賈孟萍,郭階雨,孟丹
(復(fù)旦大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院生理與病理生理學(xué)系,上海200032)
轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Bach1在心血管疾病中的研究進(jìn)展
賈孟萍,郭階雨,孟丹
(復(fù)旦大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院生理與病理生理學(xué)系,上海200032)
轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Bach1(BTB-CNC同源體1,BTB and CNC homology 1)是一種轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制因子,廣泛存在于哺乳動物的各種組織中.Bach1能抑制血紅素環(huán)氧化酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)等抗氧化基因的表達(dá),參與氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng).Bach1基因敲除對心肌缺血再灌注損傷有保護(hù)作用.近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Bach1能抑制Wnt/β-catenin信號通路和小鼠缺血下肢血管新生.主要就Bach1在心血管疾病中的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行簡要綜述.
Bach1;心血管疾病;血管新生;Wnt信號
Bach(bric-a'-brac,tramtrack and broad complex and cap'n'collar homology)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族包括Bach1和Bach2,屬于堿性亮氨酸拉鏈(basic leucine zipper,bZIP)蛋白家族[1].Bach1廣泛存在于哺乳動物的各種組織中,Bach2主要在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞和B細(xì)胞分化的特定階段表達(dá)并參與調(diào)節(jié)成熟B細(xì)胞的分化.Bach1和Bach2都是轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制因子,參與調(diào)控基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄. Bach1基因主要含與轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制相關(guān)的參與形成蛋白二聚體的N端BTB/POZ結(jié)構(gòu)域;以及C端的亮氨酸拉鏈bZIP結(jié)構(gòu)域,該結(jié)構(gòu)域可與細(xì)胞核內(nèi)的小Maf蛋白(small Maf proteins)形成異二聚體,在細(xì)胞核內(nèi)與目的基因結(jié)合[2](見圖1).Bach1是一種血紅素結(jié)合蛋白,含有6個半胱氨酸-脯氨酸的基序(motif),分別被命名為CP1~CP6,其中CP3~CP6參與和血紅素的結(jié)合,CP3,CP4參與由血紅素引起的Bach1出核[3].Bach1的出核依賴輸出蛋白Crm-1[4].此外,在Bach1的C端還有一個核輸出信號,稱為胞漿定位信號(cytoplasmic localization signal,CLS).Bach1與小Maf蛋白分離,以單體形式通過穿梭運動改變核內(nèi)與胞漿內(nèi)的分布平衡.
圖1 Bach1基本結(jié)構(gòu)Fig.1 Basic structure of Bach1
轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Bach1與細(xì)胞核內(nèi)的小Maf蛋白在細(xì)胞還未受到外界刺激時結(jié)合形成異二聚體,該異二聚體反式作用于抗氧化反應(yīng)元件(anti-oxidative response element,ARE),從而抑制ARE調(diào)節(jié)的靶基因的表達(dá)[5].反之,紅系衍生核因子相關(guān)因子-2(NF-E2 related factor 2,Nrf2)與Bach1之間存在相互競爭的關(guān)系.在受到氧化應(yīng)激刺激的情況下,細(xì)胞中的Bach1與ARE分離,而Nrf2與ARE結(jié)合,引起一系列抗氧化酶的表達(dá)增強,包括谷胱甘肽S-轉(zhuǎn)移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)、谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶(γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase,γ-GCS)和血紅素環(huán)氧化酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)等.Bach1除了能抑制抗氧化酶基因的表達(dá),還可以抑制自身基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄.Bach1可以招募組蛋白去乙酰化本酶1(histone deacetylase 1,HDAC1)結(jié)合,在Bach1基因的啟動子區(qū)抑制Bach1自身的轉(zhuǎn)錄[6],這種機制有助于維持體內(nèi)Bach1水平的相對恒定.Nrf2具有高度保守的bZIP結(jié)構(gòu),屬于CNC轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族成員之一.Kelch樣環(huán)氧氯丙烷相關(guān)蛋白-1(Kelch-like epichlorohydrin(ECH)-associated protein 1,Keap1)能調(diào)控Nrf2轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,起到分子開關(guān)的作用.在正常生理狀態(tài)下,Keap1的雙甘氨酸序列與Nrf2的Neh2部位相互作用,促進(jìn)泛素蛋白酶體與底物Nrf2的連接,從而不斷對Nrf2進(jìn)行泛素化和蛋白酶體降解,使Nrf2的表達(dá)量維持在較低水平.在氧化應(yīng)激情況下,親電性化合物與Keap1的半胱氨酸相互作用,使Keap1構(gòu)象改變,與Nrf2解耦聯(lián),從而抑制Nrf2泛素化,增強Nrf2的穩(wěn)定性,增多的Nrf2入核,啟動下游多種抗氧化應(yīng)激基因的表達(dá)[7-8].
在胞漿內(nèi),Bach1與胞內(nèi)透明質(zhì)酸結(jié)合蛋白(intracellular hyaluronic acid binding protein,IHABP)形成異二聚體,IHABP可對Bach1進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié),主要通過與Bach1分離,從而為Bach1的穿梭運動提供基礎(chǔ),進(jìn)而改變Bach1在細(xì)胞核內(nèi)與胞漿中的表達(dá)水平,并有利于Bach1聚集于胞漿中[9].在靜息狀態(tài)下,大部分Bach1在細(xì)胞核內(nèi)富集,但在氧化應(yīng)激刺激下,細(xì)胞核內(nèi)的Bach1與ARE分離,Bach1轉(zhuǎn)移出細(xì)胞核,定位于細(xì)胞漿,并與IHABP結(jié)合,從而使Bach1對抗氧化基因的抑制作用解除.
血管新生是由多種因子參與調(diào)控的病理生理過程,轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在這一過程中起著重要的調(diào)控作用.本課題組的早期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Bach1在人微血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中表達(dá),砷通過使Bach1與HO-1啟動子區(qū)ARE解離促進(jìn)HO-1的表達(dá),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞遷移和管腔形成,其中Bach1基因半胱氨酸殘基557和574位點在功能調(diào)節(jié)中起關(guān)鍵作用[10].此外,還發(fā)現(xiàn)抑制轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Bach1的表達(dá)可增加內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞HO-1和血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)的表達(dá),從而促進(jìn)人微血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞遷移和管腔形成,表明Bach1是調(diào)控血管新生的負(fù)調(diào)控因子[11].
本課題組研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在Bach1基因敲除下肢缺血小鼠模型中,與對側(cè)正常下肢相比,缺血下肢處的促血管新生相關(guān)因子明顯增多,毛細(xì)血管和小動脈的密度顯著增加.通過原代內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)發(fā)現(xiàn),Bach1基因敲除小鼠內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖、遷移和管腔形成能力較野生型小鼠明顯增強.經(jīng)典的Wnt信號通路是通過調(diào)控內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖、遷移、分化和促血管生成因子的表達(dá)等作用來促進(jìn)血管新生,但是Bach1是否會影響Wnt信號通路和相關(guān)疾病的血管新生尚不明確.已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Bach1過表達(dá)可通過抑制Wnt下游靶基因IL-8和VEGF的表達(dá)引起小鼠缺血下肢新生血管的減少[12].已發(fā)現(xiàn)的作用機制包括Bach1與β-catenin競爭性結(jié)合于TCF4;Bach1減少p300/CBP和β-catenin的結(jié)合從而抑制β-catenin的乙?;辉贗L-8啟動子區(qū)的TCF4結(jié)合位點上,Bach1通過招募HDAC1來抑制IL-8基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄[12](見圖2).
圖2 Bach1抑制Wnt信號通路模式Fig.2 Model for negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway by Bach1
Bach1的靶基因參與調(diào)控細(xì)胞周期和凋亡[13].已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),抑制Bach1表達(dá)能阻斷趨化因子受體CXCR3-B對乳腺癌細(xì)胞的生長抑制[14].本課題組近期研究證實,Bach1過表達(dá)能增加內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞線粒體活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的產(chǎn)生,阻礙內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)展,促進(jìn)Caspase-3依賴的細(xì)胞凋亡.在下肢缺血模型中,Bach1過表達(dá)增加缺血下肢肌肉ROS的產(chǎn)生并誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,進(jìn)而抑制缺血下肢的血流恢復(fù)[15],這是Bach1抑制小鼠缺血下肢血管新生的機制之一.但是,已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Bach1可以通過抑制P53的靶基因來抑制氧化應(yīng)激引起的小鼠成纖維細(xì)胞衰老.這些研究結(jié)果的差異提示在不同的細(xì)胞和實驗條件下,Bach1對細(xì)胞的作用可能是不同的.事實上,在一些腫瘤細(xì)胞的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),Bach1也可以促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長和轉(zhuǎn)移[6,16].近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在人血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞上,Bach1在不同氧含量的條件下有不同的靶基因[17],這或許可以解釋在不同實驗條件下Bach1對細(xì)胞會產(chǎn)生不同的影響.因此,研究在不同情況下Bach1的表達(dá)情況和作用調(diào)節(jié)機制,對其在心血管疾病中的靶向治療具有重要意義.
對于Bach1缺失小鼠,HO-1在心肌和平滑肌細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)水平升高[18-19],Bach1基因敲除能減輕小鼠心肌缺血再灌注損傷[19].Bach1基因敲除小鼠心肌梗死面積較正常小鼠明顯減小,采用HO-1活性抑制劑可阻斷Bach1基因敲除對小鼠心肌梗死的保護(hù)作用,提示HO-1在Bach1敲除保護(hù)心肌缺血損傷中起重要作用.在糖尿病小鼠心肌缺血再灌注損傷模型中,硫化氫通過誘導(dǎo)Bach1出核,促進(jìn)HO-1表達(dá),進(jìn)而減輕心肌缺血再灌注損傷[20].Bach1缺失對小鼠主動脈縮窄誘導(dǎo)的左心室肥大和重構(gòu)也具有保護(hù)作用,阻斷HO-1活性可抑制Bach1敲除對左心室心肌肥大和重構(gòu)的保護(hù)作用[21].此外,在小鼠股動脈損傷引起的內(nèi)膜增厚模型中,Bach1基因敲除可明顯抑制內(nèi)膜的增厚和平滑肌細(xì)胞的增殖[18],提示Bach1參與調(diào)控血管的重構(gòu).
近年來,轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制因子Bach1的功能引起越來越多的關(guān)注.Bach1與氧化應(yīng)激相關(guān)疾病、腫瘤等的發(fā)生發(fā)展有一定的相關(guān)性.但是Bach1在腫瘤細(xì)胞中的不同作用和調(diào)節(jié)機制還有待闡明.近期本課題組首次報道了Bach1抑制血管新生和Wnt/β-catenin信號通路的作用[12].這一發(fā)現(xiàn)為臨床缺血性疾病的治療提供了新的策略,例如干擾內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞Bach1的表達(dá)能促進(jìn)血管新生,可用于治療缺血性疾病,如心肌缺血、下肢缺血、腦缺血等,篩選以Bach1為靶點的藥物將是未來的研究方向.關(guān)于Bach1的分子調(diào)控機制以及Bach1在心血管疾病中的特異性的靶向治療還有待進(jìn)一步研究.
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Advances of transcription factor Bach1 in cardiovascular diseases
JIA Mengping,GUO Jieyu,MENG Dan
(Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology,School of Basic Medical Sciences,F(xiàn)udan University,Shanghai 200032,China)
BTB and CNC homology 1(Bach1)is a transcription factor widely existing in most tissues of mammals.Bach1 negatively regulates various antioxidant gene such as heme oxygenase-1(HO-1),involving oxidative stress.Knockout of Bach1 has a protective effect on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury.Recent research found that Bach1 inhibits the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and angiogenesis in hindlimb ischemia of mice.This paper focuses on the research of Bach1 in cardiovascular diseases.
Bach1;cardiovascular disease;angiogenesis;Wnt signal
R 363.2
A
1007-2861(2016)03-0326-05
10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2016.03.014
2016-04-19
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(81170298,81270410)
孟丹(1974—),女,副研究員,研究方向為干細(xì)胞生物學(xué)和疾病血管新生機制. E-mail:dmeng@fudan.edu.cn