王鵬 張劍寧 陳金輝 于新 趙虎林 孫艷杰
(海軍總醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,北京 100037)
·論著·
Survivin對(duì)體外培養(yǎng)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞U251替莫唑胺敏感性的影響
王鵬 張劍寧*陳金輝 于新 趙虎林 孫艷杰
(海軍總醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,北京 100037)
目的探討Survivin對(duì)體外培養(yǎng)的人腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞(U251)替莫唑胺化療敏感性的影響。方法將人腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞U251中Survivin的表達(dá)上調(diào)或者抑制后,經(jīng)替莫唑胺處理。采用四甲基偶氮唑藍(lán)(MTT)比色法,平板克隆形成試驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)各組細(xì)胞增殖能力,流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡,蛋白免疫印跡法檢測(cè)各組細(xì)胞激活caspase-3的表達(dá)情況。結(jié)果替莫唑胺處理后,與親代細(xì)胞相比,下調(diào)Survivin的表達(dá),細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)抑制效果增強(qiáng),凋亡率增加,激活的caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)增多;上調(diào)Survivin的表達(dá),細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)抑制作用減弱,凋亡率減少,激活的caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)下降。結(jié)論Survivin可通過(guò)抑制凋亡,影響膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)替莫唑胺的敏感性。
膠質(zhì)瘤; 細(xì)胞凋亡; 替莫唑胺; 存活素
膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤占膠質(zhì)瘤的50%以上,并且是致死性最高的惡性腫瘤之一[1]。在美國(guó)每年大約有10 000人診斷為膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤;經(jīng)過(guò)手術(shù)、放療、化療等綜合治療后,患者的中位生存時(shí)間為14.6月[2]。與其他腫瘤相比,膠質(zhì)瘤的治療進(jìn)展相對(duì)滯后,除了將替莫唑胺(temozolomide,TMZ)引入到膠質(zhì)瘤的治療之外,臨床上目前暫無(wú)其他可以提高膠質(zhì)瘤治療效果的方法。替莫唑胺是一種口服的烷化劑,通過(guò)干擾腫瘤細(xì)胞DNA的復(fù)制并導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖,進(jìn)而提高患者的存活時(shí)間[3,4]。替莫唑胺作為膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤治療的一線用藥應(yīng)用廣泛,但是替莫唑胺耐藥性的產(chǎn)生降低了其在臨床上的治療效果[5],因此亟需研究替莫唑胺耐藥的相關(guān)機(jī)制并加以干預(yù),提高膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤的治療效果。
雖然化療藥物導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞死亡有多種方式,諸如壞死、有絲分裂破壞、自噬等,但是誘導(dǎo)凋亡仍是化療藥物導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞死亡的主要方式[6,7]。Survivin在腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡中發(fā)揮重要作用,因此本實(shí)驗(yàn)擬觀察Survivin對(duì)替莫唑胺誘導(dǎo)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞凋亡的影響,分析Survivin對(duì)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞替莫唑胺敏感性的影響。
一、材料
U251膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞,Survivin的表達(dá)質(zhì)粒和干擾質(zhì)粒均由第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)西京腦科醫(yī)院章翔教授惠贈(zèng)。改良Eagle培養(yǎng)基(Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium,DMEM)購(gòu)自Hyclone公司,胎牛血清購(gòu)自Gibco公司,兔抗人Caspase-3單克隆抗體、山羊抗兔IgG辣根過(guò)氧化物酶標(biāo)記購(gòu)自Cell Signaling公司,兔抗人甘油醛-3-磷酸脫氫酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,GAPDH)抗體購(gòu)自北京博奧森公司,TMZ購(gòu)自天士力公司。
二、方法
1.細(xì)胞培養(yǎng):替莫唑胺10 mg用250 μl二甲亞砜(dimethyl sulphoxide,DMSO)溶解,經(jīng)DMEM培養(yǎng)基稀釋(DMSO濃度不超過(guò)0.5%),配制成替莫唑胺濃度為1 000 μmol/L的母液;人膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤系U251細(xì)胞用含10 ml/L胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)基,在37℃、含5% CO2的孵箱中培養(yǎng)。
2.穩(wěn)轉(zhuǎn)細(xì)胞系的建立:將U251細(xì)胞分別轉(zhuǎn)染pcDNA3.1(空載體),pcDNA3.1-Survivin(Survivin的表達(dá)載體),采用G418篩選,構(gòu)建的穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞命名為:U251/PCtrl-1,U251/Sur。將U251細(xì)胞分別轉(zhuǎn)染pRNAT(空載體)、pRNAT-SurvivinshRNA[針對(duì)Survivin基因的短發(fā)夾RNA(short hairpin RNA,shRNA)真核表達(dá)載體]、pRNAT- NS si[無(wú)關(guān)序列(nonsense sequence,NS)載體],采用G418篩選,構(gòu)建的穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞系命名為:U251/PCtrl-2,U251/Sur si和U251/NS si。
3.四甲基偶氮唑藍(lán)(methyl thiazolylterrazaium,MTT)法測(cè)定細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)曲線:將處于對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的U251、U251/PCtrl-1、U251/PCtrl-2、U251/Sur、U251/Sur si、U251/NS si細(xì)胞,以每孔接種1×104個(gè)細(xì)胞的濃度,接種至24孔板,每孔加 1 ml DMEM,每組細(xì)胞接種9孔,1 d后(細(xì)胞貼壁)分別加替莫唑胺,使TMZ的濃度為100 μmol/L。在接種的第2天、第4天、第6天,每組細(xì)胞各取3孔計(jì)數(shù),以MTT法,測(cè)定各組的光密度值,繪制細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)曲線。
4.平板克隆形成實(shí)驗(yàn):分別取處于對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的U251、U251/PCtrl-1、U251/PCtrl-2、U251/Sur、U251/Sur si、U251/NS si細(xì)胞,以每個(gè)培養(yǎng)皿接種200個(gè)細(xì)胞的濃度,將上述細(xì)胞接種至60 mm的培養(yǎng)皿中,加入10 ml的 DMEM。1 d后(細(xì)胞貼壁)分別加替莫唑胺,使TMZ的濃度為100 μmol/L。10 d后,棄去上清,以磷酸鹽緩沖溶液(phosphate buffer saline,PBS)輕柔洗滌后,以5 ml純甲醇固定細(xì)胞,之后棄去固定液,以姬姆薩應(yīng)用液染色,用自來(lái)水洗去染色液,將培養(yǎng)皿放置在空氣中干燥后,用肉眼計(jì)數(shù)細(xì)胞的克隆數(shù)??寺⌒纬陕?克隆數(shù)/200×100%。
5.流式細(xì)胞術(shù)(flow cytometry,FCM)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡:將處于對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的U251、U251/PCtrl-1、U251/PCtrl-2、U251/Sur、U251/Sur si、U251/NS si細(xì)胞接種于100 ml培養(yǎng)瓶中,1 d后(細(xì)胞貼壁)分別加替莫唑胺,使TMZ的濃度為100 μmol/L,細(xì)胞接種5 d后(加入TMZ 4 d后),收集細(xì)胞,用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)細(xì)胞的凋亡水平。
6.蛋白質(zhì)免疫印跡檢測(cè)Caspase-3表達(dá):各組細(xì)胞經(jīng)替莫唑胺處理后,裂解細(xì)胞提取蛋白,并行蛋白定量。將蛋白電泳后轉(zhuǎn)移至聚偏二氟乙烯膜(polyvinylidene fluoride,PVDF)膜上,洗膜后加入膜封閉液室溫封閉1 h,加入稀釋的兔抗人Caspase-3單克隆抗體,4℃冰箱過(guò)夜,漂洗后加入辣根過(guò)氧化物酶標(biāo)記的山羊抗兔IgG,室溫孵育1 h,漂洗后電化學(xué)發(fā)光(electrochemiluminescence,ECL)曝光定影。
7.統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析:采用SPSS 14.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差的形式表示細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、細(xì)胞克隆計(jì)數(shù)、凋亡率;采用方差分析比較各組細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞均數(shù)、細(xì)胞克隆形成率、凋亡率,組間均數(shù)的比較用q檢驗(yàn)。Plt;0.05定為有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
一、不同穩(wěn)轉(zhuǎn)細(xì)胞系中Survivin的表達(dá)情況
穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染干擾載體的U251/ Sursi細(xì)胞中Survivin表達(dá)明顯抑制,穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染Survivin的U251/Sur細(xì)胞中Survivin呈高表達(dá)。
二、不同穩(wěn)轉(zhuǎn)細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)曲線
經(jīng)替莫唑胺處理后,與親代U251(U251/Ctrl)細(xì)胞相比,U251/ Sur si細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)降低(Plt;0.01,圖1);經(jīng)替莫唑胺處理后,與親代U251(U251/Ctrl)細(xì)胞相比,U251/ Sur細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)抑制減弱(Plt;0.01,圖1)。
三、細(xì)胞克隆計(jì)數(shù)
經(jīng)替莫唑胺處理后,與親代U251(U251/Ctrl)細(xì)胞相比,U251/ Sur si細(xì)胞克隆數(shù)減少 (Plt;0.01,圖2);經(jīng)替莫唑胺處理后,與親代U251(U251/Ctrl)細(xì)胞相比,U251/ Sur細(xì)胞克隆數(shù)增多(Plt;0.01,圖2)。
四、不同穩(wěn)轉(zhuǎn)細(xì)胞的凋亡情況
經(jīng)替莫唑胺處理后,與親代U251(U251/Ctrl)細(xì)胞相比,U251/Sur si細(xì)胞凋亡增多(Plt;0.01,圖3);與親代U251(U251/Ctrl)細(xì)胞相比,U251/ Sur細(xì)胞凋亡減少(Plt;0.01,圖3)。
圖1 不同穩(wěn)轉(zhuǎn)細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)曲線
Fig 1 Growth curve of U251 cells in different groups
aPlt;0.01,TMZ+SursivsTMZ;bPlt;0.01,TMZ+SurvsTMZ.
圖2 各組細(xì)胞克隆形成率
Fig 2 Cell surviving fraction of U251 cells in different groups
aPlt;0.01,TMZ+SursivsTMZ;bPlt;0.01,TMZ+SurvsTMZ.
圖3 各組細(xì)胞凋亡水平
Fig 3 Apoptosis of U251 cells by flowcytometry
aPlt;0.01,TMZ+SursivsTMZ;bPlt;0.01,TMZ+SurvsTMZ.
五、Western blot檢測(cè)Caspase-3表達(dá)結(jié)果
Western blot分析結(jié)果:經(jīng)替莫唑胺處理后,與親代U251(U251/Ctrl)細(xì)胞相比,U251/Sur si中Caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)增加(圖4);與親代U251(U251/Ctrl)細(xì)胞相比,U251/Sur中Caspase-3表達(dá)降低(圖4)。
圖4 各組細(xì)胞Caspase-3表達(dá)水平
Fig 4 Expression of Caspase-3 protein in each group by Western blot
膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤是顱內(nèi)最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤,經(jīng)過(guò)正規(guī)的手術(shù)、放療及化療,超過(guò)90%的患者在2年內(nèi)死亡。TMZ是第二代烷化劑,作為膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤化療的一線用藥,目前廣泛使用。對(duì)于新診斷的膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤患者而言,與手術(shù)聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,或者與手術(shù)及放療聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,可以極大提高患者的存活時(shí)間。但是在替莫唑胺的治療過(guò)程中腫瘤細(xì)胞可逐步產(chǎn)生耐藥性,即使初始治療時(shí)對(duì)替莫唑胺反應(yīng)良好的患者,腫瘤細(xì)胞仍可逐步獲得耐藥性[8~10]。因此研究膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)替莫唑胺耐藥的機(jī)制并加以干預(yù),有望提高膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤患者的治療效果。
研究表明誘導(dǎo)凋亡是化療藥物殺滅腫瘤細(xì)胞的重要機(jī)制,化療藥物通過(guò)損傷DNA,進(jìn)而誘發(fā)凋亡導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞死亡[11],因此研究凋亡通路上的相關(guān)分子及作用,有望提高膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)替莫唑胺的敏感性[12]。以往的研究表明,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡可以增加膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤對(duì)替莫唑胺的敏感性[13]。抑制抗凋亡的Bcl-2功能,可促進(jìn)細(xì)胞死亡,在一項(xiàng)Ⅰ期臨床試驗(yàn)中,將Bcl-2的抑制劑AT-101與替莫唑胺聯(lián)合應(yīng)用治療膠質(zhì)瘤,患者的中位生存時(shí)間達(dá)到18.2個(gè)月[14]。
Survivin在細(xì)胞凋亡中發(fā)揮重要作用,且與腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展關(guān)系密切,并且其在正常腦組織中不表達(dá)或低表達(dá),而在膠質(zhì)瘤組織中高表達(dá),隨著膠質(zhì)瘤級(jí)別的增高,Survivin的表達(dá)也隨之增高,上述特點(diǎn)均提示Survivin非常適合做為膠質(zhì)瘤靶向治療的靶點(diǎn)[15]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)下調(diào)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞中Survivin的表達(dá),可使替莫唑胺誘導(dǎo)的膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡增加,上調(diào)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞中Survivin的表達(dá),可使替莫唑胺誘導(dǎo)的膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞凋亡減少,提示Survivin可通過(guò)影響細(xì)胞凋亡,進(jìn)而影響膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)替莫唑胺的敏感性。目前Survivin的抑制劑已經(jīng)進(jìn)入Ⅰ期臨床試驗(yàn),隨著Survivin抑制方案的逐步成熟,有望最終提高膠質(zhì)瘤患者的治療效果,延長(zhǎng)患者的生存時(shí)間。
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EffectsofSurvivinontemozolomidechemosensitivityofU251gliomacellsinvitro
WANGPeng,ZHANGJianning,CHENJinhui,YUXin,ZHAOHulin,SUNYanjie
DepartmentofNeurosurgery,NavyGeneralHospital,Beijing100037,China
ObjectiveThe effect of Survivin on temozolomide (TMZ) resistance of U251 glioma cells is discussed.MethodsThe Survivin RNA plasmids or the specific shRNA vector targeting Survivin was transfected into U251 cells,respectively. The cellular growth activity was assayed by methyl thiazolyltetrazolium(MTT). Cell surviving fraction was calculated by colony forming assay. The apoptosis was assayed by the Annexin V assay by flow cytometer (FCM). The expression of activated caspase-3 was detected by western blot.ResultsAfter treated with TMZ,compared with parent cells,cell proliferation was inhibited significantly,apoptosis rate was increased,and the expression of activated caspase-3 protein was promoted in down-regulation Survivin group; while in up-regulation Survivin group,cell proliferation was promoted,apoptosis rate was decreased,and the expression of activated caspase-3 protein was declined.ConclusionSurvivin can suppress TMZ sensitivity of glioma cells by inhibiting the apoptosis in vitro.
Glioma; Apoptosis; Temozolomide; Survivin
1671-2897(2016)15-317-04
R 739.41
A
王鵬,博士,E-mail:986257010@qq.com
*通訊作者:張劍寧,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,E-mail:jnzhang2005@yahoo.com.cn
2015-10-10;
2016-01-06)