曹 尹 劉凌云 王洪亮
吉林大學(xué)白求恩第一醫(yī)院男科(長(zhǎng)春 130021)
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間歇性雄激素抑制療法治療前列腺癌的Meta分析
曹 尹 劉凌云 王洪亮*
吉林大學(xué)白求恩第一醫(yī)院男科(長(zhǎng)春130021)
摘要目的利用Meta分析觀察間歇性雄激素抑制療法(IAD)治療前列腺癌的療效。方法 檢索PubMed、EMBASE、 Cochrane-Library、萬方、重慶維普和中國(guó)知網(wǎng),納入間歇性對(duì)比持續(xù)性雄激素抑制療法(CAD)在前列腺癌治療作用的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(RCT),進(jìn)行方法學(xué)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),并采用RevMan 5.2軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。結(jié)果19篇文獻(xiàn)(共17個(gè)RCT)納入研究。間歇性雄激素抑制療法與持續(xù)性雄激素抑制治療相比,在總生存期、腫瘤進(jìn)展期、腫瘤特異性生存期方面差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。在面部潮熱、乳房脹痛增生、體力下降、頭痛這4方面發(fā)病率低,而在轉(zhuǎn)氨酶升高、勃起功能障礙、精神癥狀方面的發(fā)生率均無明顯差異。結(jié)論間歇性雄激素抑制治療可以作為治療前列腺癌的有效方法,但仍需要進(jìn)一步開展高質(zhì)量、大樣本的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)予以證實(shí)。
關(guān)鍵詞雄激素抑制治療; 前列腺腫瘤; Meta分析
doi∶10.3969/j.issn.1008-0848.2016.02.007
前列腺癌在西方國(guó)家是男性常見癌癥,占男性癌癥病死率的第二位。在我國(guó)前列腺癌的發(fā)病率以前較低,但隨著人口老齡化、人民生活水平及診斷技術(shù)的不斷提高,其發(fā)病率逐年升高,現(xiàn)已居中國(guó)男性泌尿生殖系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤第3位[1-3]。自1941年以來雄激素抑制就成為治療前列腺癌的一種主要方法,并以持續(xù)性雄激素治療作為治療轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法[4, 5]。為了減少副作用并提高治療效果,間歇性雄激素抑制療法(IAD)受到學(xué)者的廣泛關(guān)注[6, 7]。很多III期臨床試驗(yàn)[8, 9]顯示間歇性雄激素抑制治療與持續(xù)性激素抑制療法(CAD)的治療效果相當(dāng),但是也有一些研究對(duì)此觀點(diǎn)持否定態(tài)度。我們通過meta分析以綜合臨床資料,對(duì)間歇性雄激素抑制方法治療前列腺癌的療效及安全性進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。
一、文獻(xiàn)檢索
計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane-Library、萬方、重慶維普和中國(guó)知網(wǎng)。檢索時(shí)間:各數(shù)據(jù)庫自建庫至2015年8月1日。英文檢索詞:“prostate cancer”,“ prostate neoplasms”,“intermittent hormonal deprivation”,“ intermittent androgen deprivation”,“ intermittent androgen suppression”,“ intermittent hormonal therapy”,“ continuous hormonal deprivation”,“ continuous androgen deprivation”,“ continuous androgen suppression”,“ continuous hormonal therapy”,“Randomized Controlled Trial”。中文檢索詞:“間歇性雄激素阻滯”,“持續(xù)性雄激素阻滯”,“前列腺癌”。檢索時(shí)根據(jù)初步檢索的結(jié)果適當(dāng)調(diào)整,去除重復(fù)發(fā)表的研究后共得到145篇文獻(xiàn)。
二、納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):所有關(guān)于間歇性對(duì)比持續(xù)性雄激素抑制治療在前列腺癌治療作用的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(randomized controlled trial , RCT),是否采用盲法和分配隱藏。限制語種為英文及中文。臨床診斷為前列腺癌的患者,排除雄激素抑制耐受的前列腺癌患者。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):非RCT試驗(yàn)、重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)告、個(gè)案報(bào)道、信息不全的文獻(xiàn)以及不符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)者。
三、文獻(xiàn)篩選與資料提取
對(duì)文獻(xiàn)題目、摘要、全文閱讀后進(jìn)行資料提取,嚴(yán)格按照納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩選,當(dāng)意見不一致時(shí)通過討論或請(qǐng)第三方根據(jù)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)決定是否納入。內(nèi)容包括:(1)一般狀況 作者姓名、題目、發(fā)表時(shí)間和雜志名稱;(2)文獻(xiàn)特征 研究對(duì)象的樣本量、干預(yù)措施及基線可比性;(3)觀察指標(biāo) 總生存期,腫瘤進(jìn)展期、癌癥生存期,副反應(yīng)。
四、文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
每篇RCT的質(zhì)量均由2名評(píng)價(jià)員按照Cochrane系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)手冊(cè)5.1獨(dú)立進(jìn)行,包括6各方面:(1)隨機(jī)分配方法是否正確;(2)研究結(jié)果測(cè)量采用盲法;(3)采用意向性分析(ITT);(4)失訪和退出;(5)分配隱蔽方案隱蔽;(6)基線是否具有可比性。采用Jadad評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1~3分為低質(zhì)量研究,4~7分為高質(zhì)量研究。
五、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
采用Cochrane協(xié)作網(wǎng)提供的RevMan 5.2軟件。計(jì)量資料采用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比(HR),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度(RR)為療效分析統(tǒng)計(jì)量,各效應(yīng)量均以95%可信區(qū)間(CI)表示。原文獻(xiàn)中報(bào)道HR的使用文中數(shù)據(jù),未報(bào)道HR的通過生存曲線提取HR進(jìn)行合并[10, 11]。采用Q檢驗(yàn)明確有無異質(zhì)性,經(jīng)Q檢驗(yàn)若無明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.10,或P≤0.10且I2≤50%),選用固定效應(yīng)模型(fi xed effect model, FE)進(jìn)行分析;若有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P≤0.10且I2>50%),則選用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型(random effect model, RE)。如果進(jìn)行Meta分析的文獻(xiàn)大于10篇,為評(píng)價(jià)發(fā)表偏倚,采用Begg's檢驗(yàn)(秩相關(guān)法)及Egger線性回歸法[12, 13]。如果存在發(fā)表偏倚,那么通過剪補(bǔ)法對(duì)合并結(jié)果進(jìn)行調(diào)整[14]。
圖1 文獻(xiàn)篩選流程圖
一、檢索結(jié)果及納入RCT的一般情況
對(duì)檢索到的文獻(xiàn)由2名評(píng)價(jià)員獨(dú)立選擇并通過閱讀文章和摘要,按納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行選擇(見圖1),結(jié)果共19篇文獻(xiàn)[15-33](共17個(gè)RCT,其中有3篇文獻(xiàn)是同一個(gè)研究不同結(jié)局指標(biāo)的報(bào)道)納入研究,納入文獻(xiàn)的基本信息見表1和表2。所有文獻(xiàn)均沒有提及分配隱蔽及盲法,但是對(duì)于結(jié)果受影響的可能性較低,基線均具有可比性。文獻(xiàn)均為3分,納入的文獻(xiàn)均屬低質(zhì)量文獻(xiàn)。累計(jì)6 440例病例,IAD組3 238例,CAD組3 202例,根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)說明患者的基本情況無明顯差異,具有較好的可比性。
表1 納入Meta分析實(shí)驗(yàn)基本特征
表2 入組實(shí)驗(yàn)Jadad評(píng)分
二、觀察指標(biāo)評(píng)估
(一)總生存期
8篇[15, 18-21, 25, 26, 30]研究比較了IAD與CAD對(duì)總生存期的影響(見圖22AA)。各研究間存在異質(zhì)性低,采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果顯示:兩組間總生存期差異比較無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 [HR=1.01,95%CI(0.95,1.08)],結(jié)果提示IAD組與CAD組總生存期相近。
(二)腫瘤進(jìn)展期
9篇[15-21, 25, 31]研究比較了IAD與CAD對(duì)前列腺癌疾病進(jìn)展期的影響(見圖22BB)。各研究間異質(zhì)性較小,采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,兩組間腫瘤進(jìn)展期差異比較無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 [HR=0.98,95%CI(0.89,1.07)],結(jié)果顯示治療后IAD組與CAD組有相近的腫瘤進(jìn)展期。
三、 腫瘤特異性生存期
5篇[15, 18, 20, 21, 30]研究比較了IAD與CAD對(duì)腫瘤生存期的影響(見圖22CC)。各研究間異質(zhì)性尚可接受,采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,兩組腫瘤生存期比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 [HR=1.04,95%CI(0.91,1.18)],結(jié)果顯示IAD與CAD治療有相似的腫瘤生存期。
圖2 LAD與CAD治療前列腺癌后腫瘤總生存期、進(jìn)展期和特異性生存期的比較
四、副反應(yīng)
9篇研究比較了IAD與CAD治療腫瘤時(shí)產(chǎn)生的副反應(yīng)(見圖3、圖4)。10篇[19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27-29, 32, 33]描述了面部潮熱 [RR=0.60,95%CI(0.46,0.78),P=0.0001]。由于異質(zhì)性較高,通過語言對(duì)其分亞組,5篇[27-29, 32, 33]分入中文組 [RR=0.45,95%CI(0.36,0.58), P<0.00001],5篇[19, 21, 22, 24, 25]分入英文組 [RR=0.71,95%CI(0.51,0.99),P=0.04],結(jié)果顯示IAD比CAD治療面部潮熱的發(fā)生率低。7篇[19, 21, 22, 24, 28, 29, 33]比較了乳房脹痛增生 [RR=0.38,95%CI(0.25,0.60),P<0.0001]。由于同質(zhì)性較低,通過語言分組,3篇[28, 29, 33]入中文組[RR=0.26,95%CI(0.15,0.46),P<0.00001],4篇[19, 21, 22, 24]入英文組 [RR=0.51,95%CI(0.26,1.00),P=0.05],結(jié)果顯示IAD比CAD治療乳房脹痛增生的發(fā)生率低;4篇[22, 27, 32, 33]描述體力下降 [RR=0.48,95%CI (0.29,0.78),P=0.003],結(jié)果顯示IAD比CAD治療體力下降的發(fā)生率低。4篇[24, 27, 32, 33]比較了轉(zhuǎn)氨酶升高 [RR=0.39,95%CI(0.16,1.00), P=0.05],結(jié)果顯示IAD比CAD治療轉(zhuǎn)氨酶升高的發(fā)生率相當(dāng)。3篇[19, 21, 25]比較了頭痛 [RR=0.58,95%CI(0.46,0.74),P<0.0001],結(jié)果顯示IAD比CAD治療頭疼的發(fā)生率低。4篇[22, 24, 26, 33]比較了勃起功能障礙[RR=0.55,95%CI(0.14,2.11),P=0.38],結(jié)果顯示了IAD與CAD治療勃起功能障礙的發(fā)生率相似。3篇[24, 27, 32]比較了精神癥狀 [RR=0.55,95%CI (0.29,1.04),P=0.07],結(jié)果顯示IAD比CAD治療精神癥狀的發(fā)生率相同。
圖3 IAD與CAD治療前列腺癌副作用比較(1)
圖4 IAD與CAD治療前列腺癌副作用比較(2)
一、生存期
通過對(duì)各研究數(shù)據(jù)的分析,兩種方法在總生存期、腫瘤進(jìn)展期、腫瘤特異性生存期沒有顯著差異,并且各組間同質(zhì)性較高,證實(shí)IAD的治療效果與CAD方案相近。目前關(guān)于IAD與CAD療效評(píng)定的研究存在分歧,可能與各研究納入患者的情況(如種族、 年齡、 病理分期等)、 激素名稱及計(jì)量、隨訪時(shí)間、治療藥物等存在差異有關(guān)。已有實(shí)驗(yàn)研究提示IAD與CAD比較,雄激素非依賴狀態(tài)產(chǎn)生的平均時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)近3倍[7, 34]。今后還需要綜合更豐富的研究數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行比較分析。
二、副作用
本研究結(jié)果顯示:面部潮熱、乳房脹痛增生、體力下降、頭痛這4方面IAD較CAD有低的發(fā)病率,而在轉(zhuǎn)氨酶升高、勃起功能障礙、精神癥狀方面IAD 與CAD的發(fā)生率無明顯差異。但是在面部潮熱、乳房脹痛增生、轉(zhuǎn)氨酶升高、勃起功能障礙這幾個(gè)副反應(yīng),各研究間異質(zhì)性較高。異質(zhì)性較高的原因,可能與各研究納入患者的情況(如種族、 年齡、 病理分期等)、 干預(yù)措施、隨訪時(shí)間、治療藥物等存在差異有關(guān)。然而,要想更準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)價(jià)IAD方案能否有效減輕患者副作用,還需要統(tǒng)一評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以便于規(guī)范各研究,為以后進(jìn)行隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)和分析提供有力的依據(jù)。
以高質(zhì)量的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ),才能保證Meta分析結(jié)論的客觀性,而本文納入研究的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量少、文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量中等,對(duì)分析結(jié)果的科學(xué)性會(huì)產(chǎn)生直接影響,納入文獻(xiàn)來自歐美國(guó)家的較多,出現(xiàn)發(fā)表偏倚的可能性較大。此外,結(jié)果異質(zhì)性大,其中的臨床異質(zhì)性是不可忽視的重要因素。期待更多其他地區(qū)的高質(zhì)量研究,未來尚需要探討激素治療的最佳療程和劑量。
綜上所述,當(dāng)前研究可以證明IAD是治療前列腺癌的有效方法,治療效果與傳統(tǒng)的CAD有相同的作用,然而在副作用方面卻比CAD方法有明顯的降低。由于潛在的發(fā)表偏倚以及納入研究提供的方法學(xué)信息不夠全面,仍需要更嚴(yán)格的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)來證實(shí)IAD的可行性和優(yōu)越性。
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(2015-10-20收稿)
中圖分類號(hào)R 737.25
*通訊作者,E-mail:jdyynk@163.com; Tel∶18243052042
Intermittent androgen deprivation for treatment of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis
Cao Yin, Liu Lingyun, Wang Hongliang*
Department of Andrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin , China Corresponding author∶ Wang Hongliang, E-mail:jdyynk@163.com; Tel∶18243052042
AbstractObjective To study the effect of intermittent androgen deprivation (IAD) in the treatment of prostate cancer. MethodssUsing databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane-Library, Web of Science databases, Wan Fang database,VIP database and CNKI, we searched all randomized studies related to IAD for the treatment of prostate cancer. The quality of the reports included in this meta-analysis was assessed and the Review Manager 5.2 was used for data analysis. Results Total of 19 reports (17 RCTs) were enrolled in the study. Overall survival (OS)、time to progression (TTP) and prostate cancer-specifi c deaths were similar for all patients who received IAD or CAD. In adverse events∶ hot fl ushes,gynecomastia,fatigue and headache were in lower incidence for patients who received IAD; there were no signifi cant difference in liver enzyme increase,erectile dysfunction and depression between IAD group and CAD group. Conclusion This study suggest that IAD is a reasonable treatment option for patients with prostate cancer who wish to avoid side effect. More RCTs are urgently done to validate this outcome.
Key wordsandrogen deprivation; prostatic neoplasms; meta-analysis