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肝膿腫超聲引導(dǎo)下介入治療的臨床觀察

2016-07-01 11:31胡海燕韓秀清韓轉(zhuǎn)寧
現(xiàn)代儀器與醫(yī)療 2016年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:超聲引導(dǎo)介入治療

胡海燕 韓秀清 韓轉(zhuǎn)寧

[摘 要] 目的:探討超聲引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮介入治療肝膿腫療效。方法:對(duì)2014年6月—2015年10月期間我院收治的56例肝膿腫患者資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析,根據(jù)治療方式不同分為介入組(26例)和手術(shù)組(30例)。介入組超聲引導(dǎo)下介入治療,手術(shù)組行開腹手術(shù)膿腫切開引流術(shù),比較2組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果:介入組術(shù)后體溫恢復(fù)正常時(shí)間、WBC恢復(fù)正常時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、住院費(fèi)用明顯低于手術(shù)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,2組引流管拔管時(shí)間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;介入組患者臨床治愈率略低于手術(shù)組(96.15% VS 100%),組間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。介入組術(shù)后出血、感染、術(shù)后麻醉并發(fā)癥等總并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率明顯低于手術(shù)組(0 vs 33.3%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0.05。結(jié)論:超聲引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮穿刺肝膿腫介入治療,創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快、治愈率高、并發(fā)癥少。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 肝膿腫;超聲引導(dǎo);介入治療

中圖分類號(hào):R453 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:B 文章編號(hào):2095-5200(2016)03-011-03

[Abstract] Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound-guided percutaneous treatment for liver abscess. Methods: The data of 56 cases of patients with liver abscess in our hospital from June 2014 to October 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. According to treatment, the patients were divided into intervention group (26 cases) and surgical group (30 cases). Intervention group was treated by ultrasound-guided intervention, surgical group underwent laparotomy incision and drainage of abscess, and complications were compared between the two groups. Results: In intervention group, time for body temperature returned to normal, WBC recovery time, hospital stay, hospital costs, were all significantly lower than those of surgery group, the difference was statistically significant, the difference in time for drainage tube extubation between two groups was not statistically significant; the cure rate of patients in clinical intervention group is slightly lower than that of surgery group (96.15% vs 100%), there was no statistically significant difference between two groups. The incidence of surgical complications of bleeding, infection, anesthesia complications after operation in intervention group was significantly lower than those of surgical group (0 vs 33.3%), the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusions: There was smaller trauma, quicker recovery, higher cure rate and few complications in ultrasound-guided percutaneous interventional treatment of liver abscess.

[Key words] liver abscess; ultrasound-guided; interventional therapy

肝膿腫是肝臟繼發(fā)感染性疾病,多由于細(xì)菌或阿米巴原蟲感染,形成多發(fā)性小膿腫,進(jìn)而融合成較大膿腫。肝膿腫的主要治療方式有藥物保守治療、超聲引導(dǎo)下介入治療和外科手術(shù)治療,保守治療適用于小膿腔且耗時(shí)長(zhǎng),較大膿腔采用外科手術(shù)及超聲介入療效較為肯定 [1-2]。本研究對(duì)我院收治的56例肝膿腫患者的臨床資料進(jìn)行回顧性研究,對(duì)外科及介入兩種治療方式的有效性和預(yù)后進(jìn)行比較。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

回顧性分析2014年1月—2015年10月期間我院非保守治療56例肝膿腫患者資料。所有患者均存在肝膿腫急性發(fā)作癥狀如肝區(qū)疼痛、發(fā)熱、黃疸等,血常規(guī)檢查白細(xì)胞增高,經(jīng)腹部超聲和CT檢查確診為肝膿腫。根據(jù)患者治療方式分為介入組(超聲引導(dǎo)下穿刺置管引流)和手術(shù)組(開腹行膿腫切開引流)。介入組26例,男14例,女12例,年齡50~65歲,平均年齡(57.3±6.2)歲,左側(cè)肝臟單發(fā)者6例,右側(cè)肝臟單發(fā)者18例,左右同時(shí)發(fā)病者2例,肝膿腫平均直徑為(7.9±1.6)cm。手術(shù)組30例,男18例,女12例,年齡51~67歲,平均年齡(59.5±7.5)歲,左側(cè)肝臟單發(fā)者10例,右側(cè)肝臟單發(fā)者16例,左右肝臟同時(shí)發(fā)病者4例,肝膿腫的平均直徑為(7.6±1.7)cm。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)前肝功能評(píng)級(jí)C級(jí);凝血功能異常;患有嚴(yán)重心血管、肺部疾病不能耐受手術(shù)者。

1.2 治療方法

2組患者術(shù)前行常規(guī)檢查。介入組在超聲掃描確定膿腫穿刺點(diǎn)和穿刺途徑,1.5% 利多卡因沿穿刺道逐層局部浸潤(rùn)麻醉,在超聲引導(dǎo)下向肝膿腫的中心部位刺入穿刺針,當(dāng)回抽到膿液時(shí)固定穿刺針與患者皮膚的接觸部位,防止穿刺過深,抽出膿液并使用甲硝唑和生理鹽水不斷沖洗膿腫腔至沖洗液澄清后放置引流管引流并包扎。手術(shù)組常規(guī)消毒鋪巾、剖腹找到病灶后抽吸膿液、腹腔沖洗并放置引流管引流。所有患者均口服甲硝唑,每日2次,每次400~800mg;靜脈滴注慶大霉素16萬U,每日1次;靜脈滴注頭孢拉定5g,每日1次。3種藥物均連續(xù)用藥1周以上。谷胱甘肽、維生素等護(hù)肝,給予高熱量、高蛋白腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)加強(qiáng)營(yíng)養(yǎng),維持水、電解質(zhì)平衡穩(wěn)定。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)

記錄2組患者性別、年齡、肝膿腫大小、術(shù)后體溫恢復(fù)正常時(shí)間、WBC恢復(fù)正常時(shí)間、引流管拔管時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、住院費(fèi)用,統(tǒng)計(jì)2組療效和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況?;颊咛弁?、發(fā)熱、黃疸等臨床癥狀基本消失、體溫恢復(fù)正常且腹部超聲或CT顯示膿腫腔基本消失判定為臨床治愈。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS13.0的統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,符合正態(tài)分布的數(shù)據(jù)采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,偏態(tài)分布的數(shù)據(jù)采用四分位數(shù)表示。計(jì)量資料t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

所有手術(shù)均順利完成,2組患者性別、年齡、肝膿腫大小差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。

2.1 2組術(shù)后指標(biāo)及住院時(shí)間及費(fèi)用比較

表1可見介入組患者術(shù)后體溫恢復(fù)正常時(shí)間、WBC恢復(fù)正常時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間明顯低于手術(shù)組且介入組患者的住院費(fèi)用也明顯低于手術(shù)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,2組患者引流管拔管時(shí)間相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2.2 2組療效及并發(fā)癥比較

介入組與手術(shù)組臨床治愈率為(96.15% VS 100%),介入組略低,但組間比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。介入組術(shù)后出血、感染、術(shù)后麻醉并發(fā)癥等總并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率明顯低于手術(shù)組(0% vs 33.3%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

3 討論

肝膿腫可分為細(xì)菌性及阿米巴性兩類,當(dāng)膿腫形成后,膿腔內(nèi)大量細(xì)菌及毒素進(jìn)入血液循環(huán),引起全身性的膿毒血癥,治療不當(dāng)會(huì)使肝臟膿腫的體積繼續(xù)增大,引起鄰近血管、胃腸道等器官的并發(fā)癥,嚴(yán)重者將威脅到患者生命[3-4]。既往臨床肝膿腫主要是內(nèi)科藥物治療和外科手術(shù)治療。內(nèi)科藥物治療起效慢、治療時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、并發(fā)癥多且控制感染的效果并不十分理想;外科手術(shù)治療創(chuàng)傷大、費(fèi)用高、患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)慢。隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)的發(fā)展,目前臨床上肝膿腫的患者多采用超聲或CT引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮穿刺介入治療方法[5-8]。

大量研究表明,超聲引導(dǎo)下對(duì)肝膿腫進(jìn)行穿刺、引流、置管具有創(chuàng)傷小、準(zhǔn)確性高、可以重復(fù)操作的特點(diǎn) [9-12]。超聲引導(dǎo)下肝膿腫介入治療常在局麻下進(jìn)行,一次穿刺即可以完成抽膿、沖洗、注藥、引流等多種操作,在穿刺抽出膿液同時(shí),還可以向膿腔注入抗生素等藥物,縮短患者治療時(shí)間,大大提高治療效果并且較少患者住院時(shí)間,減輕了患者負(fù)擔(dān)[13];在超聲引導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行肝膿腫穿刺治療,不僅可以減少盲目性,避免血管、肺、胃腸道等臟器的損傷,而且可以直接觀察引流管位置是否正確,膿腔情況[14-15]。本研究中介入組術(shù)后出血、感染、術(shù)后麻醉并發(fā)癥等總并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率也明顯低于手術(shù)組,說明超聲引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮穿刺介入治療安全有效性高,與Hsieh等[16]的研究結(jié)果一致。介入組術(shù)后體溫恢復(fù)正常時(shí)間、WBC恢復(fù)正常時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、住院費(fèi)用明顯低于手術(shù)組差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,這是由于介入治療屬于微創(chuàng)手術(shù),手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小,患者恢復(fù)快,所以術(shù)后恢復(fù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間和費(fèi)用也比手術(shù)組低。

介入治療過程中需要注意操作者技術(shù)要熟練,避免膿液外滲入正常的肝臟組織;注意不同階段的肝膿腫超聲圖像的不同表現(xiàn),尤其應(yīng)該注意不要誤診液化階段肝膿腫;穿刺前詳細(xì)告訴患者操作過程中的注意事項(xiàng),操作輕柔,囑患者淺慢呼吸配合操作;應(yīng)避免對(duì)膿腫腔進(jìn)行反復(fù)沖洗和負(fù)壓引流,防止引流管堵塞、囊內(nèi)出血;多發(fā)性的膿腫患者,在病情允許的情況下盡可能穿刺抽膿,縮短病程,先處理遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)的再處理近場(chǎng),以免出現(xiàn)氣體干擾,必要時(shí)可反復(fù)操作;對(duì)液化不完全的患者診斷性抽膿,必要時(shí)肝活檢處理,以免漏診。

參 考 文 獻(xiàn)

[1] Fang C T, Chuang Y P, Shun C T, et al. A novel virulence gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains causing primary liver abscess and septic metastatic complications[J].J Exp Med. 2004,199(5):697-705.

[2] Brown DB, Gould JE, Gervais DA, et al. Transcatheter therapy for hepatic malignancy, standardization of terminology and reporting criteria[J]. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009,20(7): s425-434.

[3] Gao J, Ke S, Ding XM et al. Radiofrequency ablation for large hepatic hemangiomas: initial experience and lesson[J]. Surgery. 2013,153(1):78-85.

[4] Lederman E R, Crum N F. Pyogenic liver abscess with a focus on Klebsiella pneumoniae as a primary pathogen: an emerging disease with unique clinical characteristics[J]. Am J Gas. 2005,100(2):322-331.

[5] 陳漢威,唐郁寬,陳真真.肝膿腫的介入處理[J].廣州醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào).2008;36(2):65-67.

[6] Fang C T, Lai S Y, Yi W C, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae genotype K1: an emerging pathogen that causes septic ocular or central nervous system complications from pyogenic liver abscess[J]. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(3):284-293.

[7] Chung D R, Lee S S, Lee H R, et al. Emerging invasive liver abscess caused by K1 serotype Klebsiella pneumoniae in Korea[J]. J Infect. 2007,54(6):578-583.

[8] Glinkova V, Shevah O, Boaz M et al. Hepatic hemangiomas: possible association with female sex hormones [J]. Gut. 2004,53:1352–1355.

[9] GEDALY R,POMPOSELLI JJ,POMFRET EA,et al. Cavernous hemangioma of the liver: anatomic resection vs. enucleatio [J]. Arch Surg. 1999,134 (4):407-411.

[10] Ma L C, Fang C T, Lee C Z, et al. Genomic heterogeneity in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains is associated with primary pyogenic liver abscess and metastatic infection[J]. J Infect Dis. 2005,192(1): 117-128.

[11] Joseph W L, Kahn A M, Longmire W P. Pyogenic liver abscess: changing patterns in approach[J]. Am J Surg. 1968,115(1): 63-68.

[12] 張桂霞,侯建華,張紅秋等.超聲介入治療肝膿腫的臨床價(jià)值[C].//第十屆全國(guó)超聲醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議論文集.2008:248-249.

[13] Zerem E, Hadzic A. Sonographically guided percutaneous catheter drainage versus needle aspiration in the management of pyogenic liver abscess[J]. Am J Roentgenol. 2007,189(3): W138-W142.

[14] Chou F F, Sheen-Chen S M, Chen Y S, et al. The comparison of clinical course and results of treatment between gas-forming and non–gas-forming pyogenic liver abscess[J]. Arch Surg. 1995,130(4): 401-405.

[15] Lee H L, Lee H C, Guo H R, et al. Clinical significance and mechanism of gas formation of pyogenic liver abscess due to Klebsiella pneumoniae[J]. J clinl microbiol. 2004,42(6): 2783-2785.

[16] Hsieh P F, Lin T L, Lee C Z, et al. Serum-induced iron-acquisition systems and TonB contribute to virulence in Klebsiella pneumoniae causing primary pyogenic liver abscess[J]. J Infect Dis. 2008,197(12): 1717-1727.

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