湯天鳳,王斌,蔣春明,張慶燕,孫琤,張苗*
(1南京大學(xué)附屬鼓樓醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科,2南京大學(xué)附屬鼓樓醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,南京 210008)
高糖腹透液通過神經(jīng)酰胺經(jīng)JNK/SAPK通路介導(dǎo)腹膜間皮細(xì)胞凋亡
湯天鳳1,王斌2,蔣春明1,張慶燕1,孫琤1,張苗1*
(1南京大學(xué)附屬鼓樓醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科,2南京大學(xué)附屬鼓樓醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,南京 210008)
目的 觀察葡萄糖腹膜透析液(peritoneal dialysis solution,PDS)對人腹膜間皮細(xì)胞(peritoneal mesothelium cells,PMCs)凋亡的影響,探討神經(jīng)酰胺在高糖PDS誘導(dǎo)的PMCs凋亡中的作用機制。方法 PMCs分別在正常對照、1.5%PDS、4.25%PDS條件下培養(yǎng),以4.25%甘露醇作為高滲對照。高壓液相串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法(LC/MS/MS)檢測細(xì)胞內(nèi)神經(jīng)酰胺的變化,TUNEL檢測細(xì)胞凋亡,Western blot檢測p-JNK、p-c-Jun、Bax、Bcl-2蛋白水平。結(jié)果 PDS呈濃度、時間依賴性上調(diào)PMCs細(xì)胞內(nèi)神經(jīng)酰胺,正常對照組、高滲對照組細(xì)胞內(nèi)神經(jīng)酰胺無明顯變化;相比1.5%PDS組,4.25%PDS可誘導(dǎo)PMCs細(xì)胞凋亡,促進JNK及其下游c-Jun磷酸化,而酸性鞘磷脂酶抑制劑地昔帕明可顯著抑制高糖PDS的此類作用;JNK阻斷劑SP600125可明顯抑制高糖PDS誘導(dǎo)的JNK和c-Jun活化、進而抑制Bax的上調(diào)和Bcl-2的下調(diào)。結(jié)論 細(xì)胞內(nèi)神經(jīng)酰胺增加可能經(jīng)JNK/SAPK通路參與高糖PDS誘導(dǎo)的PMCs凋亡。
葡萄糖腹透液;腹膜間皮細(xì)胞;細(xì)胞凋亡;神經(jīng)酰胺;JNK/SAPK
持續(xù)性非臥床腹膜透析已作為終末期腎臟疾病的首選治療方式之一[1],但目前臨床上廣泛使用的腹膜透析液(peritoneal dialysis solution,PDS)為高滲、高糖、低pH,常造成透析液的生物不相容性,導(dǎo)致腹膜表層間皮細(xì)胞損傷,進而引起腹膜纖維化(peritoneal fibrosis,PF)[2],也是最終導(dǎo)致患者腹膜功能衰竭和超濾失敗而退出治療的重要因素之一[3]。腹膜間皮細(xì)胞(peritoneal mesothelium cells,PMCs)是構(gòu)成腹膜最主要的細(xì)胞群體,其形態(tài)與功能改變亦是發(fā)生PF的起始變化。神經(jīng)酰胺是一種重要的誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡的脂質(zhì)第二信使[4,5],我們的前期研究表明,高滲、高糖的PDS誘導(dǎo)的PMCs凋亡也有神經(jīng)酰胺的參與[6]。c-Jun NH2-末端激酶/應(yīng)激活化蛋白激酶(C-Jun NH2-terminal kinase/stress activated protein kinase,JNK/SAPK)是有絲分裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK)家族成員之一,在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平調(diào)控凋亡相關(guān)基因的差異表達是JNK/SAPK激活后促進細(xì)胞凋亡過程中的下游事件。研究表明神經(jīng)酰胺可以誘導(dǎo)濃度依賴的JNK/SAPK激活,包括 SEK1,SAPK和 c-Jun的順序激活[7]。在某些細(xì)胞應(yīng)激反應(yīng)中,細(xì)胞因子和應(yīng)激可通過神經(jīng)酰胺啟動JNK/SAPK信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑從而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡[8]。本研究旨在進一步探討神經(jīng)酰胺經(jīng)JNK/SAPK通路在高糖PDS誘導(dǎo)腹膜間皮細(xì)胞細(xì)胞凋亡過程中的具體作用機制,為PF的防治提供新思路。
1 主要試劑
人 PMCs購自美國ATCC公司;DMEM低糖細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液、新生牛血清購自美國GIBCO公司;1.5% PDS、4.25%PDS由廣州百特公司贈送;胰蛋白酶購自美國AMRESCO公司;外源性神經(jīng)酰胺C2-CER購自美國Biomol公司;酸性鞘磷脂酶阻斷劑地昔帕明、JNK阻斷劑SP600125、甘露醇購自美國Sigma公司;TUNEL試劑盒購自深圳晶美公司;p-JNK、p-c-Jun一抗,辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記的二抗購自美國Santa Cruz公司;GAPDH單克隆抗體購自美國Sigma公司。
2 PMCs的培養(yǎng)及實驗分組
PMCs于含10%新生牛血清的 DMEM中,37℃、5%CO2貼壁培養(yǎng)。細(xì)胞生長至90%融合時以0.25%胰酶消化,1∶4傳代。待細(xì)胞60%~70%融合時,無血清培養(yǎng)12h后換成含10%新生牛血清的DMEM,并加入干預(yù)藥物培養(yǎng)24h。
3 高壓液相串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法測定神經(jīng)酰胺
收集細(xì)胞并PBS洗滌3次,220μl PBS重懸,超聲破膜,離心,提取上清液(胞質(zhì)溶膠+細(xì)胞器),沉淀物以220μl PBS重懸(細(xì)胞膜)。待測樣品與1ml氯仿/甲醇(2∶1,v/v)混勻,萃取30 min,加入330μl蒸餾水混勻后離心,收集下層相并干燥,-20°C保存待測。
4 TUNEL法
用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM將PMCs重懸稀釋成5×104/ml,接種于6孔板(板內(nèi)置入經(jīng)無菌處理的蓋玻片),待細(xì)胞60%-70%融合時,無血清培養(yǎng)12h后分組干預(yù)24h,按說明書操作。光學(xué)顯微鏡下進行觀察并拍照,細(xì)胞核內(nèi)呈現(xiàn)棕黃色顆粒的為凋亡細(xì)胞。
5 Western blot
收集細(xì)胞加入100μl細(xì)胞裂解液提取總蛋白。Bradford法檢測蛋白濃度。取30μg蛋白樣品SDSPAGE電泳2h分離至硝酸纖維素膜上,置5%脫脂奶室溫封閉2h,p-JNK、p-c-Jun、Bax、Bcl-2一抗1:1000,4℃過夜,辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記二抗1:2000室溫1h,ECL顯色成像。凝膠分析系統(tǒng)定量,比較目的條帶吸光度值(A值)。
6 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析
1 高糖腹透液促進腹膜間皮細(xì)胞神經(jīng)酰胺生成
為觀察PDS對PMCs內(nèi)神經(jīng)酰胺的影響,應(yīng)用高壓液相串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法檢測了PDS與PMCs神經(jīng)酰胺生成的濃度和時間效應(yīng)關(guān)系。結(jié)果顯示:與1.5% PDS相比,4.25%PDSz在培養(yǎng)PMCs 8h、16h、24h和48h均能引起細(xì)胞內(nèi)神經(jīng)酰胺升高,以培養(yǎng)24h最明顯,而高滲(4.25%甘露醇)對細(xì)胞內(nèi)神經(jīng)酰胺生成無明顯影響(圖1)。
2 高糖腹透液通過神經(jīng)酰胺誘導(dǎo)PMCs凋亡
為進一步證明PDS是否通過神經(jīng)酰胺引起PMCs凋亡,應(yīng)用TUNEL法染色檢測了酸性鞘磷脂酶阻斷劑地昔帕明對PDS誘導(dǎo)PMCs細(xì)胞凋亡的影響。結(jié)果顯示,4.25%PDS培養(yǎng)PMCs 24h后,細(xì)胞核內(nèi)呈現(xiàn)棕黃色顆粒的凋亡細(xì)胞明顯增多(圖2B),2μmol/L地昔帕明可明顯抑制4.25%PDS誘導(dǎo)的PMCs細(xì)胞凋亡(圖2C);高滲對照組對細(xì)胞凋亡無明顯影響(圖2D)
3 高糖腹透液通過神經(jīng)酰胺激活促進PMCs內(nèi)JNK和c-Jun磷酸化
為了明確高糖PDS是否通過神經(jīng)酰胺激活JNK/SAPK通路誘導(dǎo)PMCs凋亡,觀察了高糖PDS對PMCs內(nèi)JNK和c-Jun的影響及酸性鞘磷脂酶阻斷劑地昔帕明對這種影響的作用。Western blot檢測顯示,用4.25%PDS處理PMCs 12h后,PMCs內(nèi)JNK及其下游信號c-Jun磷酸化水平明顯上調(diào),地昔帕明對這種上調(diào)具有顯著的抑制作用(圖3)。
圖1 高糖腹透液對腹膜間皮細(xì)胞神經(jīng)酰胺生成影響的濃度/時間效應(yīng)關(guān)系Fig.1 The concentration and time-dependent effect of high glucose PDS on the production of intracellular ceramide in PMCs
圖2 神經(jīng)酰胺生成阻斷劑對高糖腹透液誘導(dǎo) PMCs細(xì)胞凋亡的影響。A,空白對照;B,4.25%PDS處理細(xì)胞;C,4. 25%PDS+2μmol/L地昔帕明處理細(xì)胞;D,4.25%甘露醇處理細(xì)胞;標(biāo)尺,50μmFig.2 The effect of acidic sphingomyelinase inhibitor desipramine on PMC apoptosis induced by high glucose PDS.A,normal PMCs;B,4.25%PDS treatment;C,4.25%PDS+2μmol/L desipramine;D,4.25%mannitol;scale bar,50μm
圖3 神經(jīng)酰胺生成阻斷劑對高糖腹透液誘導(dǎo) PMCs內(nèi) JNK和 c-Jun磷酸化的影響。A,Western blot檢測;B,Western blot檢測的統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析;**,與空白對照組比較,P<0.01;#,與4.25%PDS干預(yù)組比較,0.01<P<0.05Fig.3 The effect of acidic sphingomyelinase inhibitor desipramine on the phosphorylation of p-JNK and p-c-Jun in PMCs induced by high glucose PDS. A,Western blot detection;B,statistical analysis of Western blot detection results.**,P<0.01,compared with the normal control group;#,0.01<P<0.05,compared with the 4.25%PDS group
4 高糖腹透液通過PMCs內(nèi)JNK/SAPK通路上調(diào)Bax和下調(diào)Bcl-2
為進一步明確高糖PDS是否通過JNK/SAPK通路影響PMCs內(nèi)凋亡調(diào)控基因,應(yīng)用Western blot檢測了高糖PDS對PMCs內(nèi)凋亡調(diào)控蛋白的影響及JNK阻斷劑SP600125對這種影響的作用。PMCs在4.25%PDS作用24h后,p-JNK和p-c-Jun水平上調(diào)的同時,促凋亡蛋白Bax水平上調(diào),而抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2水平顯著下調(diào)。25μmol/L SP600125可明顯阻斷高糖PDS的上述作用(圖4)
圖4 JNK阻斷劑對高糖腹透液影響 PMCs內(nèi)Bax和 Bcl-2的阻斷作用。A,Western blot檢測;B,Western blot檢測的統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析;*,與空白對照組比較,0.01<P<0.05;#,與4.25%PDS干預(yù)組比較,0.01<P<0.05Fig.4 JNK blocker blocked the effect of high glucose PDS on the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in PMCs.A,Western blot detection;B,statistical analysis of Western blot detection results;*,0.01<P<0.05,compared with the normal control group;#,0.01<P<0.05,compared with the 4.25% PDS group
PMCs是構(gòu)成腹膜最主要的細(xì)胞群體,在保持腹膜結(jié)構(gòu)完整性和功能有效性中起重要作用。我們[9,10]和國外[11]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn):大鼠腹腔內(nèi)灌注高糖PDS,可導(dǎo)致間皮細(xì)胞凋亡,間皮下基質(zhì)增厚,腹膜新生血管增加、腹膜通透性增高,從而導(dǎo)致腹膜轉(zhuǎn)運功能障礙。我們前期應(yīng)用流式細(xì)胞、末端標(biāo)化(TUNEL)以及端粒檢測技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)高糖PDS在體外可誘導(dǎo)PMCs的凋亡和衰老[12,13],但高糖PDS誘導(dǎo)PMCs凋亡的具體機制有待進一步研究。神經(jīng)酰胺是一種重要的脂質(zhì)第二信使,可通過啟動不同的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑參與細(xì)胞生長、增殖、分化、凋亡及應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡是神經(jīng)酰胺的主要生物學(xué)效應(yīng),這已在對多種細(xì)胞系的研究中得到證實[14,15]。鞘磷脂-神經(jīng)酰胺循環(huán)途徑是神經(jīng)酰胺的主要生化來源之一,增多的神經(jīng)酰胺通過激活不同蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酶(如JNK,PKC,Rac,KSR,Raf,PP2A,PP1)啟動級聯(lián)信號通路,從而引起細(xì)胞凋亡[14]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PDS可呈濃度、時間依賴性誘導(dǎo)PMCs細(xì)胞內(nèi)神經(jīng)酰胺增加,本實驗以相同濃度的甘露醇作為高滲對照,不能引起相應(yīng)的神經(jīng)酰胺增加,提示高糖PDS對PMCs的作用與滲透壓無關(guān)。酸性鞘磷脂酶阻斷劑地昔帕明對在神經(jīng)酰胺的代謝中具有相反作用的酸性鞘磷脂酶和酸性神經(jīng)酰胺酶都有下調(diào)作用[16,17]。我們前期研究結(jié)果顯示,地昔帕明可下調(diào)高糖PDS誘導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)酰胺活化,其凈效應(yīng)表現(xiàn)為細(xì)胞內(nèi)神經(jīng)酰胺的減少,提示酸性鞘磷脂酶-神經(jīng)酰胺通路亦參與了高糖PDS誘導(dǎo)的PMCs凋亡[6]。
目前神經(jīng)酰胺誘導(dǎo)腹膜間皮細(xì)胞凋亡的研究尚無直接實驗報道,但有研究表明,高血糖狀態(tài)可通過影響神經(jīng)酰胺通路參與細(xì)胞凋亡。外源性神經(jīng)酰胺可誘導(dǎo)人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡,且與葡萄糖濃度呈正相關(guān)[18]。我們的研究亦證實了高糖PDS和外源性神經(jīng)酰胺對PMCs的損傷作用。通過TUNEL法對凋亡細(xì)胞進行原位染色,可見對照組和酸性鞘磷脂酶阻斷劑地昔帕明組細(xì)胞很少著色,而高糖PDS細(xì)胞多數(shù)呈現(xiàn)典型的凋亡形態(tài),細(xì)胞變小、皺縮、染色質(zhì)凝集,細(xì)胞核內(nèi)呈顯棕黃色顆粒。以上提示,神經(jīng)酰胺可誘導(dǎo)PMCs凋亡增加,與其他研究者報道一致[19,20],高糖PDS作為可能影響腹膜透析患者間皮細(xì)胞功能最終導(dǎo)致腹膜纖維化的重要誘因,可能與之密切相關(guān)。
實驗證明,在鼠腎小球系膜細(xì)胞中,神經(jīng)酰胺的代謝產(chǎn)物鞘氨醇作用于ERK,對JNK/SAPK無作用,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞的增殖和分化;相反,神經(jīng)酰胺作用于JNK/SAPK,而對ERK無作用,最終導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡[21],說明神經(jīng)酰胺對JNK/SAPK的作用尚具有結(jié)構(gòu)特異性。本研究顯示高糖PDS可誘導(dǎo)JNK及其下游c-Jun磷酸化,提示高糖可激活JNK信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑。為了解高糖PDS是否通過促進神經(jīng)酰胺生成激活JNK通路,我們應(yīng)用地昔帕明減少細(xì)胞內(nèi)神經(jīng)酰胺的產(chǎn)生,發(fā)現(xiàn)高糖誘導(dǎo)的JNK和c-Jun磷酸化水平表達上調(diào)均可被地昔帕明顯著抑制,提示高濃度PDS引起的細(xì)胞內(nèi)神經(jīng)酰胺增加對JNK信號通路具有啟動作用。我們進一步采用JNK阻斷劑SP600125抑制高糖誘導(dǎo)的JNK、c-Jun磷酸化,觀察到高糖誘導(dǎo)的促凋亡調(diào)控基因Bax的上調(diào)及抗凋亡調(diào)控基因Bcl-2表達下調(diào)也得到了進一步抑制,證實JNK/SAPK信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑參與啟動了高糖誘導(dǎo)的PMCs凋亡。
綜上所述,高糖可作為腹膜透析液的獨立因素誘導(dǎo)PMCs凋亡和細(xì)胞內(nèi)神經(jīng)酰胺增加;酸性鞘磷脂酶抑制劑地昔帕明可通過減少細(xì)胞內(nèi)神經(jīng)酰胺的產(chǎn)生以抑制JNK信號通路活化;JNK阻斷劑SP600125可抑制JNK信號通路磷酸化,進而導(dǎo)致下游凋亡基因發(fā)生相應(yīng)的表達變化。我們的結(jié)果提示,高糖PDS誘導(dǎo)的PMCs凋亡中,可能存在“高糖刺激—神經(jīng)酰胺產(chǎn)生增加—JNK/SAPK激活—細(xì)胞凋亡”這一級聯(lián)反應(yīng),這可能作為防治PF的新靶點之一。
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High glucose peritoneal dialysis solution induces apoptosis of peritoneal mesothelial cells through ceramide-JNK/SAPK pathway
Tang Tianfeng1,Wang Bin2,Jiang Chunming1,Zhang Qingyan1,Sun Cheng1,Zhang Miao1*
(1Department of Nephrology,2Department of Neurosurgery,Drum Tower Hospital,The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School,Nanjing 210008,China)
Objective To observe the effect of peritoneal dialysis solution(PDS)on the apoptosis of peritoneal mesothelium cells(PMCs)and explore the mechanism of ceramide in the apoptosis of PMCs induced by high glucose PDS.Methods PMCs were cultured in DMEM,DMEM with 1.5%PDS and 4.25%PDS,respectively.4.25%mannitol was used as the high osmotic pressure control solution.The change of ceremide level was detected by LC/MS/MS.TUNEL was used for apoptosis analysis.The p-JNK,p-c-Jun,Bax and Bcl-2 proteins were detected by Western blot.Results PDS increased intracellular ceremide level in PMCs in a concentration and time-dependent manner;there was no obvious change in ceremide level in the normal and high osmotic pressure control groups.Compared with 1.5%PDS,4.25%PDS induced PMCs apoptosis and promoted the phosphorylation of JNK and its downstream c-Jun(P<0.05);this effect was obviously inhibited by the acidic sphingomyelinase inhibitor Desipramine.JNK blocker SP600125 significantly suppressed the activation of JNK and c-Jun induced by high glucose PDS,thus inhibiting the up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2(P<0.05).Conclusion The increase of intracellular ceremide level may play an important role through JNK/SAPK pathway in the apoptosis of PMCs induced by high glucose PDS.
Peritoneal dialysis solution;peritoneal mesothelium cells;apoptosis;ceramide;JNK/SAPK
R329.2+5
A
10.16705/j.cnki.1004-1850.2016.05.003
2016-04-20
2016-10-11
江蘇省自然科學(xué)基金青年基金項目(BK20160127)
湯天鳳,女(1980年),漢族,主治醫(yī)師
(To whom correspondence should be addressed):zmslp@m(xù)edmail.com.cn