任小霞,陳曉麗,李秀嶺,王 艷,秦 彤,王 棟*
(1.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院北京畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部畜禽遺傳資源與種質(zhì)創(chuàng)新重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100193;2.北京市大興區(qū)動(dòng)物疾病控制中心,北京 102600)
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奶牛圓形、長(zhǎng)形、成熟精子細(xì)胞微量RNA制備和含量分析
任小霞1,陳曉麗1,李秀嶺2,王艷2,秦彤1,王棟1*
(1.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院北京畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部畜禽遺傳資源與種質(zhì)創(chuàng)新重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100193;2.北京市大興區(qū)動(dòng)物疾病控制中心,北京 102600)
本研究旨在探究奶牛變形精子細(xì)胞獲取方法、建立穩(wěn)定奶牛精子RNA提取體系及分析單個(gè)生精細(xì)胞RNA含量變化。采用激光顯微捕獲技術(shù)結(jié)合冰凍切片,采集奶牛圓形、長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞樣品,利用附睪尾精子浮游法獲得成熟精子,通過(guò)對(duì)已報(bào)道的小鼠、奶牛及人類精子RNA制備方法的嘗試和比較,獲得RNeasy Kit最佳奶牛精子RNA制備方法,并用PicoPure RNA Isolation Kit對(duì)圓形和長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞進(jìn)行RNA制備,篩選去除白細(xì)胞、上皮細(xì)胞等體細(xì)胞污染及基因組DNA污染的反轉(zhuǎn)錄聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)(RT-PCR)檢測(cè)方法,并對(duì)生精細(xì)胞RNA含量進(jìn)行單因素方差分析。結(jié)果表明,激光顯微切割技術(shù)可有效捕獲圓形、長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞;通過(guò)RNeasy Kit獲得的牛精子RNA純度高、質(zhì)量好,單個(gè)精子RNA含量為0.023~0.025 pg;同時(shí),隨精子細(xì)胞變形,其RNA含量顯著降低,其中圓形精子到成熟精子RNA含量降低75倍。本研究從復(fù)雜樣品取樣、微量RNA細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)錄本制備與檢測(cè)等方面,為精子發(fā)生與變形機(jī)理研究提供重要參考。
生精細(xì)胞;轉(zhuǎn)錄本;激光顯微切割;附睪;表達(dá)
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),精子中含有種類繁多的RNA[1-3],迄今只有少量研究對(duì)于這些RNA在受精[4-5]、獲能[6]、胚胎發(fā)育[7]等過(guò)程中的重要作用進(jìn)行探索,絕大部分RNA的作用尚不清晰。主要是因?yàn)榫訛閱伪扼w生殖細(xì)胞,且在發(fā)育成熟過(guò)程中伴隨大量細(xì)胞質(zhì)和細(xì)胞器的丟失,而細(xì)胞核的高度濃縮,使轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)受到抑制,導(dǎo)致精子RNA含量更少[8]。研究表明,人單個(gè)體細(xì)胞約含RNA 1~3 pg,而單個(gè)精子的RNA含量卻低至0.015 pg[9],而且,不同研究RNA檢測(cè)結(jié)果差別很大,小鼠每個(gè)精子含RNA (0.16±0.13)pg,牛冷凍精子RNA含量則為0.000 18~0.14 pg[10-13]。RNA含量差異,一方面可能是物種本身或生理狀況不同導(dǎo)致的,另一方面可能是精子RNA制備效率原因。精子細(xì)胞極難裂解,制備難度較大,不同實(shí)驗(yàn)室、不同制備方法RNA制備效率差異很大[10-11,14],由于精子不含有核糖體RNA[1,15],較難進(jìn)行RNA制備效果檢測(cè)。另外,精子樣品采集時(shí),精漿中白細(xì)胞與上皮細(xì)胞污染不可避免[1],高純度精子的獲取也是困擾精子RNA研究的重要因素。建立穩(wěn)定高效的精子RNA制備方法,并進(jìn)行精子RNA含量的精確分析至關(guān)重要。很多研究采用trizol法[16-17]、trizol和試劑盒結(jié)合法[18]及試劑盒法[19]分別對(duì)豬、奶牛和人類精子進(jìn)行RNA制備分析。與體細(xì)胞比,精子RNA含量極低,且trizol法提取的RNA純度低,影響后續(xù)的RNA測(cè)序分析;trizol和試劑盒結(jié)合法,操作復(fù)雜,步驟繁瑣,增加試驗(yàn)操作時(shí)間,易導(dǎo)致RNA降解;而試劑盒法,操作簡(jiǎn)便,通過(guò)吸附柱富集得到的RNA純度較高,同時(shí)吸附柱對(duì)RNA較敏感,通過(guò)吸附柱可實(shí)現(xiàn)少量RNA的富集。本研究前期經(jīng)過(guò)對(duì)比多種試劑盒的RNA制備效果,發(fā)現(xiàn)RNeasy Kit (Qiagen,德國(guó))效果最佳,且操作簡(jiǎn)便,耗時(shí)也短。利用該方法結(jié)合浮游法獲取精子、蔗糖溶液洗滌及體細(xì)胞裂解等處理,有效富集高質(zhì)量精子RNA,為后續(xù)試驗(yàn)提供基礎(chǔ)。
關(guān)于精子RNA來(lái)源尚存爭(zhēng)議。有研究認(rèn)為,精子本身不發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)錄,其含有的RNA是精子發(fā)生過(guò)程的遺留產(chǎn)物[20-21];而對(duì)人[22]、大鼠[23]、果蠅[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),精子變形前后有轉(zhuǎn)錄差異,目前尚無(wú)關(guān)于精子變形期間轉(zhuǎn)錄本變化趨勢(shì)的定量研究。本研究以奶牛作為試驗(yàn)動(dòng)物,借助于在腫瘤研究領(lǐng)域廣泛應(yīng)用的單細(xì)胞激光顯微切割(LCM)技術(shù)[25-26],突破精子變形期間細(xì)胞樣品采集難題,針對(duì)各階段生精細(xì)胞建立穩(wěn)定的RNA制備方法,定量分析精子RNA含量,并對(duì)精子變形期間轉(zhuǎn)錄本的含量變化進(jìn)行有意義的探索,為精子變形及受精機(jī)理研究奠定基礎(chǔ)。
1.1試驗(yàn)動(dòng)物及樣品采集
以健康、有正常性行為的荷斯坦公牛為試驗(yàn)動(dòng)物。采用散欄式飼養(yǎng)、全自動(dòng)TMR日糧飼喂,每天上午06:00和下午15:00分兩次投放飼料、保證自由采食和清潔飲水。睪丸及附睪采集后,立即用冰袋低溫保存,3 h內(nèi)運(yùn)回實(shí)驗(yàn)室。凍精購(gòu)于北京奶牛中心。
1.2試劑
HistoGene LCM Frozen Section Staining Kit,PicoPure RNA Isolation Kit,Reverse transcription Kit均購(gòu)于life公司;蔗糖、無(wú)水乙醇、β-巰基乙醇、TritonX-100均購(gòu)于鼎國(guó)生物公司。
1.3附睪尾精子和冷凍精子的獲取及RNA制備
取附睪尾放到裝有PBS的50 mL RNase-free離心管中,用剪刀剪碎,在4 ℃冰箱靜置30 min,取上清于1.5 mL離心管中,然后從中取10 μL用PBS稀釋100倍后,用顯微鏡檢測(cè)精子形態(tài)、活力。正常形態(tài)精子數(shù)量大于75%,向前運(yùn)動(dòng)的精子達(dá)到50%則為達(dá)標(biāo)樣本,冷凍精子活力不低于30%即為達(dá)標(biāo)[27]。將達(dá)標(biāo)精子樣本用25×16格的血球計(jì)數(shù)板進(jìn)行細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù),17 800 g 4 ℃離心10 min,棄上清,得到附睪尾精子沉淀,用于制備精子RNA。將凍精37 ℃解凍,鏡檢合格后,同樣進(jìn)行細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù),在17 800 g 4 ℃離心10 min,獲得凍精沉淀。將附睪尾精子及凍精沉淀用1 mL蔗糖溶液重懸,17 800 g 4 ℃離心10 min,棄上清,重復(fù)上述操作兩遍后,向精子沉淀中加入1 mL體細(xì)胞裂解液,冰浴15 min后,17 800 g 4 ℃離心10 min,獲得高純度精子沉淀。
采用RNeasy Kit(Qiagen,德國(guó))進(jìn)行精子RNA制備。每5×107個(gè)精子加600 μL提取緩沖液RLT,用吸管反復(fù)吹打30 s。反復(fù)通過(guò)20 G 一次性注射器針頭10次以剪切DNA;加入等體積70%乙醇,吹打混勻后加至吸附柱,8 000 g室溫離心15 s,棄去收集到的液體,再向吸附柱加350 μL漂洗緩沖液RW1,重復(fù)漂洗1次后,再向吸附柱加80 μL DNaseI工作液,常溫放置15 min,加350 μL漂洗緩沖液RW1至吸附柱,8 000 g室溫離心15 s,加 500 μL漂洗液RPE至吸附柱,8 000 g室溫離心15 s,加500 μL漂洗液RPE至吸附柱,12 000 g 室溫離心2 min,加20 μL RNase-free水至吸附柱膜上,12 000 g室溫離心1 min,收集管中液體即為細(xì)胞總RNA。用核酸測(cè)定儀(Biometra,德國(guó))測(cè)定其RNA含量和純度,并進(jìn)行瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測(cè)。
1.4圓形、長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞的獲取及RNA制備
用滅菌剪刀將睪丸剪成1.5 cm×1.5 cm×0.3 cm大小的組織塊,放入1.5 mL的RNase-free離心管中,用包埋劑(OCT)包埋,液氮速凍,制作冰凍切片。將冰凍切片機(jī)機(jī)箱溫度調(diào)至-20 ℃,樣品溫度調(diào)至-18 ℃,預(yù)冷15 min。將速凍好的組織塊放到切片機(jī)機(jī)箱內(nèi)平衡30 min,然后用OCT將其固定在樣品托上至包埋劑完全凝固,將樣品托固定到樣品頭上,將切片厚度調(diào)為20 μm左右開始修塊,至組織塊露出最大橫截面積,將厚度調(diào)至5 μm開始正式切片,用RNase-free的激光顯微切割儀專用膜玻片貼片,并用life染色試劑盒染色。首先,將膜玻片放入75%酒精中固定1 min,RNase-free H2O清洗30 s,洗去浮層酒精,用50 μL染色劑(HistoGene LCM Frozen Section Staining Kit)染色1 min,RNase-free H2O洗去浮層染色劑,再使用75%、95%、100%梯度酒精依次脫水30 s;然后,在激光顯微切割儀下,根據(jù)細(xì)胞形態(tài)進(jìn)行圓形、長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞確認(rèn)。用鼠標(biāo)選定所需切割線,沿細(xì)胞邊緣畫線,然后進(jìn)行自動(dòng)切割。切割細(xì)胞因自身重力落到含細(xì)胞裂解液的收集管蓋子中,取下收集管,蓋緊蓋子,反復(fù)顛倒2 min。離心收集細(xì)胞消化液,并把圓形與長(zhǎng)形精子樣品分別標(biāo)記為R1、R2、R3與L1、L2、L3,-80 ℃保存?zhèn)溆谩H訒r(shí),每張切片更換一次收集管,每張切片切割時(shí)間40 min左右。
采用AB kit制備圓形和長(zhǎng)形精子RNA。向切割獲取的細(xì)胞樣品中加Extration buffer至總體積100 μL,混勻后42 ℃孵育30 min,然后3 000 g離心2 min;吸取上清于另一離心管中,加入100 μL 70%的酒精,用移液槍混勻得到混合液體備用。
根據(jù)說(shuō)明書要求,將吸附柱放入收集管,向吸附柱內(nèi)加入250 μL condition buffer,16 000 g離心1 min;將上述混合液體加入吸附柱,100 g離心2 min,然后16 000 g離心30 s,去廢液;加100 μL W1至吸附柱,8 000 g離心1 min;加40 μL DNaseI工作液,室溫孵育15 min;加40 μL W1至吸附柱,8 000 g離心15 s;加100 μL W2至吸附柱,8 000 g離心1 min;加100 μL W2至吸附柱,16 000 g離心2 min;將吸附柱放入新的離心管,加入16 μL elution buffer,室溫放置1 min,1 000 g 離心1 min,16 000 g離心1 min,得到RNA溶液。用核酸測(cè)定儀(Biometra,德國(guó))測(cè)定其RNA含量和純度,并進(jìn)行瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測(cè)。
1.5反轉(zhuǎn)錄
取2 μL總RNA,加入Olig(dT) 1 μL,25 mmol·L-1MgCl24 μL,RNA酶抑制劑0.5 μL,10×反轉(zhuǎn)錄緩沖液2 μL,10 mmol·L-1dNTPs 2 μL,反轉(zhuǎn)錄酶0.6 μL,10× reverse buffer 2 μL用RNAse-free水補(bǔ)夠20 μL體系,42 ℃ 1 h,95 ℃ 5 min,冰上急冷5 min。以所得cDNA 為模板進(jìn)行后續(xù)聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(PCR)。
1.6RNA的完整性及基因組DNA和體細(xì)胞去除效果檢測(cè)
針對(duì)白細(xì)胞特異表達(dá)基因CD45(NCBI登錄號(hào)NM_001206523.1)的第4和第7外顯子設(shè)計(jì)一對(duì)特異引物,擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物為320 bp;針對(duì)上皮細(xì)胞特異表達(dá)基因CDH1(CDH1,NCBI登錄號(hào)NM_001002763.1)的第5、第6外顯子設(shè)計(jì)上游引物,第8外顯子設(shè)計(jì)下游引物,擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物為491 bp。針對(duì)GAPDH基因(NCBI登錄號(hào)NM_001034034.2)的第4外顯子和第6外顯子設(shè)計(jì)一對(duì)特異性引物,其產(chǎn)物涵蓋了第4、5內(nèi)含子完整序列,當(dāng)RNA不含有DNA污染時(shí),其RT-PCR產(chǎn)物僅含249 bp條帶,而含有基因組DNA污染時(shí),則還顯示470 bp條帶。各引物信息見表1。
20 μL PCR 體系:TaqTMDNA 聚合酶mix 10 μL,引物1 μL,cDNA 3 μL,RNase-free H2O 6 μL。PCR 程序:94 ℃ 5 min預(yù)變性后,進(jìn)入循環(huán)程序:94 ℃變性30 s;退火30 s(退火溫度見表1),72 ℃延伸30 s,循環(huán)34次;最后72 ℃ 延伸10 min。RT-PCR產(chǎn)物經(jīng)1.5%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳鑒定。
表1PCR引物序列
Table 1RCR primer sequences
基因Gene表達(dá)細(xì)胞Expressioncells引物序列(5'-3')Primersequences退火溫度/℃Annealingtemperature產(chǎn)物長(zhǎng)度/bpProductsizeGAPDH廣泛表達(dá)GCAAGTTCAACGGCACAGGGTTCACGCCCATCACAA53基因產(chǎn)物470轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物249CD45白細(xì)胞AACCGCTCTCTCAACCATAGGCCAGTGTAAACAAAGGGAAG53轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物320CDH1上皮細(xì)胞GGACCGTGAGAGTTTTCCCACGGGCACTTCCACTCTCTTT65轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物491
1.7統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
使用SAS 9.2對(duì)附睪尾精子和凍精RNA量進(jìn)行t檢驗(yàn)分析,對(duì)圓形、長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞,附睪尾成熟精子細(xì)胞的RNA量進(jìn)行單因子方差分析,P<0.05為差異顯著。
2.1附睪尾精子與冷凍精子數(shù)量及活力
鏡檢結(jié)果(表2)顯示,3個(gè)附睪尾樣本的精子數(shù)量為2.750×107~5.275×107個(gè),3個(gè)冷凍精子樣本數(shù)量為1.500×107。采用目測(cè)評(píng)定法對(duì)精子活率進(jìn)行測(cè)定(根據(jù)10級(jí)制精子活率評(píng)定法,新鮮精液活率不低于50%,凍精解凍不低于30%),附睪尾精子活率為0.72~0.85,冷凍精子樣本活力為0.49~0.52,可以用于后續(xù)研究。
2.2切片染色及激光顯微切割結(jié)果
奶牛睪丸組織冰凍切片染色后,顯微鏡下觀察生精細(xì)胞在曲細(xì)精管上的位置及形狀、大小,通過(guò)激光顯微切割儀進(jìn)行目標(biāo)細(xì)胞切割、收集并統(tǒng)計(jì)。圓形、長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞切割前后及收集管收集的情況如圖1(A~D)所示。A、B為63×物鏡條件下激光顯微切割儀切割前后圓形精子細(xì)胞;C、D為63×物鏡條件下激光顯微切割儀切割前后長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞;E為150×物鏡條件下激光顯微切割儀切割后收集管蓋子里收集到的細(xì)胞。共收集到的圓形和長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞個(gè)數(shù)分別為30 254(Y1)、30 559(Y2)、29 763(Y3)、40 168(C1)、39 862(C2)、42 621(C3)。
表2樣本精子數(shù)量及活力
Table 2The quantity and activity of sperm
精子類型Spermtypes樣本Samples精子數(shù)量×107Spermquantity精子活率Spermactivity附睪尾精子Epididymalsperm1232.7505.2753.8500.72±0.020.85±0.040.83±0.04冷凍精子Frozensperm1231.5001.5001.5000.52±0.020.49±0.020.50±0.02
2.3RNA純度檢測(cè)及定量分析
表3顯示,附睪尾精子(F1~ F3)和冷凍精子(D1~D3)RNA的OD260 nm/OD280 nm比值均為1.8~2.1,證明RNA純度較高;但圓形精子細(xì)胞(Y1~Y3)和長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞(C1~C3)RNA的OD260 nm/OD280 nm比值均小于1.8,可能混有酚類等雜質(zhì),或由顯微切割獲取細(xì)胞樣品較少導(dǎo)致RNA含量較低所致。3×104~4×104個(gè)圓形精子細(xì)胞總RNA量為516~524 ng,平均每個(gè)圓形精子細(xì)胞RNA含量約為17.06~21.73 pg;等量的長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞獲得的RNA總量為401.4~446.0 ng,平均每個(gè)長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞RNA含量約為9.81~11.19 pg;2.750×107~5.275×107個(gè)附睪尾精子的RNA總提取量為734.4~950.4 ng,平均每個(gè)精子RNA約含0.014~0.035 pg;1.500×107個(gè)冷凍精子RNA總提取量為283.2~435.2 ng,平均每個(gè)精子RNA含量約為0.019~ 0.029 pg。表明單倍體精子細(xì)胞RNA含量極低,且隨精子發(fā)育過(guò)程中細(xì)胞質(zhì)和細(xì)胞器的丟失而逐漸減少。
A、B.激光顯微切割儀切割前后圓形精子細(xì)胞(630×);C、D.激光顯微切割儀切割前后長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞(630×);E.激光顯微切割儀切割后收集到的細(xì)胞(1 500×)A,B.The round spermatids under the microscope of LCM(630×);C,D.The elongated spermatids under the microscope of LCM(630×);E.The collected spermatids under the microscope of LCM after dissecting(1 500×)圖1 生精細(xì)胞的獲取Fig.1 The capture of spermatogenic cells
表3總RNA濃度檢測(cè)
Table 3The concentration of total RNA
Y1~Y3.圓形精子細(xì)胞;C1~C3.長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞;F1~F3.附睪尾精子;D1~D3.冷凍精子。下同
Y1-Y3.Round spermatids;C1-C3.Elongated spermatids;F1-F3.Epididymal sperm;D1-D3.Frozen sperm.The same as below
2.4RNA的完整性及基因組和體細(xì)胞的去除效果檢測(cè)
2.4.1RNA的完整性檢測(cè)對(duì)附睪尾精子和冷凍精子總RNA的瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示(圖2),牛睪丸組織總RNA樣品泳道出現(xiàn)了明亮的28S和18S rRNA條帶,且寬度和亮度比接近2∶1,但精子RNA樣品未檢測(cè)到任何條帶,其中圓形和長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞未出現(xiàn)條帶,說(shuō)明RNA含量極低,與檢測(cè)結(jié)果一致;附睪尾精子和冷凍精液總RNA樣品中未出現(xiàn)條帶,與精子中不含有核糖體RNA或含量極低檢測(cè)不到結(jié)果一致。
圖2 RNA質(zhì)量檢測(cè)Fig.2 RNA quality test
2.4.2基因組DNA去除效果檢測(cè)總RNA的RT-PCR檢測(cè)結(jié)果見圖3,各個(gè)RNA樣品均在249 bp處出現(xiàn)明亮條帶,與GAPDH基因的cDNA理論長(zhǎng)度一致,沒有出現(xiàn)470 bp基因組DNA條帶,說(shuō)明制備的精子總RNA完整性較好,且無(wú)基因組DNA污染。
M.Marker I。下同M.Marker I.The same as below圖3 GAPDH基因RT-PCR檢測(cè)Fig.3 RT-PCR test of GAPDH
2.4.3體細(xì)胞去除效果檢測(cè)各RNA樣品針對(duì)基因CD45和CDH1的RT-PCR檢測(cè)結(jié)果(圖4、圖5)顯示,只有睪丸組織樣品檢測(cè)到了320 bp的CD45基因產(chǎn)物和491 bp的CDH1基因產(chǎn)物,各種精子RNA樣品均未檢測(cè)到上述條帶,表明精子RNA樣品中無(wú)白細(xì)胞和上皮細(xì)胞污染。
圖4 CD45基因RT-PCR檢測(cè)Fig.4 RT-PCR test of CD45
圖5 CDH1基因RT-PCR檢測(cè)Fig.5 RT-PCR test of CDH1
2.5精子細(xì)胞中的RNA含量方差分析
根據(jù)各類精子細(xì)胞RNA制備結(jié)果,計(jì)算各階段精子細(xì)胞中單個(gè)細(xì)胞的RNA含量,并進(jìn)行單因素方差分析,結(jié)果顯示(表4),圓形、長(zhǎng)形和附睪尾精子RNA含量有顯著差異,且隨變形與成熟而逐漸減少,但附睪尾精子與冷凍精子RNA含量卻差異不顯著。
表4單個(gè)生精細(xì)胞RNA含量
Table 4RNA quantity of spermatogenic cell
細(xì)胞類型Celltypes單個(gè)細(xì)胞RNA含量/pgRNA·Cell-1圓形精子細(xì)胞Roundspermatids18.800±2.552a長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞Elongatedspermatids10.330±0.750b附睪尾精子Epididymalsperm0.025±0.011c冷凍精子Frozensperm0.023±0.005c
結(jié)果用“平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差”表示(n=3);同行數(shù)據(jù)后所標(biāo)字母相異表示差異顯著(P<0.05),所標(biāo)字母相同表示差異不顯著(P>0.05)
The results are given as “means±SD”;Different letters in the same row means significant difference between the treatments(P<0.05),same letter in the same row means not significant difference between treatments(P>0.05)
本研究前期通過(guò)對(duì)前人精子RNA制備方法[28-30]的重復(fù)和比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)trizol法獲得的RNA樣品純度不高;而trizol和試劑盒結(jié)合的方法操作復(fù)雜,且時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng),易導(dǎo)致樣品降解;對(duì)Qiagen公司和Life公司的多種試劑盒進(jìn)行比較分析發(fā)現(xiàn),使用RNeasy Kit(Qiagen,德國(guó))制備的RNA量最高,另外,對(duì)人類精子含量的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不同裂解液對(duì)精子細(xì)胞核裂解程度不同,核裂解程度影響RNA獲得率[19],且發(fā)現(xiàn)該試劑盒對(duì)精子核裂解效果較好,試劑盒提取法獲得的精子RNA純度較高,質(zhì)量較好,通過(guò)使用RNeasy Kit,并對(duì)精子樣本進(jìn)行蔗糖溶液洗滌及體細(xì)胞裂解液處理,篩選較為靈敏的體細(xì)胞及基因組去除效果檢測(cè)方法,建立高效、高純度奶牛精子RNA制備方法。本研究通過(guò)對(duì)大量樣本的多次重復(fù)和冷凍精子對(duì)照分析,檢測(cè)出奶牛單個(gè)精子的RNA含量為(0.023±0.005)pg,并且RNA提取量穩(wěn)定。同時(shí),附睪尾精子與冷凍精子RNA含量差異不顯著,表明精子RNA在凍融前后[31]、獲能前后[32]都存在差異,但是精子RNA含量還是相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的,這為今后精子RNA制備及轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)定量研究提供科學(xué)的指導(dǎo)。人類體細(xì)胞的RNA含量是成熟精子的600倍[9,33],本研究檢測(cè)到奶牛每個(gè)精原干細(xì)胞約含25.133~30.696 pg RNA(未發(fā)表),與精子細(xì)胞存在顯著差異,同時(shí),變形期間精子細(xì)胞RNA含量也存在顯著差異,其中,長(zhǎng)形與圓形精子細(xì)胞的RNA含量分別是附睪尾精子的413倍和752倍,從圓形、長(zhǎng)形到附睪精子的精子細(xì)胞變形成熟過(guò)程中,細(xì)胞RNA含量逐漸降低,從圓形到長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞RNA含量下降45.1%,從長(zhǎng)形到附睪尾精子RNA含量下降99.8%,精子細(xì)胞RNA的這種變化趨勢(shì)與精子變形過(guò)程中染色體逐漸致密緊湊的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)相一致[34],說(shuō)明染色體結(jié)構(gòu)的改變導(dǎo)致了精子細(xì)胞中轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)水平的逐漸降低,但是,究竟發(fā)育成熟的精子中是否繼續(xù)進(jìn)行基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)還需要進(jìn)一步的證明。另外,本研究通過(guò)RNA凝膠電泳檢測(cè)證明了前人的研究結(jié)論,即精子中可能不含有rRNA,或其含量極少以至于檢測(cè)不到[1,15,35]。這將為精子RNA的提取提供一定的理論依據(jù),更為大動(dòng)物精子發(fā)生過(guò)程的轉(zhuǎn)錄組研究奠定基礎(chǔ)。
本研究同時(shí)采集了牛的睪丸和附睪,其中睪丸用于采集圓形和長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞,用附睪精子浮游獲得成熟精子樣品,并且在檢測(cè)分析時(shí),力爭(zhēng)使各級(jí)生精細(xì)胞及精子都來(lái)自同一個(gè)體,通過(guò)以個(gè)體為單位的系列研究,探索精子發(fā)育過(guò)程中真實(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)錄變化,保證了研究的延續(xù)性和可靠性。同時(shí),圓形和長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞都與支持細(xì)胞相嵌合散在分布于曲細(xì)精管生精上皮上,難以進(jìn)行細(xì)胞樣品采集,本研究通過(guò)冷凍切片制作結(jié)合激光顯微切割技術(shù),突破了復(fù)雜細(xì)胞樣品的取樣技術(shù)瓶頸,解決了圓形、長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞取樣難題。激光顯微切割技術(shù)(Laser capture microdissection,LCM)是一項(xiàng)在顯微鏡下從組織切片中分離、純化單一類型細(xì)胞群或單個(gè)細(xì)胞的技術(shù),成功解決了組織中的細(xì)胞異質(zhì)性問題[36]。精子細(xì)胞獲取,使精子成熟過(guò)程中精子轉(zhuǎn)錄活性變化成為可能。激光顯微切割技術(shù)為獲取睪丸組織中圓形和長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞提供便利條件。但是激光對(duì)細(xì)胞的損傷仍不可忽略,因此設(shè)置合適的激光參數(shù)對(duì)于獲取高質(zhì)量細(xì)胞樣品至關(guān)重要。本研究主要在63×物鏡下進(jìn)行激光切割獲取細(xì)胞,經(jīng)過(guò)多次試驗(yàn)摸索,最終確定的參數(shù):Power設(shè)為10,Aperture設(shè)為1,Specimen Balance設(shè)為8,Head Current設(shè)為66%,Pulse Frequency設(shè)為 201時(shí)為最佳切割參數(shù),可在最短時(shí)間內(nèi),順利切下目的細(xì)胞,平均切割數(shù)量為長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞1 000個(gè)·片-1,圓形精子細(xì)胞700個(gè)·片-1,由于精原干細(xì)胞體積較大,數(shù)量較小,每張玻片只能收集500個(gè)左右。在選取目的細(xì)胞時(shí)盡量選取目的細(xì)胞群,這樣可使所選區(qū)域的中間位置細(xì)胞免受激光損傷,保證細(xì)胞RNA完整性。另外,在收集細(xì)胞時(shí),收集管的蓋子里應(yīng)放上細(xì)胞裂解液,裂解液里按100∶1加入RNase抑制劑。圓形、長(zhǎng)形精子細(xì)胞的獲取及RNA制備為后續(xù)高通量測(cè)序研究奠定技術(shù)基礎(chǔ),同時(shí)為深入進(jìn)行精子發(fā)生與成熟機(jī)制研究提供重要參考。
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(編輯程金華)
The Preparation and Quantity Analysis of Trace RNA from Round Spermatids,Elongated Spermatids and Mature Sperm of Dairy Cattle
REN Xiao-xia1,CHEN Xiao-li1,LI Xiu-ling2,WANG Yan2,QIN Tong1,WANG Dong1*
(1.TheKeyLarboratoryforFarmAnimalGeneticandUtilizationofMinistryofAgricultureofChina,InstituteofAnimalScience,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Beijing100193,China;2.AnimalDiseaseControlCenterofDaxingDestrictinBeijing,Beijing102600,China)
To explore the method to capture dairy cattles round and elongated spermatids and build the stable system extracting sperm RNA and analyzing the RNA quantity of spermatogenic cells,the round and elongated spermatids were captured by laser capture microdissection (LCM) combined with the technology of frozen section,and sperm samples were obtained using the method of sperm floating from epididymids.Compared the reported sperm RNA preparation methods,a better RNA preparation result was obtained from dairy cattle sperm using RNeasy Kit,and the better RNA preparation results were also obtained from round and elongated spermatids using PicoPure RNA Isolation Kit.Besides,the removal results of contaminated somatic cells and genomic DNA were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).The one-way analysis of variance showed that the round and elongated spermatids were successfully captured by LCM,the high quality RNA was extracted from sperm using RNeasy Kit,and the RNA quantity of each sperm was 0.023-0.025 pg.The RNA quantity decreased by 750-fold from round to elongated spermatids.The exploration that capture spermatogenic cells from complex tissues and extract RNA from less RNA containing cells will provide an important reference for the study on mechanism of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis.
spermatogenic cells;transcripts;laser capture microdissection;epididymis;expression
10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2016.08.004
2016-02-02
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(31372296)
任小霞(1988-),女,河南新鄉(xiāng)人,碩士生,主要從事動(dòng)物遺傳育種與繁殖研究,E-mail:13552641190@163.com
王棟,博士,研究員,主要從事動(dòng)物遺傳育種與繁殖研究,E-mail:dwangcn2002@vip.sina.com
S814
A
0366-6964(2016)08-1546-09