周鄭,顧問(wèn),吳文涌,朱德芾,余昌俊
(安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院胃腸外科,安徽 合肥 230022)
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手助腹腔鏡在胃癌治療中的臨床評(píng)價(jià)
周鄭,顧問(wèn),吳文涌,朱德芾,余昌俊
(安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院胃腸外科,安徽 合肥 230022)
目的 評(píng)價(jià)手助腹腔鏡在胃癌治療中應(yīng)用的近期臨床療效。方法 選擇接受手助腹腔鏡和開(kāi)放手術(shù)的胃癌患者,收集患者術(shù)前、術(shù)后第1天以及術(shù)后第3天外周血,分別測(cè)定C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)、皮質(zhì)醇(COR)水平。同時(shí)收集患者的術(shù)前參數(shù):患者的基本資料、合并的基礎(chǔ)疾病及實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo);術(shù)中參數(shù):手術(shù)時(shí)間、切口長(zhǎng)度、術(shù)中出血量,淋巴結(jié)的陽(yáng)性檢出率,腫瘤的大小與分期,手術(shù)方式及手術(shù)性質(zhì);術(shù)后患者胃腸功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率及住院時(shí)間。結(jié)果 兩組患者的術(shù)前各參數(shù)比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。手助腹腔鏡組與開(kāi)放手術(shù)組在術(shù)中淋巴結(jié)的陽(yáng)性檢出率,腫瘤的大小與分期,手術(shù)方式及手術(shù)性質(zhì)上差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);手助腹腔鏡組患者的手術(shù)切口長(zhǎng)度小于開(kāi)腹手術(shù)組患者的切口長(zhǎng)度[(5.07±0.41)vs(13.00±1.75) cm](P<0.05);在術(shù)中失血量,術(shù)后通氣時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間上手助腹腔鏡組與開(kāi)腹手術(shù)組相比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 [(183.3±61.87)vs(242.5±105.08) mL;(3.12±0.73)vs(3.38±0.83) d;(7.83±1.56)vs(8.68±1.96) d](P<0.05);細(xì)胞因子CRP、IL-6及COR在術(shù)前兩組之間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,術(shù)后第1天手助腹腔鏡組的數(shù)值均明顯低于開(kāi)放手術(shù)組[(94.22±14.99)vs(101.81±18.66) mg·L-1;(35.83±4.12)vs(38.56±4.58) ng·L-1;(389.00±30.97)vs(406.61±36.89) μg·L-1](P<0.05);而術(shù)后第3天差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論 手助腹腔鏡手術(shù)治療胃癌是安全可行的,其短期療效與開(kāi)放手術(shù)相當(dāng);且手助腹腔鏡具有對(duì)機(jī)體干擾較小,術(shù)后胃腸道功能恢復(fù)更快的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
手助腹腔鏡;開(kāi)放手術(shù);胃癌;近期臨床評(píng)價(jià)
胃癌是全球最常見(jiàn)的消化道惡性腫瘤之一。日本、韓國(guó)及我國(guó)是胃癌高發(fā)區(qū),我國(guó)每年新發(fā)病例約40萬(wàn)例,占世界總發(fā)病例數(shù)的42%。目前手術(shù)切除病灶仍然是胃癌的主要治療方式。手助腹腔鏡技術(shù)把腹腔鏡手術(shù)與開(kāi)放手術(shù)結(jié)合在一起,外科醫(yī)生通過(guò)藍(lán)蝶裝置把手放入患者腹腔進(jìn)行操作,而不影響氣腹的壓力。它的優(yōu)勢(shì)包括保留了外科醫(yī)生的觸覺(jué),利用操作手進(jìn)行組織的鈍性分離及意外出血的迅速控制。手助腹腔鏡技術(shù)應(yīng)用于臨床取得了良好效果,患者恢復(fù)快,創(chuàng)傷小[1]。但手助腹腔鏡技術(shù)在胃癌患者中的應(yīng)用還少有報(bào)告。本研究收集接受手助腹腔鏡手術(shù)和開(kāi)放手術(shù)的胃癌患者的臨床數(shù)據(jù)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo),分析手輔助腹腔鏡在胃癌治療中應(yīng)用的近期臨床療效。
1.1 一般資料 選取安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院胃腸外科2014年1月至2016年3月行手助腹腔鏡和開(kāi)放手術(shù)的胃癌患者,所有患者術(shù)前均經(jīng)胃鏡和胃組織病理檢查證實(shí)為胃癌。一般資料比較:納入的開(kāi)放手術(shù)組患者56例,平均年齡為(64.52±9.92)歲,其中男性39例,女性17例;納入的手助腹腔鏡組患者42例,平均年齡為(61.78±8.01)歲,其中男性32例,女性10例。兩組患者的年齡、性別、BMI、ASA分級(jí)、合并基礎(chǔ)疾病、既往腹部手術(shù)史以及術(shù)前實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo),包括:凝血時(shí)間,血紅蛋白,血小板,白細(xì)胞和白蛋白水平差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)表1。本研究獲安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者或近親屬對(duì)研究方案簽署知情同意書(shū)。
表1 兩組患者的一般資料比較
1.2 手術(shù)方法
1.2.1 手助腹腔鏡胃癌手術(shù) 手術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備同常規(guī)開(kāi)腹手術(shù)。采用氣管插管全麻,仰臥位。依據(jù)腹腔鏡探查對(duì)腫瘤進(jìn)行手術(shù)中分期,并進(jìn)行胃周區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)清掃。 于上腹部正中劍突下方4~6 cm 手術(shù)切口,放置藍(lán)蝶手助器,進(jìn)行手術(shù)操作。提起大網(wǎng)膜,沿橫結(jié)腸上緣用電刀游離大網(wǎng)膜和胃結(jié)腸韌帶,分離結(jié)腸系膜前葉。然后將手術(shù)者左手經(jīng)藍(lán)蝶手助器插入患者腹腔,分別安置 Trocar 和建立 CO2人工氣腹。用超聲刀分離胃網(wǎng)膜左血管予以切斷。分離胃左動(dòng)脈和胃冠狀靜脈,清掃7組和9組淋巴結(jié)并離斷血管;向上分離至賁門(mén)右側(cè),緊鄰肝左葉臟面分離肝胃韌帶,清掃1組淋巴結(jié)。分離胰十二指腸動(dòng)脈和幽門(mén)下,清掃6組淋巴結(jié)和離斷胃網(wǎng)膜右血管;沿胰十二指腸動(dòng)脈向上分離至幽門(mén)上和肝動(dòng)脈,清掃12組和 5 組淋巴結(jié),并離斷胃右血管。根治性遠(yuǎn)端胃切除術(shù),保留胃短血管和胃后血管,清掃胃小彎賁門(mén)側(cè)3組淋巴結(jié)。荷包鉗夾閉食管下段并切斷,移出切除的全胃及切除淋巴結(jié)和大網(wǎng)膜,食管殘端埋入吻合器針氈,采用食管空腸端側(cè)吻合+空腸空腸側(cè)側(cè)吻合術(shù)重建消化道。
1.2.2 開(kāi)放胃癌手術(shù) 麻醉平穩(wěn)后取仰臥位,導(dǎo)尿完成后常規(guī)消毒、鋪巾。于劍突與臍之間正中切口,長(zhǎng)約13 cm,逐層進(jìn)腹,探查腹腔內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移情況,確定手術(shù)方案。于大網(wǎng)膜與橫結(jié)腸交界處超聲刀切開(kāi),將大網(wǎng)膜連同橫結(jié)腸系膜前葉及胰腺背膜解離,右側(cè)至結(jié)腸肝曲,左側(cè)至結(jié)腸脾曲。術(shù)者左手提起胃體,游離脾胃韌帶,夾閉胃網(wǎng)膜左及胃短血管,清掃周圍淋巴脂肪組織。游離胃后方,夾斷胃左動(dòng)靜脈,清掃周圍淋巴脂肪組織。游離幽門(mén)部,離斷胃網(wǎng)膜右動(dòng)靜脈,清掃周圍淋巴脂肪組織。近肝臟處超聲刀切開(kāi)小網(wǎng)膜,清掃十二指腸韌帶周圍淋巴脂肪組織,離斷胃右動(dòng)靜脈,清掃周圍淋巴脂肪組織。在幽門(mén)下方離斷十二指腸,用荷包鉗夾閉食管下段并切斷,取出切除組織和完成消化道重建。
1.3 檢測(cè)指標(biāo)
1.3.1 基本資料 年齡、性別、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)、美國(guó)麻醉師協(xié)會(huì) (ASA)分級(jí)、是否合并基礎(chǔ)疾病、是否有既往腹部手術(shù)史、術(shù)前血紅蛋白(Hg)及術(shù)前白蛋白水平、腫瘤最大徑、腫瘤的TNM分期。
1.3.2 術(shù)中情況 切口長(zhǎng)度、手術(shù)時(shí)間、清掃的淋巴結(jié)數(shù)目、陽(yáng)性淋巴結(jié)檢出數(shù)。
1.3.3 術(shù)后恢復(fù)情況 術(shù)后通氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間、是否發(fā)生手術(shù)相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。
1.3.4 應(yīng)激指標(biāo) 分別于術(shù)前、術(shù)后第1天和術(shù)后第3天采集患者空腹外周靜脈血,檢測(cè)C-反應(yīng)蛋白 (CRP),白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)和皮質(zhì)醇 (COR)。CRP、IL-6及COR均采用ELISA 法檢測(cè)。
2.1 術(shù)中參數(shù)比較 兩組患者中的腫瘤最大徑以及腫瘤的TNM分期相比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;兩組患者在清掃的淋巴結(jié)數(shù)目以及陽(yáng)性淋巴結(jié)檢出數(shù)比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。手助腹腔鏡組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間顯著長(zhǎng)于開(kāi)放手術(shù)組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間[(234.36±63.57)vs(178.61±51.04)]min,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),而手助腹腔鏡組患者的切口長(zhǎng)度小于開(kāi)放手術(shù)組患者[(5.07±0.41)vs(13.00±1.75)] cm,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),同時(shí)手助腹腔鏡組患者的術(shù)中失血量也少于開(kāi)放手術(shù)組患者[(183.3±61.87)vs(242.5±105.08)] mL,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),見(jiàn)表2。
2.2 術(shù)后恢復(fù)參數(shù)比較 兩組患者在術(shù)后進(jìn)食時(shí)間及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率方面差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。手助組患者術(shù)后通氣時(shí)間短于開(kāi)放組患者的術(shù)后通氣時(shí)間[(3.12±0.73)vs(3.38±0.83) d,P=0.029],且手術(shù)腹腔鏡組患者的住院時(shí)間更短,兩組間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 細(xì)胞因子檢測(cè)結(jié)果比較 兩組患者術(shù)前的三種細(xì)胞因子檢測(cè)值比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。在術(shù)后第1天兩組患者間的三種細(xì)胞因子比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而在術(shù)后第3天檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組間三種細(xì)胞因子數(shù)值相比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)表3。
手助腹腔鏡技術(shù)現(xiàn)已廣泛應(yīng)用于惡性腫瘤切除手術(shù)等外科領(lǐng)域,它的安全可行性已得到證實(shí)[2-3]。研究表明,手助腹腔鏡手術(shù)和開(kāi)放手術(shù)相比有諸多優(yōu)勢(shì),如切口美觀,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥減少,術(shù)后恢復(fù)快等[3-6]。
本研究對(duì)手輔助腹腔鏡在胃癌治療中應(yīng)用的近期臨床療效進(jìn)行了分析。在淋巴結(jié)的檢出率方面,手助腹腔鏡在結(jié)直腸腫瘤的應(yīng)用中未發(fā)現(xiàn)與開(kāi)腹手術(shù)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[7-8];在本研究中,兩組患者的術(shù)中清掃的淋巴結(jié)數(shù)目及術(shù)后的陽(yáng)性淋巴結(jié)檢出數(shù)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,說(shuō)明手助腹腔鏡手術(shù)達(dá)到了與開(kāi)放手術(shù)一致的胃癌治療效果。此次我們調(diào)查的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥包括術(shù)后肺炎,胸腔積液,消化道瘺及切口感染,兩組患者的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率相似,可能由于本次研究病例數(shù)較少所致,有待今后更大樣本的研究。分析數(shù)據(jù)得出開(kāi)放手術(shù)組患者的切口長(zhǎng)度2倍于手助腹腔鏡組患者的切口長(zhǎng)度。小切口不僅可以達(dá)到美容效果,更可以減少切口疝、切口感染及切口裂開(kāi)的發(fā)生率[9-10]。術(shù)中減少失血既可以減少患者發(fā)生圍手術(shù)期的死亡,又可以避免患者的免疫功能受到損害[11-12],我們的結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)手助腹腔鏡組患者的術(shù)中失血量要小于開(kāi)腹手術(shù)組患者的術(shù)中失血量,且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。術(shù)后數(shù)據(jù)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)手助腹腔鏡組患者的消化道功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間和住院時(shí)間均小于開(kāi)腹手術(shù)組患者,表明接受手助腹腔鏡技術(shù)治療的胃癌患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)更快。
表2 兩組患者的術(shù)中參數(shù)及術(shù)后參數(shù)的比較
表3 兩組患者的術(shù)前與術(shù)后細(xì)胞因子的比較±s
注:時(shí)點(diǎn)間兩兩比較的顯著線水準(zhǔn)a,=0.017。
手術(shù)所造成的創(chuàng)傷可以引起機(jī)體產(chǎn)生應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。本研究主要研究了CRP、IL-6和COR三種細(xì)胞因子的變化。CRP是一種急性期蛋白,有激活補(bǔ)體、釋放炎癥介質(zhì)、促進(jìn)黏附等功能。 CRP一般于術(shù)后4~12 h升高,24~72 h達(dá)到高峰,之后2周內(nèi)在一定的水平范圍內(nèi)波動(dòng)。Jung等[13]的研究證實(shí)相比于開(kāi)放手術(shù)的胃癌患者術(shù)后CRP水平,行腹腔鏡手術(shù)的胃癌患者的術(shù)后CRP水平更低,且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。這與我們的研究結(jié)果一致,術(shù)后1 d手助腹腔鏡組胃癌患者的血液CRP值低于開(kāi)放手術(shù)組患者的血液CRP值。IL-6是促炎細(xì)胞因子,一般于術(shù)后1~3 h升高,其上升的越高,代表機(jī)體遭受的損傷越嚴(yán)重。IL-6一般在手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷的早期便可表達(dá),與手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷嚴(yán)重程度及失血量等因素相關(guān),是組織損傷最為敏感的標(biāo)志物。Okholm等[14]通過(guò)薈萃分析得出接受腹腔鏡手術(shù)的胃癌患者術(shù)后血液IL-6水平明顯低于接受開(kāi)放手術(shù)的胃癌組患者的IL-6水平,因此腹腔鏡手術(shù)對(duì)機(jī)體應(yīng)激較小,可以降低患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),兩組患者術(shù)后第1天的血液IL-6水平比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,提示手助腹腔鏡組患者所經(jīng)歷的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)較小。COR是一種重要的激素,手術(shù)可刺激下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸,促使機(jī)體內(nèi)COR水平迅速升高。張雪峰等[15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)開(kāi)放直腸癌切除術(shù)與腹腔鏡直腸癌切除術(shù)后血清COR均有所升高,術(shù)后1 d腹腔鏡直腸癌切除術(shù)組降至術(shù)前水平,而開(kāi)放直腸癌切除術(shù)組下降緩慢,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后第1天兩組患者的血液皮質(zhì)醇濃度迅速升高,且開(kāi)放手術(shù)組患者的血液皮質(zhì)醇濃度升高數(shù)值明顯高于手助腹腔鏡組;術(shù)后第3天兩組患者的血液皮質(zhì)醇濃度均下降,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;提示手助腹腔鏡技術(shù)對(duì)患者所造成的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)更小。
綜上所述,手助腹腔鏡胃癌手術(shù)具有與開(kāi)放胃癌手術(shù)相同的短期療效,且接受手助腹腔鏡手術(shù)患者的術(shù)后通氣時(shí)間更早,機(jī)體應(yīng)激反應(yīng)更小。因此,手助腹腔鏡技術(shù)可作為胃癌手術(shù)的選擇模式。
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A short-term clinical evaluation of hand assisted laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of gastric cancer
ZHOU Zheng,GU Wen,WU Wenyong,et al
(TheFirstAffiliatedHospitalofAnhuiMedicalUniversity,Hefei,Anhui230022,China)
Objective To investigate the short-term clinical evaluation of hand assisted laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of gastric cancer.Methods We selected gastric cancer patients who underwent HALS and OS at the gastrointestinal department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University between January 2014 and March 2016.We collected serum from these patients preoperatively,1stday and 3rd day postoperatively to detect the levels of C-reactive protein(CRP),interleukin-6(IL-6) and cortisol(COR).Clinical indicators were also collected,including the patients′ basic information,underlying diseases and laboratory indexes,together with intraoperative parameters including operation time,incision length,blood loss,lymph node positive rate,tumor size and tumor stage,surgical methods and surgical properties,and also recovery time of postoperative gastrointestinal functions,postoperative complication occurrence rate and hospitalization time.Results Preoperative parameters of the two groups were not statistically different.Intraoperative lymph node positive rate,tumor size and tumor stage,surgical methods and surgical properties in HALS group and OS group were not statistically different (P>0.05);the length of incision in hand assisted laparoscopic group was shorter than that in OS group[(5.07±0.41)vs(13.00±1.75)cm] (P>0.05).Intraoperative blood loss,postoperative flatus time and hospitalization time in HALS group were superior to those in OS group [(183.3±61.87)vs(242.5±105.08) mL;(3.12±0.73)vs(3.38±0.83) d;(7.83±1.56)vs(8.68±1.96) d] (P<0.05);preoperative CRP,IL-6 and COR were not different between the two groups.In the first postoperative day,the levels of the three cytokines in HALS group were significantly lower than those in the OS group [(94.22±14.99)vs(101.81±18.66) mg·L-1;(35.83±4.12)vs(38.56±4.58) ng·L-1;(389.00±30.97)vs(406.61±36.89)μg·L-1] (P<0.05) while there was no statistical difference in the three cytokines levels between the two groups in the third postoperative day.Conclusions HALS is safe and feasible for patients with gastric cancer,which achieves the same short-term curative effect as OS.Compared with OS,HALS achieves faster recovery of gastrointestinal function and less stress interference.
Hand assisted laparoscopy;Open surgery;Gastric cancer;Short term clinical evaluation
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目(81572305);安徽省教育廳重點(diǎn)人才支持項(xiàng)目(gxyqZD2016051)
吳文涌,男,副教授,碩士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:胃腸腫瘤及炎性疾病,E-mail:hfwwy@126.com
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6469.2016.10.026
2016-05-17,
2016-07-29)