周克明, 駱 秦, 李南方, 張德蓮, 努爾古麗·買買提, 王夢卉, 孔劍瓊
(新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院高血壓中心; 新疆高血壓研究所, 烏魯木齊 830001)
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腎上腺靜脈取血術(shù)患者右腎上腺靜脈開口的定位
周克明, 駱秦, 李南方, 張德蓮, 努爾古麗·買買提, 王夢卉, 孔劍瓊
(新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院高血壓中心; 新疆高血壓研究所, 烏魯木齊830001)
目的探討腎上腺靜脈取血術(shù)患者右腎上腺靜脈開口的分布特點(diǎn)。方法收集2006年1月-2013年10在新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院高血壓中心住院、診斷明確的原發(fā)性醛固酮增多癥(primary aldosteronism, PA)并成功進(jìn)行了腎上腺靜脈取血術(shù)(adrenal vein sampling, AVS)患者575例,以脊椎為標(biāo)志將胸椎(Th)10中緣~腰椎(L)1中緣之間分為6組:A組:Th10中緣~Th11下緣,B組:Th11下緣~Th12上緣,C組:Th12上緣~Th12中緣,D組:Th12中緣~Th12下緣,E組:Th12下緣~L1上緣,F(xiàn)組:L1上緣~L1中緣,以此標(biāo)記右腎上腺靜脈開口并存儲(chǔ)結(jié)果。應(yīng)用SIM-ADS V4.2醫(yī)學(xué)影像工作站分析在右腎上腺靜脈開口的分布特征。結(jié)果(1)右腎上腺靜脈開口定位由多到少依次為C組、A組、B組、D組、E組和F組。(2)右腎上腺靜脈開口定位在A、B、C、D 組的患者中,男性多于女性(P<0.05),右腎上腺靜脈開口定位在E、F組的患者中,女性多于男性(P<0.05);定位在A、B、C、D組的患者身高高于E組患者(P<0.05);定位在A組的患者體質(zhì)指數(shù)高于C、D、E組患者(P<0.05),定位在B、C、D組患者的體質(zhì)指數(shù)高于E組(P<0.05);定位在A組的患者腹圍明顯大于E、F組患者,定位在B、C、D組的患者腹圍明顯大于E組患者(P<0.05);其余組間的性別、身高、體質(zhì)指數(shù)及腹圍的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。(3)右腎上腺靜脈開口在不同年齡及民族的分布差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論綜合評(píng)價(jià)性別、身高、體質(zhì)指數(shù)、腹圍因素,有助于右腎上腺靜脈開口的定位。
原發(fā)性醛固酮增多癥; 腎上腺靜脈取血; 右腎上腺靜脈開口
原發(fā)性醛固酮增多癥(primary aldosteronism, PA)是腎上腺皮質(zhì)自主過度分泌醛固酮所導(dǎo)致的綜合征,臨床以高血壓、伴或不伴低血鉀、高血漿醛固酮和低血漿腎素活性為主要特征,近年來研究揭示PA患病率在高血壓人群中可達(dá)5%~15%[1-5],在難治性高血壓人群中高達(dá)20%~40%,是最常見的內(nèi)分泌性高血壓[6-8]。與原發(fā)性高血壓相比,PA患者心、腦、腎等靶器官損害的發(fā)生率更高,危害程度更大[9-11]。依據(jù)不同的PA類型,可采取的治療策略完全不同:雙側(cè)型應(yīng)采用醛固酮受體拮抗劑(如安體舒通),單側(cè)型存在手術(shù)根治的機(jī)會(huì)。因此分型診斷有著迫切的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義[12-13]。經(jīng)過多年的臨床驗(yàn)證,腎上腺靜脈取血術(shù)(adrenal vein sampling, AVS)被推薦為原發(fā)性醛固酮增多癥分型診斷的唯一可靠標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[14-19]。然而,由于缺乏介入手術(shù)中腎上腺靜脈開口分布特征的指導(dǎo),使得AVS術(shù)中尋找右腎上腺靜脈異常困難;與左側(cè)腎上腺靜脈不同,右腎上腺靜脈開口常有變異,致使該項(xiàng)技術(shù)難以推廣[20-22]。本研究通過對(duì)575例成功完成AVS的病例進(jìn)行分析,明確右側(cè)腎上腺靜脈開口分布特點(diǎn),期望提高右腎上腺靜脈插管的成功率,降低AVS難度。
1.1研究對(duì)象選擇2006年1月-2013年10月新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院高血壓中心完成AVS的PA患者907例,主訴均為血壓高,且已服用2種或2種以上降壓藥,血壓仍不能降至140/90 mmHg以下,對(duì)不明原因的低血鉀、腎上腺CT顯示腎上腺結(jié)節(jié)、增生的患者進(jìn)行PA篩檢、靜脈鹽水負(fù)荷試驗(yàn)確診[1, 6, 12]。臨床診斷為PA的患者,簽署知情同意書后進(jìn)行AVS。排除影像數(shù)據(jù)讀取失敗212例、數(shù)據(jù)不完整51例、重復(fù)病例22例、右腎上腺靜脈插管失敗47例,共納入病例575例。其中,漢族442例(76.9%),維吾爾族70例(12.2%),回族32例(5.6%),哈薩克族18例(3.1%),其他民族13例(2.3%)。575例PA患者平均年齡(46.13±8.38)歲,平均身高(169.22±8.8)cm,平均體質(zhì)指數(shù)(27.45±3.62),平均腹圍(96.02±11.84)cm,右腎上腺靜脈皮質(zhì)醇水平76.15(64.83~86.22) μg/dL,醛固酮水平247.23(198.08~291.62) ng/dL,外周靜脈皮質(zhì)醇水平16.15(12.75~20.36) μg/dL,醛固酮水平12.35(8.66~17.42) ng/dL。
1.2腎上腺靜脈取血術(shù)(AVS)術(shù)前平臥位6~8 h,于當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間清晨8∶00-9∶00開始,11∶30前結(jié)束。采用非促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素(adrenocorticotropic hormone,ACTH)刺激的連續(xù)雙側(cè)AVS,整個(gè)過程在數(shù)字減影機(jī)(digital subtraction angiography system,DSA)下進(jìn)行,患者保持臥位,采樣后由專人立即送檢,測定醛固酮及皮質(zhì)醇水平。所有手術(shù)操作由新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院高血壓診療中心經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的??漆t(yī)師完成。腎上腺靜脈皮質(zhì)醇/外周靜脈皮質(zhì)醇即選擇性指數(shù)(selectivity index, SI)>2,提示腎上腺靜脈取血成功[12-13, 22-23]。
1.3右腎上腺靜脈開口定位的方法應(yīng)用SIM-ADS V4.2醫(yī)學(xué)影像工作站分析存儲(chǔ)在光盤上的影像數(shù)據(jù)。選取吸氣末右腎上腺靜脈逆行造影前后位靜態(tài)圖像進(jìn)行分析。以脊椎為標(biāo)志將Th10中緣~L1中緣之間分為6組:A組:Th10中緣~Th11下緣,B組:Th11下緣~Th12上緣,C組:Th12上緣~Th12中緣,D組:Th12中緣~Th12下緣,E組:Th12下緣~L1上緣,F(xiàn)組:L1上緣~L1中緣,以此標(biāo)記右腎上腺靜脈開口,見圖1、2。
1.4血皮質(zhì)醇、醛固酮測定采用放射免疫法。腎上腺靜脈取血后由專人送至新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院高血壓診療中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室。血漿皮質(zhì)醇試劑盒由北方生物公司提供,批內(nèi)變異系數(shù)<10%,批間變異系數(shù)<15%。血漿醛固酮試劑盒由美國Beckman公司提供,批內(nèi)變異系數(shù)<4.5%,批間變異系數(shù)<9.8%。
各組間右腎上腺靜脈開口分布特征:腎上腺靜脈取血術(shù)患者右腎上腺靜脈開口定位由多到少依次為Th12上緣~Th12中緣(C組)、Th10中緣~Th11下緣(A組)、Th11下緣~Th12上緣(B組)、Th12中緣~Th12下緣(D組)、Th12下緣~L1上緣(E組)及L1上緣~L1中緣(F組)。
右腎上腺靜脈開口位于A、B、C、D組(Th10中緣~Th12下緣)的患者中,男性比女性多,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;右腎上腺靜脈開口位于E、F組(Th12下緣~L1中緣)的患者中,女性比男性多,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見圖3、表1。
右腎上腺靜脈開口于Th10中緣~Th12下緣A、B、C、D組患者身高比Th12下緣~L1上緣E組高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;其余各組患者身高差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見圖4、表1。
右腎上腺靜脈開口于Th10中緣~Th11下緣A組的體質(zhì)指數(shù)比Th12上緣~L1上緣C、D、E組高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;右腎上腺靜脈開口于Th11下緣~Th12下緣B、C、D組的體質(zhì)指數(shù)比Th12下緣~L1上緣E組高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;其余各組患者體質(zhì)指數(shù)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見圖5、表1。
右腎上腺靜脈開口于Th10中緣~Th11下緣A組的腹圍值大于Th12下緣~L1中緣E、F組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;右腎上腺靜脈開口于Th11下緣~Th12下緣B、C、D組的腹圍值大于Th12下緣~L1上緣E組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;其余各組間腹圍的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見圖6、表1。
表1 各組間右腎上腺靜脈開口分布
注:年齡、身高、體質(zhì)指數(shù)及腹圍為計(jì)量資料,統(tǒng)計(jì)量為t值,性別及族別為計(jì)數(shù)資料,統(tǒng)計(jì)量為χ2值。
圖3不同性別右腎上腺靜脈開口的位置
圖4各組右腎上腺靜脈開口間身高的95%CI
圖5各組右腎上腺靜脈開口間體質(zhì)指數(shù)的95%CI
腎上腺靜脈取血進(jìn)行醛固酮測定被認(rèn)為是原發(fā)性醛固酮增多癥分型定位的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[14-19],但是由于缺乏指導(dǎo),多年來該技術(shù)只能在少數(shù)的醫(yī)學(xué)中心應(yīng)用,推廣該技術(shù)的核心問題在于腎上腺靜脈開口的術(shù)中定位,尤其是右側(cè)腎上腺靜脈開口的定位,因其受到解剖的影響,變異程度大、難度高,是腎上腺靜脈取血術(shù)成敗的關(guān)鍵[20-22]?,F(xiàn)階段需要大樣本、多種族研究,從而提供解決這一難點(diǎn)的途徑。
本研究通過對(duì)575例成功完成的AVS影像資料進(jìn)行分析,表明右腎上腺靜脈開口主要位于Th10中緣~Th12中緣之間;其中Th12上緣~Th12中緣較多;在L1上緣~L1中緣最少。與文獻(xiàn)[21, 24]研究結(jié)果相似,提示在進(jìn)行AVS時(shí)應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)關(guān)注Th10中緣至Th12中緣,在以上多見位置未定位右腎上腺靜脈開口時(shí)應(yīng)警惕L1以下的可能,以避免手術(shù)失敗。
本研究結(jié)果表明:男性腎上腺靜脈開口多位于Th10中緣~Th12下緣,女性腎上腺靜脈開口多位于Th12下緣~L1中緣。右腎上腺靜脈開口于Th12下緣~L1上緣的身高矮于Th12下緣~Th10中緣。右腎上腺靜脈開口于Th10中緣~Th11下緣的體質(zhì)指數(shù)高于Th12上緣~L1上緣;右腎上腺靜脈開口于Th11下緣~Th12下緣的體質(zhì)指數(shù)高于Th12下緣~L1上緣。右腎上腺靜脈開口于Th10中緣~Th11下緣的腹圍大于Th12下緣~L1中緣,右腎上腺靜脈開口于Th11下緣~Th12下緣的腹圍大于Th12下緣~L1上緣。在不同的年齡、民族患者之間,右腎上腺靜脈開口的位置差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。與文獻(xiàn)[21]研究結(jié)果不完全相同,原因可能是:(1)本研究擴(kuò)大了樣本量,揭示了更多的信息,從而暴露了小樣本未能發(fā)現(xiàn)的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異;(2)入選的日本人群與中國新疆地區(qū)入選病例體質(zhì)指數(shù)分布不同。新疆是一個(gè)多民族聚居區(qū),其人種分布不僅有高加索人種,還有蒙古人種,涵蓋了全世界的主要人種,是一個(gè)天然的多人種研究地域,本研究通過多年積累,采用大樣本研究,可能更能反映在不同性別、身高、體質(zhì)指數(shù)、腹圍右腎上腺靜脈開口的一般規(guī)律。以上結(jié)果提示在臨床實(shí)踐中應(yīng)該綜合評(píng)價(jià)性別、身高、體質(zhì)指數(shù)、腹圍,從而更容易定位右腎上腺靜脈開口,以便順利完成手術(shù)。
綜上所述,本研究表明綜合評(píng)價(jià)性別、身高、體質(zhì)指數(shù)、腹圍因素,有助于右腎上腺靜脈開口的定位,提高右腎上腺靜脈插管的成功率。但本研究尚有不足之處:(1)由于部分AVS影像資料不能讀取,可能對(duì)最終的結(jié)果有一定影響。針對(duì)此情況,通過擴(kuò)大樣本量以保障結(jié)果的可靠性。(2)本研究僅針對(duì)右腎上腺靜脈開口的定位進(jìn)行分析,缺乏左腎上腺靜脈的研究。(3)本研究缺乏右腎上腺靜脈開口的精確定位以及相應(yīng)的插管方法的闡釋。由于本研究是本中心關(guān)于AVS的系列研究的一部分,后續(xù)工作有待完成。
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(本文編輯周芳)
Location of right adrenal vein opening in patients with adrenal vein sampling
ZHOU Keming, LUO Qin, LI Nanfang, ZHANG Delian, Nuerguli Maimaiti, WANG Menghui, KONG Jianqiong
(CenterofHypertensionDiagnosisandTreatmentResearch,XinjiangAutonomousRegionPeople′sHospital;HypertensionInstituteoftheXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion,Urumqi830001,China)
ObjectiveTo investigate the distribution characteristics of the right adrenal vein opening, in order to improve the success rate of intubation of right adrenal vein. Methods575 patients hospitalized in hypertension center of people′s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from Jan.2006 to Oct. 2013 were collected. All the patients had original aldosteronism and applied adrenal vein sampling (AVS) successfully. According to the symbol of the spine, from Th10′s middle edge to L1′s middle edge, the right adrenal vein opening of the patients were divided into 6 groups, group A: the middle edge of the Th10 to Th11′s lower edge; group B: Th11′s lower edge to Th12′s upper edge; group C: Th12′s upper edge to Th12′s middle edge; group D: Th12′s middle edge to Th12′s lower edge; group E: Th12′s lower edge to L1′s upper edge; group F: L1′s upper edge to L1′s middle edge. Then, the openings of the right adrenal vein were marked and the result were stored. SIM-ADS V4.2 medical image workstation were used to analyze the distribution characteristics of right adrenal vein openings. Results(1) The right adrenal vein opening location frequency from high to low were C group, A group and B group, group D, group E and group F. (2) Male were significantly more than females in the patients whose right adrenal vein openings in the A, B, C, D group, and female were significantly more than males in the patients whose right adrenal vein openings in the group E and F. The height of patients in the A, B, C, D group were significantly higher than that of the E group. The body mass index of patients in the group A was significantly higher than that of C, D and E group. The body mass index of patients in the group B,C and D was significantly higher than that of E group.The abdominal circumference of patients in the group A was significantly higher than that of group E and F. The abdominal circumference of patients in the group B, C and D was significantly higher than that of group E. The difference between other groups of gender, height, BMI and abdominal circumference were not found statistically significant. (3) There was no statistical significance of distribution in different age, ethnic differences between the right adrenal vein openings. ConclusionComprehensive evaluation of sex, height, body mass index, waist circumference contribute to locating the right adrenal vein opening position.
primary aldosteronism; adrenal vein sampling; right adrenal vein opening
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81450011)
周克明(1972-),男,碩士,副主任醫(yī)師,研究方向:高血壓及相關(guān)疾病的規(guī)范化診療及分子生物學(xué)研究,E-mail:394202231@qq.com。
R692
A
1009-5551(2016)09-1106-05
10.3969/j.issn.1009-5551.2016.09.007
2016-02-08]
新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)2016年9期