閆　杰，龍玲玲，任立品，廖慧丹，扎拉嘎白乙拉，郭亞東，邱　棠，蔡繼峰（中南大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院法醫(yī)學(xué)系，湖南 長沙 410013）

裁判醫(yī)學(xué)在湘雅的起源與發(fā)展（英文）

閆杰，龍玲玲，任立品，廖慧丹，扎拉嘎白乙拉，郭亞東，邱棠，蔡繼峰
（中南大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院法醫(yī)學(xué)系，湖南 長沙 410013）

裁判醫(yī)學(xué)在中國的起源可追溯到19世紀(jì)20年代，并在此后得到了迅速發(fā)展。本文以湘雅醫(yī)學(xué)院裁判醫(yī)學(xué)的學(xué)科發(fā)展歷史為主線，闡述了裁判醫(yī)學(xué)的演進(jìn)，包括科學(xué)理論基礎(chǔ)、法律制度和政策支持三個方面。本文旨在探求裁判醫(yī)學(xué)在湘雅醫(yī)學(xué)院的發(fā)展歷程，呈現(xiàn)中國近現(xiàn)代法醫(yī)學(xué)的縮影，并為中國法醫(yī)學(xué)發(fā)展提供歷史參照。

法醫(yī)學(xué)；裁判醫(yī)學(xué)；起源；發(fā)展；湘雅

It has been inadvertently discovered that Xiangya School of Medicine（hereinafter referred to as Xiangya）is among the first institutes that initiated thecourseofforensicmedicineafterZhejiang ProvincialMedicalSchoolandPeiPingSpecial Medical School［1］.This fact came to light during the current research on discipline development upon the 100th anniversary of Xiangya.With the curriculum of 2-year preparatory courses and 5-year undergraduate courses，Xiangya set up the program of medical jurisprudence，the former term of forensic medicine，in the third year of the undergraduate studies as early as 1914.

1　Xiangya’s Involvement in the Origin of Medical Jurisprudence

Medical jurisprudence，a narrower application of legal medicine，is to provide appraisals for all manner of criminal and civil cases in the administration of justice，and in the inspection of fake illness or concealed illness.

In November 1912，the education ministry of the national government launched the regulations for medical specialized schools［2］.In their curriculum，the medical jurisprudence and practical course of medical jurisprudence were established as two compulsory programs.Meanwhile，the Order for Higher Civil Servant Examination enacted in 1913 pointed out that the legal medicine should be one of the threeexaminations formedicalspecializedcandidates［2］.Althoughthosepoliciesrelatingtolegal medicine were not adequate enough to address the shortage of forensic experts at that time，such regulations indeed had formed an infrastructure for the development of China’s forensic science in early period of 20th century.

Xiangya was established in 1914，and the program of medical jurisprudence was introduced into the undergraduate curriculum in 1920.The program was offered in English by G.Hadon，an Americandoctor ofmedicine，whichmeantthatthewest forensic science was imparted into the medical education in China and the medical jurisprudence in Xiangya underwent a fusion of Chinese and western forensic science［3］.

2　The Historical Progression of Medical Jurisprudence in Xiangya

2.1Development of Discipline and Appraisals of Medical Jurisprudence in Xiangya from 1910s to 1940s

Xiangya set up the course of medical jurisprudence for the fourth year of the undergraduate studies in 1920.According to the fifth constitution of Xiangya，the course was scheduled for one and half hours per week［3］.According to the eighth constitution of Xiangya，medical jurisprudence was incorporated into the undergraduate studies at the third year，with a focus on the medical ethics and ethic relations between country，society and patients［4］. The settings of the courses stressed legal obligation of doctors and the practicality of legal medicine［5］.

In 1939，the Institution of Private Xiangya stated forensics as a compulsory discipline for the fifth year of the undergraduate studies，which accounted for two credits with two hour scheduling each week［6］.

The development of medical jurisprudence discipline was intertwined with the blossom of jurisprudence appraisals.According to the report on the Internal Medicine Department of Xiangya Hospital in 1924，28 of the 89 reported deaths of that year had been pathologically dissected and the autopsy rate was as high as 31.4%［4］.The report also recorded that all the autopsy cases were done by the professors of pathology departments，most of thedissectionsparticipatedbythestudentsof pathology as a practical course.

In addition，the records of anatomy had been well kept in the Pathology Department of Xiangya. By investigating the first records of biopsy in June of 1936 and the first records of autopsy in June of 1939，it was found that all the anatomical cases were undertaken using standard process，which were recorded in English and such records of biopsy and autopsy had been kept until the late of 1940s［7］.

2.2The Tortuous Development of Forensic Department of Xiangya from 1950s to the End of the Last Century

After the establishment of New China in 1949，theactualpracticesanddisciplinary advancesof medical jurisprudence have experienced vicissitudes reflecting the specific span of the social changes in Xiangya.In1953，twograduatesfromXiangya，HUANG Qi-shan and YE Ting-guang initiated the Forensic Training Institution under the guidance of Prof.PAN Shicheng，the former Dean of Pathology Department［7］.

With the national policies of vigorously promoting the higher medical education in China，the Forensic Training Institution of Xiangya spared no effort in the areas of teaching materials and scientific researches.The published forensic lecture notes，which were the translations of the Russian literature，were identified to be among the earliest forensic teaching materials at the medical colleges in China.Meanwhile，the forensic faculty boomed in research work and published three papers in the target journals.

Moreover，thepracticesofcorpseinspection and material evidence were actively carried out in the Forensic Training Institution，offering scientific support and assistance for Departments of Public Security.From 1958 to 1978，the Forensic Training Institution suffered being suspended twice due to the specific national policies.Not until the mid-1980s was the forensic department approved and rebuilt under the leadership of Prof.HUANG Qi-shan［7］.Via the teamwork of 7 faculties，the Forensic Departmentundertooktheteachingactivitiesforboth forensic and clinical undergraduates.In the year of 1990，Prof.SHENG An-xiang was appointed as Dean of Forensic Department，and the practices of judicatory appraisal began to grow with the establishment of Forensic Clinic Office［7］.

Meanwhile，co-managed with the local public security bureau，the Department established forensic wards，which played a vital role in resolving a host of major，complex and difficult civilian disputes. The all-aspect progress of the Forensic Department servedasasteppingstoneforthebigstrideof forensic science in the upcoming decade in Xiangya.

2.3Integrated Progress of the Forensic Department of Xiangya in the Modern Times

Atthebeginningofthe21stcentury，the Forensic Department of Xiangya was founded to replace the original Forensic Teaching Office，which was granted by the newly-formedBasicMedical College of Central South University with funding and personnel for a prominent prospect.In 2005，Prof.CAIJi-fengwasappointedasdirectorof Forensic Department thanks to the policy of Xiangya talent recruitment.Under his leadership，F(xiàn)orensic Department of Xiangya has undergone a gratifying developing progress in such aspects as faculty，teaching resource，scientific research and medico-legal practice.

In 2012，the Department recruited three PhD candidates in forensic medicine，and so far it is staffed at the highest academic level with two full professors as PhD mentors and three associated professors as MS mentors.In 2013，the Department began to enroll undergraduates and the enrollmentincreased steadily each year.

As to scientific research in the department，no effort is spared in boosting its professional strength. In 2012，the department was financially supported by Shanghai Key Laboratories Foundation which is attached to the State Ministry of Justice；in 2013，it won three and four programs subsidized by National Natural Sciences Foundation of China and by National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scientists，respectively，in the total amount of 1.3 million yuan.Thanks to the scientific and academic accomplishments，the faculty of the Forensic Department has published 24 papers in peer-reviewed SCI journals and more than 20 papers in the peerreviewed national journals in the past three years. Moreover，the Department has compiled the nationallevel textbooks，which were authorized by the Ministry of Education，including Practical Forensic Science （2014）and Forensic Medicine.It is worth mentioning that the chapter of Medical Dispute Forensic Authentication demonstrated a high level of qualification and authority in medical dispute appraisal in the country.

As for the medico-legal expertise and practice，the Department has gone through a dynamic momentum since the establishment of Xiangya Judicial Expertise Center in 2006.The Center，affiliated with Basic Medical College of Central South University and approved by Hunan Provincial Department of Justice，functions as a judicial window to social service as well as a scientific research platform for the faculty and students.Of 26 appraisers，8 hold the senior title and 5，the medium-grade title.The functions of the Center refer to the practice of a forensic clinic，forensic pathology，forensic toxicological analysis and science of medico-legal physical evidence.Since 2006，there has been a steady growth in case number，annually more than 2 000 cases on average.

In addition to the upgrading of case quantity，much importance has been attached to the quality and authority of judicial practice.In 2013，the Xiangya Judicial Expertise Center set up a professional consultation expert database consisting of nearly 50 medical experts who serve at the tertiary hospitals in Hunan province.

The progress in professional and technical support has promoted the authority，justice and scientificity of forensic practice on the part of the Xiangya Judicial Expertise Center.In 2014，the Center approached to a national-wide recognition，which was officially approved by China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment（CNAS）through site assessment.

3　Summary

Medical jurisprudence in Xiangya can be a reflection of the whole development of forensic science in China:a course of the inner evolution integrated with the alien absorption.As the rudiment of forensic science，medical jurisprudence undoubtedly reflects the progress of Chinese society，which involves legalnorms，socialinstitutionas wellas medicine science.The historical exploration of the medical jurisprudence in Xiangya could serve as a glimpse of the advances of Chinese modern forensic science，thus contributing to its further development as a whole in the country.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China（No.81302615）. We express our gratitude to those who provided and collected the useful materials for the current study.

References：

［1］黃瑞亭.我國近代法醫(yī)學(xué)人物志［J］.中國法醫(yī)學(xué)雜志，2011，26（4）：92-95.

［2］李光和.中國司法檢驗(yàn)體制的現(xiàn)代化轉(zhuǎn)型——以法醫(yī)取代仵作為中心的歷史考察［J］.歷史檔案，2011，2：117-124.

［3］湖南長沙湘雅醫(yī)學(xué)專門學(xué)校章程（第五次校訂）［Z］.1920.

［4］湘雅春秋［J］.湘雅，1924.

［5］湖南長沙湘雅醫(yī)學(xué)專門學(xué)校章程（第八次校訂）［Z］.1923.

［6］私立湘雅醫(yī)學(xué)院章程［Z］.中南大學(xué)圖書館內(nèi)部資料，1939.

［7］湘雅春秋（第一集）［Z］.1984.

（Editor:LI Shi-ying）

The Origin and Development of Medical Jurisprudence in Xiangya

YAN Jie，LONG Ling-ling，REN Li-pin，LIAO Hui-dan，ZHA Lagabaiyila，GUO Ya-dong，QIU Tang，CAI Ji-feng
（Department of Forensic Science，School of Basic Medical Sciences，Central South University，Changsha 410013，China）

The origin of medical jurisprudence in China can be traced back to as early as 1920s，and since then，the discipline has undergone a great development.This paper，based on the disciplinary development of medical jurisprudence at Xiangya School of Medicine，illustrates its evolution in three aspects covering the scientific and theoretic foundation，legal system and policy support.The current investigation reflected a glimpse of the modern forensic science in China，providing useful historical reference for the development of Chinese forensic science.

forensic medicine；medical jurisprudence；origin；development；Xiangya

CAI Ji-feng，professor，major in forensic pathology and entomology；E-mail:cjf_jifeng@163.com

date:2015-06-09）

DF795.1

A

10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.04.014

1004-5619（2016）04-0296-03

Author:YAN Jie（1979—），Doctor，major in forensic pathology and toxicology；E-mail:69574720@qq.com