的干擾,這就要求在監(jiān)測過程中一定要綜合判斷,結合患者的臨床表現(xiàn)和其他檢查結果。隨著我國神經電生理技術的快速發(fā)展,連續(xù)腦電監(jiān)測將會更好用于神經重癥患者,從而為神經重癥患者的診斷及治療提供更好的幫助,使連續(xù)腦電監(jiān)測技術更好服務于臨床。
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1003-2754(2017)09-0862-03
R741.044
2017-05-20;
2017-08-27
國家自然科學基金(No. 81660227)
(遵義醫(yī)學院附屬醫(yī)院神經內科,貴州 遵義 563003)
徐祖才,E-mail:docxzc@126.com