葉敏++施俊
[摘要] 中醫(yī)痰具有易聚、易行、易變、黏滯的特性,腫瘤干細胞具有自我更新、無限增殖、高致瘤性、強耐藥性及多向分化的“干性”特點。本文通過取象比類,依據(jù)中醫(yī)古典文獻,總結(jié)中醫(yī)痰與腫瘤干細胞“干性”的關(guān)系,對腫瘤干細胞特性提出新的中醫(yī)認識。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 古典文獻;痰;腫瘤干細胞
[中圖分類號] R73 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2016)10(a)-0080-04
Relationship between phlegm in traditional Chinese medicine and "stemness" of cancer stem cells seen from classical literatures
YE Min SHI Jun▲
Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
[Abstract] Phlegm in traditional Chinese medicine has the characteristics of easy to gather, easy to smooth, easy to change and viscous. Cancer stem cells have the "stemness" features of self-renewal, unlimited proliferation, highly tumorigenic, strong antibiotic resistance and multi-differentiation. This paper summarizes the relationship between phlegm in traditional Chinese medicine and "stemness" of cancer stem cells based on classical literatures through analogism, and proposes new understanding of traditional Chinese medicine for the characteristics of cancer stem cells.
[Key words] Classical literatures; Phlegm; Cancer stem cells
越來越多的證據(jù)支持腫瘤干細胞假說,即腫瘤是一種干細胞疾病[1]。腫瘤干細胞假說最先是由Mackillop等[2]于1983年提出的,他認為在所有的腫瘤中都可能存在著一小部分具有類似干細胞特殊功能的細胞。1997年Bonnet等[3]分離出人急性粒細胞白血病中的腫瘤干細胞(cancer stem cells,CSCs),此后,在多種實體瘤[4-9]中也已經(jīng)分離得到了CSC,證實了CSC假說。2006年美國癌癥研究學會將腫瘤干細胞系定義為:腫瘤內(nèi)具有自我更新能力和形成異質(zhì)性的極小部分細胞亞群。這類細胞亞群具有自我更新、無限增殖[10]、高致瘤性[11]、強耐藥性[12]及多向分化的“干性”特點。
中醫(yī)中的“痰”有其特殊的內(nèi)涵,泛指一切水液代謝異常的產(chǎn)物,既是一種致病因素,又是一種病理產(chǎn)物,具有逐漸蓄積、凝結(jié)積聚、穢濁腐敗、黏滯膠著、流動不測和致病怪異的特性。從臨床觀察與基礎(chǔ)研究已經(jīng)證實痰與腫瘤具有密切聯(lián)系[13],因此中醫(yī)痰與腫瘤干細胞可能也存在某種相關(guān)性。
取類比象是中醫(yī)學思維方式的主要方法之一,通過類比、象征方式把握對象世界聯(lián)系的思維方法。針對腫瘤干細胞的干預(yù)已經(jīng)成為治療癌癥、預(yù)防轉(zhuǎn)移的新策略[14]。筆者現(xiàn)就從古典文獻角度探討中醫(yī)痰與腫瘤干細胞“干性”的關(guān)系,以期為中醫(yī)治療干預(yù)腫瘤干細胞提供新的思路。
1 中醫(yī)痰與腫瘤干細胞“干性”的關(guān)系
1.1 中醫(yī)痰與腫瘤干細胞的“自我更新、無限增殖”
既往研究認為,相當一部分腫瘤干細胞起源于正常干細胞的惡性轉(zhuǎn)化[15-16],故其具有干細胞和腫瘤細胞的雙重特性,也有自我更新和無限增殖(但缺乏自穩(wěn)性)的特性。腫瘤干細胞不對稱分裂成兩個子代細胞:一個與親代細胞表型、分子機制幾乎相同的腫瘤干細胞,和另一個已分化的腫瘤細胞,以此實現(xiàn)“自我更新”,其結(jié)果是維持腫瘤干細胞數(shù)目穩(wěn)定并形成腫瘤、無限增殖。
中醫(yī)學認為,痰的形成多與脾、腎、肺三臟功能失調(diào)有關(guān)。腫瘤患者由于其疾病的特殊性,常有脾胃虛弱,運化失司,水液代謝出現(xiàn)紊亂,津液停滯,則聚而生痰,明代孫文胤《丹臺玉案》·卷之三·痰癥有云“痰本脾胃津液,遍身上下,無處不到,其為病也,種種不一”;《景岳全書(四庫本)》·卷三十一·痰飲·述古論認為“痰乃津液之變,如天之露也。故云痰遍身上下無處不到,蓋即津液之在周身者”。腫瘤患者又多見肺氣虛弱,肺主宣發(fā)肅降,具有通調(diào)水道的作用,若肺失宣降,水津不能通調(diào)輸布,亦可停聚成痰;腫瘤患者畏寒怕冷,腎陽虧者多見,腎對體內(nèi)水液所司開合之功,命門火衰,腎中陽氣溫煦氣化失常,清津不能運化,濁液不得排泄,水濕停積,便釀為痰濁。《素問·經(jīng)脈別論》曰:“飲入于胃,游溢精氣,上輸于脾,脾氣散精,上歸于肺,通調(diào)水道,下輸膀胱,水津四布,五經(jīng)并行?!泵鞔蹙]撰《明醫(yī)雜著》云:“痰之本,水也,源于腎;痰之動,濕也,主于脾?!薄毒霸廊珪酚衷疲骸胺蛱导此病谀I者,以水不歸原,水泛為痰也;在脾者,以食飲不化,土不制水也。”古今圖書集成(醫(yī)部)·臟腑身形下·咽喉門·第一百八十卷有云:“肺與大腸表里之別,上通咽喉,下由大腸出入之門戶也,入谷則昌,絕谷則亡,生死須臾之間,變證不一,惟肺金主氣而生津液,灌溉一身,流潤百骸,生生不已,循環(huán)無端?!笔廊丝偨Y(jié)“脾為生痰之源,肺為貯痰之器,腎為生痰之本”,循環(huán)往復(fù),生生不息,與腫瘤干細胞“自我更新、無限增殖”的特性相類似。
1.2 中醫(yī)痰與腫瘤干細胞的“高致瘤性”
現(xiàn)代研究表明,腫瘤干細胞相對于一般腫瘤細胞具有更高的致瘤性[17-19]。在古代文獻中雖無“腫瘤”一詞的明確描述,但常常散見于中醫(yī)文獻中的“噎膈”“瘕瘕”“積聚”“腸蕈”“乳巖”等,均相當于現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學所認識的不同系統(tǒng)的惡性腫瘤?!疤怠迸c腫瘤的關(guān)系已有二千多年歷史,古代即有“癌瘤者,非陰陽正氣所結(jié)腫,乃五臟瘀血濁氣痰滯而成”“自氣成積,自積成痰,痰挾瘀血,遂成窠囊”等有關(guān)腫瘤的發(fā)生與“痰”相關(guān)的論述;明代李中梓《醫(yī)宗必讀》卷之七·反喟噎塞,認為噎嗝(食管癌)是“大抵氣血虧損,復(fù)因悲思憂慮,則脾胃受傷,血液漸耗,郁氣而生痰,痰則塞而不能,氣由上而不下,妨礙道路,飲食難進,噎塞所由成也”。清代祁坤《外科大成》卷四·不分部位大毒·內(nèi)癰總論中認為“癭瘤若初起時,則根散而陰痛,已成時,則堅強而痰嗽,已潰時,則流血水,腫仍不消,痛仍不止,皆為逆候,再潰后,腫硬更增,敗腐不脫,涴氣惡心者,死”。《素問》論述大腸癌病機時談到“有所結(jié),氣歸之,衛(wèi)氣留之,津液久留,合而為腸瘤”。作為一種致病因素,“痰”具有易聚性,黏滯易阻塞成塊,與腫瘤干細胞的高致瘤性相似。
1.3 中醫(yī)痰與腫瘤干細胞的“強耐藥性”
腫瘤耐藥是腫瘤化療失敗的主要原因,強耐藥的產(chǎn)生與腫瘤干細胞的生物學特性密切相關(guān),由于腫瘤干細胞多處于靜息狀態(tài)G0期[20],不合成DNA或者進行細胞分裂,具有較強的自我損傷修復(fù)能力,CSCs所處的特殊低氧龕環(huán)境,周圍有分化的腫瘤細胞、成纖維細胞、內(nèi)皮祖細胞、細胞外基質(zhì)等,有助于逃避藥物殺傷,使其接觸到化療藥的概率降低[21]。另外ABC轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白與P21激活激酶1(PAK1)激活Wnt/β-catenin信號通路也參與了干細胞的耐藥機制[22]。強耐藥性使得干細胞難以被化療藥物所殺滅,從而造成腫瘤難治難愈。腫瘤干細胞的強耐藥性與痰邪起病纏綿難愈、難以速祛、頑固多變的特征相類似。因此,痰有“頑痰”“怪證”之稱,痰性皆黏滯,痰證皆有黏滯不爽、纏綿難愈的特點。清代何夢瑤《醫(yī)碥》卷之二·雜癥有云,“究而言之,豈但窠囊之中痰不易除,即肺葉之外,膜原之間,頑痰膠結(jié)多年,如樹之有蘿,如屋之有游,如石之有苔,附托相安,倉卒有難于刻伐者”,“痰本吾身之津液,……積久聚多,隨脾胃之氣以四訖,則流溢于腸胃之外,軀殼之中。經(jīng)絡(luò)為之壅塞,皮肉為之麻木,甚至結(jié)為窠囊,牢不可破,其患固不一矣”??梢娞敌责つ仯侥抑惦y以速去,治療棘手,這與腫瘤干細胞強耐藥性而致腫瘤遷延難愈類似。
1.4 中醫(yī)痰與腫瘤干細胞的“多向分化”
腫瘤干細胞與普通干細胞同樣具有多向分化的能力,但是腫瘤干細胞會產(chǎn)生各種不同分化程度的腫瘤細胞,在體內(nèi)生成新的腫瘤,即與普通干細胞相比,它缺乏分化成熟的能力。這種多向分化的特點與痰邪的易變性相似,清代周學?!蹲x醫(yī)隨筆》卷四·證治類“言痰,其時有無痰者何也?惟探其本于津枯血滯,明其機于陽氣內(nèi)陷與陽氣外散,辨其證于痰之有無、外感之輕重,究其變于化寒、化熱,而大義賅于此矣”。元代朱震亨著《金匱鉤玄》卷一·痰有云“痰熱者,多挾風”。清代呂搽村《傷寒尋源》中集:“由是而推之于痰。則挾風為風痰。挾熱為熱痰。凡痰必有其致痰之因。審其所因以治生痰之本。則痰自去。此皆實證立治之大法。”可見痰邪易變,本身可傷陽化寒,可郁而化火,可挾風、挾熱,可化燥傷陰,致病廣泛,變幻多端,故有“百病皆為痰作祟”“怪病皆由痰成也”之說。
2 中醫(yī)痰與腫瘤干細胞致腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系
據(jù)預(yù)測,2020年1年之內(nèi)將有超過1000萬人死于癌轉(zhuǎn)移,侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移常常是實體惡性腫瘤最后致命的步驟[23]。腫瘤干細胞假說是腫瘤發(fā)生侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的眾多假說之一[24-26],腫瘤干細胞這種啟動和維持癌腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的能力與中醫(yī)痰具有易行性的特性極為類似。中醫(yī)痰性滑利,易于流動,隨氣血流行,外而皮肉經(jīng)隧,內(nèi)而五臟六腑,無處不到,在遠處形成痰痞積塊。元代朱丹溪《丹溪心法》曰:“痰之為物,隨氣升降,無處不到。”明代張景岳《景岳全書》則曰:“飲惟停積腸胃,而痰則無處不到?!鼻宕蚪瘀棥峨s病源流犀燭·痰飲源流》曰:“其為物則流動不測,故其為害,上至巔頂,下至涌泉,隨氣升降,周身內(nèi)外皆到,五臟六腑俱有?!鼻宕螇衄帯夺t(yī)碥》中有“窠囊之痰,如蜂子之穴于房中,如蓮實之嵌于蓬內(nèi),生長則易,剝落則難,繇其外窄中寬,任行驅(qū)導,徒傷他臟”等記載??梢娞惦S氣升降,任行妄注,常至人身他處為患,與腫瘤干細胞致腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的作用頗為相似。提示腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移是痰順經(jīng)絡(luò)流注至遠處臟腑,上至腦髓,內(nèi)至骨骼,外至皮膚,無處不到,任行驅(qū)導而成。
3 腫瘤干細胞“干性”相關(guān)痰與腫瘤痰
傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學認為腫瘤的形成與“痰”密不可分,元代朱震亨《丹溪心法》卷二·痰十三曰“諸病多因痰而生,凡人身上、中、下有塊者多是痰”,認為局部腫塊可為痰結(jié)而成,是積聚癜瘕形成的重要因素。本文中提出的腫瘤干細胞“干性”相關(guān)痰,源于腫瘤痰、高于腫瘤痰,它既和腫瘤形成的痰同宗同源,又與之有區(qū)別,相比腫瘤痰,腫瘤干細胞相關(guān)痰更易聚集,更難除去,“如蓮實之嵌于蓬內(nèi),生長則易,剝落則難”。
在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的過程中,腫瘤干細胞越來越顯示其地位的重要性,其“干性”特點與中醫(yī)痰的易聚性、易行性、易變性、黏滯性特征相類似,因此取類比象中醫(yī)痰與腫瘤干細胞,從中醫(yī)角度理解腫瘤干細胞提出了一種新的認識。
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(收稿日期:2016-07-03 本文編輯:張瑜杰)