龐運(yùn)奪,馬艷,董勝雯,孫忠
孕產(chǎn)婦不同分娩方式的選擇及結(jié)局探討
龐運(yùn)奪1,馬艷2,董勝雯1,孫忠3△
目的調(diào)查初產(chǎn)婦及經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦不同情況下分娩方式的選擇,并對(duì)其分娩結(jié)局進(jìn)行交叉比較。方法回顧性分析天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科2013年1月1日—2014年12月31日入院分娩產(chǎn)婦7 509例的臨床資料,其中初產(chǎn)婦6 229例,經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦1 280例。統(tǒng)計(jì)初產(chǎn)婦和經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦陰道分娩和剖宮產(chǎn)例數(shù)及經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦中剖宮產(chǎn)者的剖宮產(chǎn)指征構(gòu)成比,比較初產(chǎn)婦及瘢痕子宮孕產(chǎn)婦再次妊娠選擇陰道分娩與剖宮產(chǎn)的比例及結(jié)局。結(jié)果經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦剖宮產(chǎn)率高于初產(chǎn)婦(69.06%vs.57.54%,χ2=59.19,P<0.05)。其中瘢痕子宮婦女再次妊娠631例,經(jīng)陰道分娩39例(6.18%),再次剖宮產(chǎn)592例(93.82%)。經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦選擇剖宮產(chǎn)的手術(shù)指征以瘢痕子宮為主。初產(chǎn)婦及瘢痕子宮孕產(chǎn)婦選擇陰道分娩結(jié)局與剖宮產(chǎn)相比新生兒體質(zhì)量較輕,孕產(chǎn)婦住院時(shí)間較短,產(chǎn)后24 h出血量和產(chǎn)后發(fā)熱例數(shù)均較少(均P<0.05),在新兒評(píng)分方面差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。初產(chǎn)婦與瘢痕子宮孕產(chǎn)婦選擇陰道分娩結(jié)局差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。瘢痕子宮經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦再次剖宮產(chǎn)與初產(chǎn)婦首次剖宮產(chǎn)相比,會(huì)增加孕產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后24 h出血量和產(chǎn)后發(fā)熱例數(shù)(P<0.05)。結(jié)論經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦再次分娩仍以剖宮產(chǎn)為主;瘢痕子宮經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦再次妊娠經(jīng)陰道分娩的結(jié)局明顯優(yōu)于首次和再次剖宮產(chǎn)者,經(jīng)陰道分娩是孕產(chǎn)婦較為安全的分娩方式。
分娩;剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù);陰道分娩;剖宮產(chǎn)后陰道分娩;瘢痕子宮
隨著“二孩政策”的全面放開,我市孕產(chǎn)婦將會(huì)迎來新的生育小高峰。目前我市初產(chǎn)婦剖宮產(chǎn)比例雖然較前幾年有所下降,但仍然維持在相對(duì)較高水平,這樣既會(huì)影響初產(chǎn)婦和新生兒的分娩結(jié)局,又將很大程度地影響今后二孩的分娩方式及分娩結(jié)局[1];而經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦特別是瘢痕子宮孕產(chǎn)婦生育二孩再次選擇剖宮產(chǎn)將給孕產(chǎn)婦本身帶來很大的痛苦,也會(huì)在一定程度上影響新生兒的結(jié)局,這也可能是單獨(dú)二孩政策放開以來新增人口數(shù)目遠(yuǎn)不如預(yù)期的原因之一。目前針對(duì)部分特殊孕產(chǎn)婦群體分娩方式的研究較多,如妊娠合并心臟病、妊娠合并高血壓等,但針對(duì)不同孕產(chǎn)婦情況選擇不同分娩方式及結(jié)局的比較研究相對(duì)較少。本研究通過調(diào)查初產(chǎn)婦及經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦不同情況下分娩方式的選擇,并對(duì)其分娩結(jié)局進(jìn)行交叉比較,特別是瘢痕子宮婦女再次妊娠的分娩方式,探討孕產(chǎn)婦如何選擇適宜的分娩方式以降低分娩痛苦、改善分娩結(jié)局。
1.1 一般資料天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科2013年1月1日—2014年12月31日入院分娩產(chǎn)婦7 626例,排除中期引產(chǎn)、晚期流產(chǎn)和胎兒畸形、胎死宮內(nèi)等117例,最終納入研究7 509例,年齡21~42歲,平均(28.00±5.37)歲、孕周37+3~41周、孕次1~7次、產(chǎn)次0~4次。其中初產(chǎn)婦6 229例,經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦1 280例,初產(chǎn)婦年齡[(23.21±3.16)歲]低于經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦[(25.94± 2.34)歲],差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=3.16,P<0.05);孕周差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[(39.00±3.02)周vs.(38.00±2.73)周,t=1.06,P>0.05)。
1.2 指標(biāo)收集由專人如實(shí)記錄7 509例入院分娩產(chǎn)婦的年齡、孕周、住院時(shí)間、分娩方式、新生兒體質(zhì)量、Apgar評(píng)分、產(chǎn)后發(fā)熱和產(chǎn)后出血情況。統(tǒng)計(jì)初產(chǎn)婦、經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦陰道分娩和剖宮產(chǎn)例數(shù);分析經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦中剖宮產(chǎn)者的剖宮產(chǎn)指征構(gòu)成比。在初產(chǎn)婦中隨機(jī)抽取經(jīng)陰道分娩40例(A組)和剖宮產(chǎn)600例(B組),并選擇經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦中全部瘢痕子宮婦女再次妊娠陰道分娩39例(C組)和再次剖宮產(chǎn)592例(D組),進(jìn)行不同分娩方式和結(jié)局的比較。經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦中首次經(jīng)陰道分娩的孕產(chǎn)婦再次妊娠,如無嚴(yán)重醫(yī)學(xué)剖宮產(chǎn)指征均會(huì)再次經(jīng)陰道分娩,故暫不列入本研究。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理,計(jì)數(shù)資料組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,2組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),多組間比較采用方差分析,組間多重比較行LSD-t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 初產(chǎn)婦及經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦陰道分娩和剖宮產(chǎn)比例初產(chǎn)婦陰道分娩2 645例,剖宮產(chǎn)3 584例,比例為1∶1.36;經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦陰道分娩396例,剖宮產(chǎn)884例,比例為1∶2.23;經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦剖宮產(chǎn)比例高于初產(chǎn)婦(χ2=59.19,P<0.05)。其中瘢痕子宮婦女再次妊娠631例,經(jīng)陰道分娩39例(6.18%),再次剖宮產(chǎn)592例(93.82%)。
2.2 經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦主要剖宮產(chǎn)指征構(gòu)成比經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦中剖宮產(chǎn)884例主要剖宮產(chǎn)指征構(gòu)成比見表1,以瘢痕子宮為主,其次位列前5的分別為妊娠高血壓疾病、巨大兒、前置胎盤和HELLP綜合征。
2.3 初產(chǎn)婦與瘢痕子宮孕產(chǎn)婦不同分娩方式結(jié)局的比較4組除新生兒評(píng)分差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義外,其余結(jié)局指標(biāo)差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。A組和C組的結(jié)局指標(biāo)均優(yōu)于B組和D組(均P<0.05),A組與C組差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,B組與D組產(chǎn)后24 h出血量和產(chǎn)后發(fā)熱比例差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,其余結(jié)局指標(biāo)差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表2。
Tab.2Comparison of outcomes of different delivery modes between primipara and pregnant women with scar uterus表2 初產(chǎn)婦與瘢痕子宮孕產(chǎn)婦不同分娩方式結(jié)局的比較
3.1 初產(chǎn)婦和經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦經(jīng)陰道分娩的分娩結(jié)局均較好目前經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦選擇剖宮產(chǎn)主要受前次分娩方式的影響,以瘢痕子宮為主[2]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,初產(chǎn)婦與經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦在分娩方式的選擇上存在較大差異,經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦剖宮產(chǎn)率(69.06%)高于初產(chǎn)婦(57.54%),其中瘢痕子宮婦女再次妊娠選擇剖宮產(chǎn)的比例高達(dá)93.82%。關(guān)于剖宮產(chǎn)后再次妊娠分娩方式的選擇仍存在較大的爭議,爭議焦點(diǎn)主要為瘢痕子宮能否承受分娩過程中宮縮乏力等影響,是否會(huì)引發(fā)子宮破裂等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,威脅母嬰安全[3]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,無論是初產(chǎn)婦還是瘢痕子宮婦女再次妊娠選擇經(jīng)陰道分娩,其在孕產(chǎn)婦的產(chǎn)后24 h出血量、發(fā)熱例數(shù)及新生兒評(píng)分等結(jié)局指標(biāo)差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,提示陰道分娩是針對(duì)所有適宜的孕產(chǎn)婦較為安全的分娩方式。
3.2 經(jīng)陰道分娩的分娩結(jié)局優(yōu)于剖宮產(chǎn)本研究結(jié)果顯示,初產(chǎn)婦、瘢痕子宮婦女經(jīng)陰道分娩和剖宮產(chǎn)的分娩結(jié)局僅在新生兒評(píng)分方面無明顯差異,其余結(jié)局指標(biāo)差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,且無論是初產(chǎn)婦還是瘢痕子宮婦女再次妊娠選擇經(jīng)陰道分娩,其分娩結(jié)局均優(yōu)于剖宮產(chǎn)組,再次說明瘢痕子宮經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦再次妊娠經(jīng)陰道分娩是切實(shí)可行的。但本次調(diào)查也發(fā)現(xiàn),目前孕產(chǎn)婦的剖宮產(chǎn)率仍較高,即使是初產(chǎn)婦的剖宮產(chǎn)率(57.54%)也遠(yuǎn)高于WHO建議的剖宮產(chǎn)率低于15%[4],提示應(yīng)進(jìn)一步采取措施提高陰道分娩比例,降低剖宮產(chǎn)率,尤其隨著二孩政策的全面放開,今后經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦比例會(huì)大幅增加,只有首先降低初產(chǎn)婦剖宮產(chǎn)率,才可能降低整體孕產(chǎn)婦的剖宮產(chǎn)率。
3.3 首次剖宮產(chǎn)的分娩結(jié)局優(yōu)于再次剖宮產(chǎn)有研究表明,多次剖宮產(chǎn)除了會(huì)增加孕產(chǎn)婦的不良結(jié)局外,還會(huì)影響新生兒的結(jié)局[5]。本研究結(jié)果也顯示,再次剖宮產(chǎn)會(huì)增加孕產(chǎn)婦的產(chǎn)后24 h出血量和發(fā)熱例數(shù),給孕產(chǎn)婦帶來更多的痛苦。但4組在新生兒評(píng)分方面無明顯差異,其原因可能與本研究未將多次剖宮產(chǎn)單獨(dú)分組有關(guān),仍待研究驗(yàn)證。
3.4 瘢痕子宮孕產(chǎn)婦再次妊娠經(jīng)陰道分娩的可行性及新生兒體質(zhì)量對(duì)其影響有報(bào)道稱瘢痕子宮孕婦進(jìn)行陰道試產(chǎn)的成功率可以達(dá)到80%以上[6]。Makoha等[7]研究認(rèn)為,子宮破裂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并不會(huì)隨剖宮產(chǎn)次數(shù)的增加而升高。那么瘢痕子宮經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦在什么情況下才能經(jīng)陰道分娩,美國婦產(chǎn)科學(xué)會(huì)也指出選擇合適的病例進(jìn)行陰道試產(chǎn)是安全合理的[8]。李秀平等[9]研究指出由于巨大兒胎頭較大且硬,可縮性小,肢體豐滿,在頭盆之比相同的情況下,巨大兒通過正常產(chǎn)道較正常兒通過狹窄骨盆更困難,因此不可輕易采用試產(chǎn)。但楊佳等[10]研究則表明巨大胎兒并不增加子宮破裂和母兒不良圍生結(jié)局的危險(xiǎn)性,新生兒體質(zhì)量對(duì)分娩方式的選擇及結(jié)局的影響還需要臨床工作者進(jìn)行更多的資料統(tǒng)計(jì)和研究。
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(2016-02-01收稿2016-08-27修回)
(本文編輯陳麗潔)
Study of different modes of delivery and outcome of pregnant women
PANG Yunduo1,MA Yan2,DONG Shengwen1,SUN Zhong3△
1 Nursing School of Tianjin Medical University,Tianjin 300070,China;2 The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University;3 Public Health School of Tianjin Medical University△
ObjectiveTo study the different selections of delivery mode of pregnant women,and compare their outcomes.MethodsData of 7 509 pregnant women hospitalized in the General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University between January 2013 and December 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.Of them,there were 6 229 cases of primipara and 1 280 cases of multipara.The numbers of vaginal delivery and cesarean delivery were statistical analyzed between primipara and multipara.The cesarean delivery indications of multipara was also studied.The vaginal delivery rates and cesarean delivery rates,and their outcomes were compared between primipara and scar uterus maternal pregnancy.ResultsThe cesarean delivery rate was higher in multipara than that of primipara(69.06%vs.57.54%,χ2=59.19,P<0.05).Among them,631 cases were uterine scar pregnancy,39 cases(6.18%)were vaginal delivery and 592 cases(93.82%)were cesarean delivery.The uterine scar was the main indicator for cesarean delivery in multipara.Compared the outcomes of cesarean delivery,the weight of neonatal body mass was relatively light,the hospital stay was shorter,the amount of 24 h postpartum bleeding and postpartum fever were less in vaginal delivery in primipara and pregnant women with uterine scar(P<0.05). There were no significant differences in scores of newborn.There were no significant differences in outcomes of vaginal delivery between primipara and pregnant women with uterine scar.Compared outcomes of cesarean delivery between multipara with scar uterus and primipara,there were increased maternal blood loss and postpartum fever in multipara with scar uterus(P<0.05).ConclusionThe cesarean delivery is still the mainly mode for multipara.The vaginal delivery is the best mode for pregnant women with scar uterus compared with that of primipara.The vaginal delivery is the safer way of delivery for pregnant women.
parturition;cesarean section;vaginal delivery;vaginal birth after cesarean;scarred uterus
R714
A
10.11958/20160033
1天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)護(hù)理學(xué)院(郵編300070);2天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科;3天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院
龐運(yùn)奪(1987),女,助理實(shí)驗(yàn)師,碩士在讀,主要從事臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)研究
△通訊作者E-mail:sunzhong@tmu.edu.cn