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不同運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度對(duì)急性心肌梗死大鼠心功能的影響及循環(huán)miRNAs差異表達(dá)

2016-10-20 03:39:28夏昆丁榮晶陸凱王歷
關(guān)鍵詞:左室心肌梗死心功能

夏昆,丁榮晶,陸凱,王歷

(1.首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京朝陽(yáng)醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,北京100043;2.北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,北京100044;3.重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,重慶630042;4.重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬永川醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,重慶402160)

不同運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度對(duì)急性心肌梗死大鼠心功能的影響及循環(huán)miRNAs差異表達(dá)

夏昆1,丁榮晶2,陸凱3,王歷4

(1.首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京朝陽(yáng)醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,北京100043;2.北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,北京100044;3.重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,重慶630042;4.重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬永川醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,重慶402160)

研究不同運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度對(duì)急性心肌梗死大鼠心功能的影響,分析循環(huán)微小RNA(microRNAs,miRNAs)的差異表達(dá)與靶基因及基因功能.制作急性心肌梗死大鼠模型40只,分為4組,每組10只,分別為假手術(shù)組、單純心肌梗死組、中等強(qiáng)度持續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)(continuous moderate training,CMT)組和間歇高強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)(high intensity interval training,HIT)組,CMT組和HIT組大鼠接受運(yùn)動(dòng)治療8周,用超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)估心功能,用基因芯片技術(shù)測(cè)定4組大鼠模型循環(huán)miRNAs差異表達(dá),用生物信息學(xué)技術(shù)分析不同運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度下循環(huán)miRNAs相關(guān)靶基因及基因功能.CMT組和HIT組的治療顯著改善了心肌梗死大鼠心功能和運(yùn)動(dòng)耐量,HIT組顯著優(yōu)于CMT組.單純心肌梗死組與假手術(shù)組相比,明顯上調(diào)的循環(huán)miRNAs有14個(gè),明顯下調(diào)的循環(huán)miRNAs有4個(gè).與單純心肌梗死組相比,CMT組明顯上調(diào)的循環(huán)miRNAs有11個(gè),明顯下調(diào)的循環(huán)miRNAs有2個(gè);HIT組明顯上調(diào)的循環(huán)miRNAs有53個(gè),明顯下調(diào)的關(guān)鍵miRNAs有41個(gè).與假手術(shù)組相比,單純心肌梗死組心肌相關(guān)循環(huán)miRNAs的差異表達(dá)有miR-26a-5p,miR-92a-3p和miR-378a-3p;與單純心肌梗死組相比,CMT組有miR-92a-3p,HIT組有miR-34c-3p,miR-23a-3p,miR-98-3p,miR-208a-5p和miR-92-3p.高強(qiáng)度間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)心肌梗死大鼠心功能和運(yùn)動(dòng)耐量的改善作用優(yōu)于中等強(qiáng)度持續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng),其循環(huán)miRNAs及心肌相關(guān)循環(huán)miRNAs的差異表達(dá)數(shù)量明顯高于中等強(qiáng)度持續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng),循環(huán)miRNAs差異表達(dá)有望作為運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和運(yùn)動(dòng)效果判斷的分子生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物.

急性心肌梗死;運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度;循環(huán)miRNAs;差異表達(dá)

心肌梗死后由于心肌部分壞死導(dǎo)致左室重構(gòu),是發(fā)生心力衰竭最常見(jiàn)的原因之一.隨著我國(guó)心肌梗死發(fā)病率的逐年增加以及心肌梗死急性期治療技術(shù)的逐漸進(jìn)步,心肌梗死后心力衰竭的患病率逐年遞增,心力衰竭導(dǎo)致的患者反復(fù)住院、醫(yī)療花費(fèi)高、生活質(zhì)量低,是致殘致死的重要原因.改善心肌梗死后左室重構(gòu)和心肌壞死可減少心力衰竭的發(fā)生.已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),除急性期救治技術(shù)以及交感和血管緊張素系統(tǒng)阻斷藥物外,運(yùn)動(dòng)療法可進(jìn)一步減少心肌梗死后心肌纖維化和心肌細(xì)胞凋亡,并且改善左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)和左室重構(gòu)[1],高強(qiáng)度間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)療效優(yōu)于中等強(qiáng)度持續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)[2-4].目前評(píng)價(jià)運(yùn)動(dòng)療法的獲益主要根據(jù)運(yùn)動(dòng)能力的增加、有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力的提高、生活質(zhì)量的改善以及心功能、再住院率、死亡率等指標(biāo).由于運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練的強(qiáng)度不易控制,如何評(píng)價(jià)運(yùn)動(dòng)療法對(duì)個(gè)體心肌功能的改善,及時(shí)調(diào)整運(yùn)動(dòng)方案,從而獲得最佳運(yùn)動(dòng)治療效果,尚沒(méi)有相關(guān)報(bào)道.循環(huán)微小RNA(microRNAs,miRNAs)是非編碼小分子RNA,已有研究結(jié)果顯示,循環(huán)miRNAs可作為癌癥特異診斷標(biāo)志物和心肌損傷標(biāo)志物[5-7].對(duì)健康個(gè)體運(yùn)動(dòng)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)可上調(diào)或下調(diào)生理狀態(tài)心肌相關(guān)循環(huán)miRNAs的基因表達(dá),不同運(yùn)動(dòng)方式下循環(huán)miRNAs表達(dá)譜不同[8-9].心肌損傷后,運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)心肌相關(guān)循環(huán)miRNAs的表達(dá)產(chǎn)生何種影響,不同運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度的循環(huán)miRNAs表達(dá)譜是否不同,目前尚不明確.本研究制作心肌梗死大鼠模型,通過(guò)中等強(qiáng)度持續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)(continuous moderate training,CMT)和高強(qiáng)度間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)(high intensity interval training,HIT),了解不同運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度對(duì)心功能和運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力的改善程度,檢測(cè)運(yùn)動(dòng)前后心肌梗死模型大鼠循環(huán)miRNAs的差異表達(dá),分析與心肌相關(guān)循環(huán)miRNAs對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)的反應(yīng),為尋找心肌病理狀態(tài)下運(yùn)動(dòng)治療效果評(píng)價(jià)的分子生物標(biāo)志物提供思路.

1 資料與方法

1.1心肌梗死大鼠模型

選取成年清潔級(jí)Sprague Dawley雌性大鼠44只,8~10周齡,體重180~230 g,由中國(guó)科學(xué)院動(dòng)物研究所提供.分籠飼養(yǎng),每籠6只,用國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)嚙齒類動(dòng)物干燥飼料喂養(yǎng),自由飲食.動(dòng)物室內(nèi)溫度20~29°C,相對(duì)濕度40%~50%.適應(yīng)性喂養(yǎng)1周后,采用4%烏拉坦10 mL/kg腹腔注射麻醉,正壓通氣,胸骨左緣3~4肋間橫行切口,剪開心包,暴露心臟,以肺動(dòng)脈圓錐與左心耳交界處的左冠狀靜脈為標(biāo)志,于左心耳下緣約0.15 cm處繞左室支穿線結(jié)扎,縫合關(guān)胸,繼續(xù)正常飼養(yǎng).以心電圖ST段明顯上抬(>0.2mV),QRS波寬大畸形、T波高聳及結(jié)扎線以下心肌顏色變暗為結(jié)扎成功標(biāo)志.假手術(shù)組同樣開胸暴露心臟,在左室支穿線但未結(jié)扎,縫合關(guān)胸,繼續(xù)正常飼養(yǎng).術(shù)后存活40只,隨機(jī)分為4組,即假手術(shù)(Sham)組、單純心肌梗死(MI)組、中等強(qiáng)度持續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)(CMT)組、高強(qiáng)度間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)(HIT)組.本研究遵守由北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)討論通過(guò)的《實(shí)驗(yàn)室動(dòng)物照護(hù)和使用指南》.

1.2運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方案

本運(yùn)動(dòng)方案參照文獻(xiàn)[10-11].大鼠心肌梗死穩(wěn)定3d后,將大鼠置于平板跑步機(jī)上進(jìn)行低速適應(yīng)性訓(xùn)練2周,之后開始有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練,跑步機(jī)傾斜度為15°.CMT組以60%峰值攝氧量(peak oxygen intake)VO2max對(duì)應(yīng)的速度恒速運(yùn)動(dòng),HIT組以60%VO2max對(duì)應(yīng)的速度運(yùn)動(dòng)3 min后繼續(xù)以85%VO2max對(duì)應(yīng)的速度運(yùn)動(dòng)4 min,如此作為一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)周期,每次運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練進(jìn)行7個(gè)周期,共49 min.CMT組和HIT組總的運(yùn)動(dòng)距離相等,以此來(lái)確定CMT組每次的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間.CMT組和HIT組大鼠每次訓(xùn)練前以40%VO2max對(duì)應(yīng)的速度運(yùn)動(dòng)5min進(jìn)行熱身,共進(jìn)行8周運(yùn)動(dòng),每周連續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)5d.A組和B組大鼠每周進(jìn)行兩次5 min運(yùn)動(dòng),運(yùn)動(dòng)速度和40%VO2max對(duì)應(yīng),以保持大鼠在跑步機(jī)上的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力.

1.3大鼠運(yùn)動(dòng)能力測(cè)試

分別在心肌梗死模型制作成功后運(yùn)動(dòng)前和8周運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練后評(píng)估大鼠運(yùn)動(dòng)能力,參照文獻(xiàn)[12]采用跑步機(jī)運(yùn)動(dòng)距離測(cè)試.跑步機(jī)傾斜度為15°,大鼠從6 m/s開始運(yùn)動(dòng),每3min運(yùn)動(dòng)速度提高3m/s,直到大鼠不能奔跑為止.總運(yùn)動(dòng)距離即為大鼠的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力.

1.4心功能檢測(cè)

采用超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)價(jià)心功能,分別在心肌梗死模型制作成功后運(yùn)動(dòng)前和8周運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練后評(píng)估心臟功能.使用Vevo770超聲系統(tǒng)(Visualsonics Inc.,Toronto,ON,Canada),以4%烏拉坦10mL/kg腹腔注射麻醉,平臥位,剃去胸前區(qū)毛發(fā),涂抹超聲耦合劑,探頭頻率17.5MHz,M-型超聲采樣頻率1 000 s-1,掃描速度50~500 mm/s.由動(dòng)物超聲專業(yè)醫(yī)師進(jìn)行操作,主要從心臟橫軸切面觀察,觀察指標(biāo)有左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)、左室縮短分?jǐn)?shù)(fraction shortening,F(xiàn)S)、左室收縮末期內(nèi)徑(left ventricular end-systolic diameters,LVESd)、左室舒張末期內(nèi)徑(left ventricular end-diastolic diameters,LVEDd).

1.5miRNAs基因表達(dá)譜的檢測(cè)

1.5.1血樣留存方法

各組大鼠在基線狀態(tài)和運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)8周后,分別于尾靜脈取血2~4mL放于乙二胺四乙酸(ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA)抗凝管中,直接置于-80°C保存.

1.5.2總RNA提取及質(zhì)量檢測(cè)

每組取3只大鼠血樣進(jìn)行循環(huán)miRNAs全基因表達(dá)譜檢測(cè).取200μL血樣品,加入等體積裂解液MZ提取細(xì)胞總RNA,采用紫外吸收測(cè)定法測(cè)定RNA在260和280nm波長(zhǎng)處的吸收值,以計(jì)算濃度并評(píng)估純度.用甲醇電泳試劑變性瓊脂糖凝膠電泳,檢測(cè)RNA純度及完整性.

1.5.3miRNAs的檢測(cè)

將純化后的miRNAs利用ULSTM Labeling Kit(Kreatech Diagnostics,The Netherlands)試劑盒進(jìn)行Cy5熒光標(biāo)定.標(biāo)定完成的小RNA雜交于已預(yù)雜交的Mouse miRNA OneArray v5芯片(Phalanx Biotech Group,Hsinchu,Taiwan,China),雜交環(huán)境37°C,16h;清洗WashⅠ37°C,5 min,WashⅡ37°C,5 min,WashⅢ20次.芯片以離心方式甩干后,使用Axon 4000B(Molecular Devices,Sunnyvale,CA,USA)熒光掃描儀進(jìn)行信號(hào)讀取,并采用GenePix 4.1軟件(Molecular Devices)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理.芯片數(shù)據(jù)以R套組(2.12.1)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)篩選、均一化及統(tǒng)計(jì)計(jì)算.去除所有芯片flag<0的探針,對(duì)同一探針重復(fù)的數(shù)據(jù)取中位數(shù)值,后以Invariant set normalization方法進(jìn)行樣本間數(shù)據(jù)均一化.并以Pair-wise T-test方法計(jì)算兩兩比對(duì)樣本或組別間的差異倍數(shù)及P值.差異基因篩選條件設(shè)定為≥0.8,P<0.05.

1.5.4miRNAs靶基因及基因功能生物信息學(xué)分析

差異miRNAs以miRSystem網(wǎng)站(NTU,Taipei,Taiwan,China)進(jìn)行靶基因通路分析.

1.6統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

所有數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)數(shù)資料以“均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差”表示.組間差異采用方差分析及Dunnett's或Mann-Whitney Rank Sum分析.P<0.05為統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)有差異.所有數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件(IBM SPSS,Armonk,NY,USA)進(jìn)行分析.基因差異性表達(dá)使用校正Fisher Exact檢驗(yàn),EASE評(píng)分,P<0.05為統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)有差異.

2 結(jié)果

2.1運(yùn)動(dòng)療法提高心肌梗死大鼠運(yùn)動(dòng)能力

如圖1所示,基線狀態(tài)3組心肌梗死大鼠模型的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力明顯低于假手術(shù)組(P<0.05),3組心肌梗死大鼠模型之間的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異.CMT組和HIT組大鼠接受8周運(yùn)動(dòng)治療后,兩組大鼠的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力較MI組明顯提高,同時(shí)HIT組大鼠的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力較CMT組進(jìn)一步提高,有顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(856.50±82.60和778.12±78.10;P<0.05).

2.2基線和運(yùn)動(dòng)治療后超聲心動(dòng)圖結(jié)果比較

在基線狀態(tài)下,MI組大鼠與假手術(shù)組相比,LVEF和FS明顯降低.經(jīng)過(guò)8周的隨訪,MI組大鼠的心功能未見(jiàn)明顯改善.接受運(yùn)動(dòng)治療的CMT組和HIT組大鼠與MI組大鼠相比,LVEF和FS均明顯改善,HIT組大鼠的LVEF和FS的改善程度顯著優(yōu)于CMT組大鼠(P<0.05),如表1和圖2所示.

圖1 基線和運(yùn)動(dòng)治療后4組大鼠模型運(yùn)動(dòng)能力的比較Fig.1 Comparison of functional capacity in 4 rat groups between baseline and after exercise treatment

表1 基線和運(yùn)動(dòng)治療后4組大鼠模型超聲心動(dòng)圖心功能比較Table 1 Comparison of heart function with echocardiography(ECHO)in 4 rat groups between baseline and after exercise treatment

圖2 4組大鼠模型超聲心動(dòng)圖M超收縮功能圖像Fig.2 Contractile function with ECHO M mode in 4 rat groups

2.3循環(huán)差異性miRNAs基因芯片結(jié)果

單純心肌梗死組與假手術(shù)組相比,血液中明顯上調(diào)的miRNAs有11個(gè),包括rno-miR-26a-5p,rno-miR-144-3p,rno-miR-106b-5p,rno-miR-92a-3p,rno-miR-378a-3p,rno-miR-16-5p,rno-miR-20a-5p,rno-miR-18a-5p,rno-miR-30e-5p,rno-miR-27b-3p,rno-miR-142-3p;明顯下調(diào)的關(guān)鍵miRNAs有4個(gè),rno-miR-873-5p,rno-miR-150-5p,rno-miR-505-5p,rno-miR-501-3p(見(jiàn)圖3);CMT組與單純心肌梗死組相比,明顯上調(diào)的miRNAs有11個(gè),rno-miR-668,rnomiR-30c-2-3p,rno-miR-18a-3p,rno-miR-17-1-3p,rno-miR-20b-5p,rno-miR-352,rno-miR-542-5p,rno-miR-760-5p,rno-miR-664-1-5p,rno-miR-92a-2-5p,rno-miR-6322;明顯下調(diào)的關(guān)鍵miRNAs有2個(gè),以rno-miR-300-3p,rno-miR-433-5p為主(見(jiàn)圖4);HIT組與單純心肌梗死組相比,明顯上調(diào)的miRNAs有53個(gè),明顯下調(diào)的關(guān)鍵miRNAs有41個(gè)(見(jiàn)圖5和6).

圖3 單純心肌梗死組與假手術(shù)組循環(huán)差異性miRNAs基因芯片結(jié)果Fig.3 Differential expression of circulating miRNAs between MI group and Sham group

圖4 CMT組與MI組循環(huán)差異性miRNAs基因芯片結(jié)果Fig.4 Differential expression of circulating miRNAs between MI group and CMT group

2.4循環(huán)差異表達(dá)miRNAs靶基因功能顯著性分析及參與調(diào)節(jié)的通路

基于miRNAs數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)得到差異表達(dá)miRNAs對(duì)應(yīng)的靶基因,基于Gene Ontology數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)按照基因功能對(duì)靶基因進(jìn)行功能顯著性分析,得到靶基因參與的調(diào)節(jié)通路和對(duì)應(yīng)的顯著性基因功能(見(jiàn)表2和3).

圖5 HIT組與MI組循環(huán)上調(diào)miRNAs基因芯片結(jié)果Fig.5 Differential expression of up-regulated circulating miRNAs between MI group and HIT group

圖6 HIT組與MI組循環(huán)下調(diào)miRNAs基因芯片結(jié)果Fig.6 Differential expression of down-regulated circulating miRNAs between rats group and HIT group

表2 循環(huán)差異表達(dá)miRNAs靶基因參與調(diào)節(jié)的通路Table 2 Pathway regulated by differential expression of circulating miRNAs target gene

表3 循環(huán)差異表達(dá)miRNAs對(duì)應(yīng)的靶基因顯著性基因功能Table 3 Genes functions that differential expression of circulating miRNAs matched

續(xù)表

續(xù)表

根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[13],目前明確參與心肌細(xì)胞功能調(diào)節(jié)的miRNAs有24個(gè),包括促增殖miRNAs,有miR-1,miR-133,miR-26,miR-98,miR-29,miR-378和miR-145;抗增殖miRNAs,有miR-143,miR-103,miR-130a,miR-146a,miR-21,miR-210,miR-221,miR-222,miR-27a/b,miR-199a/b,miR-208,miR-195,miR-499,miR-34a/b/c,miR-497,miR-23a,miR-15a/b.在心肌缺血時(shí)表達(dá)下調(diào)的心肌miRNAs有miR-494,miR-320,miR-92a,上調(diào)的miRNAs有miR-126.將上述與心肌功能相關(guān)的miRNAs與本研究結(jié)果相對(duì)照,MI組與Sham組差異表達(dá)循環(huán)miRNAs有miR-26a-5p,miR-92a-3p和miR-378a-3p;CMT組與MI組差異表達(dá)循環(huán)miRNAs有miR-92a-3p;HIT組與MI組差異表達(dá)循環(huán)miRNAs有miR-34c-3p,miR-23a-3p,miR-98-3p,miR-208a-5p和miR-92-3p.提示心肌梗死后及運(yùn)動(dòng)治療后可以檢測(cè)到心肌相關(guān)循環(huán)miRNAs的差異表達(dá),HIT組循環(huán)miRNAs差異表達(dá)的數(shù)量明顯多于CMT組,這可能是HIT組在改善心功能方面更優(yōu)的機(jī)制之一.

3 討論

本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)治療可改善心肌梗死后左室功能障礙和運(yùn)動(dòng)耐量,高強(qiáng)度間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)的效果優(yōu)于中等強(qiáng)度持續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng).心肌梗死后及運(yùn)動(dòng)治療后可檢測(cè)到循環(huán)miRNAs的差異表達(dá),但差異表達(dá)miRNAs的數(shù)量不同,隨著運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度的增加,循環(huán)miRNAs差異表達(dá)的數(shù)量增加,心肌相關(guān)循環(huán)miRNAs差異表達(dá)的數(shù)量同樣增加,這些心肌相關(guān)miRNAs與心肌細(xì)胞增殖和心肌缺血調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān),不僅提示高強(qiáng)度間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)獲益更大的機(jī)制有miRNAs的參與,miRNAs還有望作為運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和運(yùn)動(dòng)效果評(píng)價(jià)的分子生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物.循環(huán)miRNAs差異表達(dá)靶基因功能分析提示運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)細(xì)胞功能具有多種調(diào)控作用,參與調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體多種信號(hào)通路,涉及癌癥、胰島素代謝、脂肪代謝、細(xì)胞分化、細(xì)胞增殖、炎癥等,還提示運(yùn)動(dòng)多效性作用機(jī)制與多種miRNAs參與調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān).

目前發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNAs在心肌細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡、纖維化、血管新生的調(diào)控中發(fā)揮重要作用[14-15].心肌梗死后心肌miRNAs表達(dá)譜發(fā)生改變,通過(guò)運(yùn)動(dòng)治療可調(diào)節(jié)心肌梗死后心肌miRNAs的表達(dá),包括與血管新生相關(guān)的miR-20a,miR-210,miR-221,miR-222,miR-328等;與炎癥相關(guān)的miR-21,miR-146a等;與心肌收縮相關(guān)的miR-21,miR-133a等;與缺氧缺血適應(yīng)相關(guān)的miR-21,miR-146a,miR-210,miR-499等;以及與心肌干細(xì)胞分化相關(guān)的miR-1,miR-21,miR-26,miR-27a/b,miR-29,miR-124,miR-133a,miR-144,miR-145,miR-150,miR-208a,miR-222等的表達(dá)[13].miRNAs有組織和細(xì)胞特異性,不同疾病狀態(tài)的miRNAs表達(dá)不同.近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血液中可檢測(cè)到miRNAs,血液中miRNAs的特異性和穩(wěn)定性特征提示miRNAs有望作為組織損傷的標(biāo)志物[16].Mitchell等[17]首先發(fā)現(xiàn)血液中可檢測(cè)到前列腺癌組織特異性miRNAs,其機(jī)制可能與外泌體有關(guān)[18].miR-208,miR-499是心肌細(xì)胞特異性miRNAs,已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-208a和miR-499與心肌損傷程度密切相關(guān)[5-7],并且在心肌損傷早期即可在循環(huán)中檢測(cè)到[5].運(yùn)動(dòng)作為一種治療手段可改善心肌重構(gòu),減少心肌凋亡和纖維化.目前運(yùn)動(dòng)獲益的評(píng)價(jià)主要是通過(guò)運(yùn)動(dòng)能力、超聲心動(dòng)圖等大體檢查項(xiàng)目以及再住院率、死亡率等預(yù)后評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),而這些評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)的變化需要在細(xì)胞功能改善一段時(shí)間后才能顯現(xiàn),可能已經(jīng)錯(cuò)過(guò)了運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)的最佳時(shí)機(jī).miRNAs廣義上是表觀遺傳基因,易受外界刺激而變化,已有研究證實(shí)不同刺激強(qiáng)度產(chǎn)生的生理功能變化與基因表達(dá)相并行[19-20],因此有望將miRNAs作為評(píng)價(jià)運(yùn)動(dòng)效果的分子生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物.

運(yùn)動(dòng)是心血管疾病治療中最有效的非藥物治療手段,國(guó)內(nèi)外多個(gè)心血管疾病指南推薦心血管病患者應(yīng)接受運(yùn)動(dòng)治療[21-23].運(yùn)動(dòng)使心血管獲益程度的大小與運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間和運(yùn)動(dòng)類型均有關(guān)系[24].本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動(dòng)療法可改善心肌梗死大鼠的心功能,高強(qiáng)度間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)優(yōu)于中等強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng);進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn)循環(huán)中可檢測(cè)到心肌相關(guān)miRNAs的差異表達(dá),高強(qiáng)度間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)的心肌相關(guān)循環(huán)miRNAs差異表達(dá)的數(shù)量比中等強(qiáng)度持續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)明顯增加,包括抗增殖、促增殖以及抗心肌缺血基因,不僅提示運(yùn)動(dòng)療法對(duì)心肌細(xì)胞功能的改善有miRNAs參與的因素,而且提示高強(qiáng)度間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)中心肌獲益優(yōu)于中等強(qiáng)度持續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)制同樣與miRNAs相關(guān).已有研究報(bào)道指出健康個(gè)體運(yùn)動(dòng)后循環(huán)miRNAs存在差異表達(dá)[8-9],這些miRNAs與心肌細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡、分化、血管新生等密切相關(guān).本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度的增加,心肌梗死大鼠的心功能獲得更明顯的改善,心肌相關(guān)循環(huán)miRNAs的差異表達(dá)數(shù)量顯著增加,提示循環(huán)miRNAs有望作為心臟病理狀態(tài)下運(yùn)動(dòng)治療效果評(píng)價(jià)的分子生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物.

運(yùn)動(dòng)療法可使全身多系統(tǒng)獲益,包括代謝功能、骨骼肌功能、認(rèn)知功能和心血管功能等,因此目前將運(yùn)動(dòng)治療稱為“多效性良藥”,具體機(jī)制尚未得到完全闡釋.本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動(dòng)治療可增加運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力,高強(qiáng)度間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)療法的獲益優(yōu)于中等強(qiáng)度持續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng).進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動(dòng)治療可導(dǎo)致循環(huán)miRNAs差異表達(dá),高強(qiáng)度間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)循環(huán)miRNAs的差異表達(dá)數(shù)量比中等強(qiáng)度持續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)明顯增加,提示運(yùn)動(dòng)的獲益有miRNAs參與的因素.分析本研究獲得的循環(huán)miRNAs差異表達(dá)靶基因的功能,發(fā)現(xiàn)這些靶基因參與調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞功能的多個(gè)方面,包括增殖、分化、遷移、存活和重編程等,并且參與對(duì)機(jī)體多種信號(hào)通路的調(diào)節(jié),初步提示了運(yùn)動(dòng)多效性的分子機(jī)制,但具體機(jī)制還需進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí).

根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[13]的報(bào)道,目前與心肌細(xì)胞功能調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)的miRNAs有28個(gè),本研究顯示心肌損傷后通過(guò)運(yùn)動(dòng)可調(diào)節(jié)心肌相關(guān)循環(huán)miRNAs的差異表達(dá),但文獻(xiàn)[13]報(bào)道的心肌相關(guān)miRNAs中,只有少部分在本研究中檢測(cè)到,如文獻(xiàn)[13]報(bào)道m(xù)iR-499在心肌梗死時(shí)的循環(huán)血中顯著增加,但是在本研究中并未檢測(cè)到.原因也許是由于芯片的敏感性、特異性不足所致,也可能是物種、時(shí)項(xiàng)的差異所致,有待進(jìn)一步研究明確相關(guān)影響因素.同時(shí)本研究檢測(cè)到的循環(huán)miRNAs差異表達(dá)中,也有很多未在文獻(xiàn)[13]中報(bào)道過(guò),這些miRNAs是否與心肌細(xì)胞功能調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)尚有待進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí).

本研究的局限性如下:只檢測(cè)4組大鼠模型的循環(huán)miRNAs差異表達(dá),沒(méi)有同時(shí)進(jìn)行心肌miRNAs差異表達(dá)的檢測(cè),因此循環(huán)miRNAs差異表達(dá)是否可以反映大鼠心肌損傷程度,無(wú)法給予肯定結(jié)論.同時(shí),本研究沒(méi)有檢測(cè)運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)階段不同時(shí)間段的循環(huán)miRNAs差異表達(dá).因此循環(huán)miRNAs是否能夠?qū)崟r(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)心肌損傷和改善程度,是否可作為運(yùn)動(dòng)效果的實(shí)時(shí)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),需要進(jìn)一步研究.但本研究在心肌梗死大鼠模型中,評(píng)價(jià)不同運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度對(duì)心功能和運(yùn)動(dòng)耐量的改善程度以及循環(huán)miRNAs差異表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)不同運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度下循環(huán)miRNAs差異表達(dá)數(shù)量不同,而且不同運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度下心肌相關(guān)循環(huán)miRNAs差異表達(dá)的數(shù)量也不同,初步提示循環(huán)miRNAs差異表達(dá)可以反映運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和心肌功能改善的關(guān)系,循環(huán)miRNAs有望作為運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和效果評(píng)價(jià)的分子生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物.

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Effects of exercise on cardiac function and differential expression of circulating miRNAs in rats with acute myocardial infarction

XIA Kun1,DING Rongjing2,LU Kai3,WANG Li4
(1.Department of Cardiology,Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University,Beijing 100043,China;2.Department of Cardiology,Peiking University People's Hospital,Beijing 100044,China;

3.Department of Cardiology,F(xiàn)irst Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing 630042,China;4.Department of Cardiology,Yongchuan Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing 402160,China)

To study the effects of different exercise intensity on cardiac function and differential expression of circulating microRNAs(miRNAs),target genes and gene function in rats with acute myocardial infarction(AMI).Establish AMI models with 40 rats,divide them into 4 groups,such as Sham operation group,isolated myocardial infarction group,continuous moderately training(CMT)group,and high intensity interval training(HIT)group,with 10 AMI rats in each group.CMT and HIT groups received exercise therapies for 8 weeks.Evaluate cardiac function with echocardiography.Analyze differential expression of circulating microRNAs,related target genes and gene function using miRNAs microarray and bioinformatics technology.CMT and HIT therapies significantly improved cardiac function and exercise tolerance in AMI rats.The effect of HIT group is significantly better than that of CMT group.Compared with Sham operation group,14 circulating miRNAs were obviously up-regulated,4 circulating miRNAs were obviously down-regulated in isolated myocardial infarction group.Compared with isolated myocardial infarction group,11 circulating miRNAs were obviously up-regulated,2 circulating miRNAs were obviously down-regulated in CMT group,and 53 circulating miRNAs were obviously up-regulated,41 key miRNAs were obviously down-regulated in HIT group.Compared with Sham operation group,differential expression of myocardium related circulating miRNAs in isolated myocardial infarction group are miR-26a-5p,miR-92a-3p and miR-378a-3p.Compared with isolated myocardial infarction group,there is miR-92a-3p in CMT group,and there are miR-34c-3p,miR-23a-3p,miR-98-3p,miR-208a-5p and miR-92-3p in HIT group.HIT improving cardiac function and exercise tolerance in AMI rats are better than those of CMT.Numbers of differential expression of circulating miRNAs and myocardium related circulating miRNAs with HIT are higher than those of CMT,indicating that circulating miRNAs are expected to be biomarkers for determining exercise intensity and exercise effect.

acute myocardial infarction;exercise intensity;circulating microRNAs;differential expression

R 34

A

1007-2861(2016)03-0344-13

10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2016.03.010

2016-04-19

丁榮晶(1971—),女,副主任醫(yī)師,研究方向?yàn)樾募”Wo(hù)、心血管預(yù)防與康復(fù).E-mail:drj2003@sina.com

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