賈珠銀 瞿小丹 孫家駒 黃一偉 王軍
·臨床研究·
替格瑞洛對非ST段抬高急性冠狀動脈綜合征患者冠狀動脈微循環(huán)的影響
賈珠銀瞿小丹孫家駒黃一偉王軍
325000浙江溫州,溫州市中心醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬定理臨床學(xué)院
【摘要】目的探討替格瑞洛和氯吡格雷對非ST段抬高急性冠狀動脈綜合征(NSTE-ACS)患者冠狀動脈微循環(huán)的影響。方法選取溫州市中心醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科2014年6月至2015年11月收治的55例NSTE-ACS患者,按隨機(jī)數(shù)字法分為替格瑞洛組(28例)和氯吡格雷組(27例),兩組患者在支架置入后即刻行微循環(huán)阻力指數(shù)(IMR)測定和術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)測定左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF),術(shù)后6個(gè)月再次行IMR和LVEF測定,比較兩組患者IMR、LVEF的差異。結(jié)果支架置入后即刻,替格瑞洛組IMR為(26.51±16.14)U,氯吡格雷組IMR為(34.04±16.06)U,兩組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.09);術(shù)后6個(gè)月,替格瑞洛組IMR為(17.93±9.25)U,氯吡格雷組IMR為(25.63±11.68)U,兩組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.009)。術(shù)后24 h,替格瑞洛組LVEF為(51.14 ±5.37)%,氯吡格雷組LVEF為(48.78±5.62)%,兩組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.12);術(shù)后6個(gè)月,替格瑞洛組LVEF為(59.29±7.97)%,氯吡格雷組LVEF為(54.93±7.87)%,兩組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.046)。直線回歸分析顯示,IMR和LVEF存在一定的負(fù)相關(guān)(r=0.54)。結(jié)論行早期經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療的NSTE-ACS患者,應(yīng)用替格瑞洛相較于氯吡格雷可改善患者術(shù)后6個(gè)月冠狀動脈IMR、LVEF,且IMR和LVEF存在一定的負(fù)相關(guān)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】非ST段抬高急性冠狀動脈綜合征;微循環(huán)阻力指數(shù);左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù);替格瑞洛
目前心外膜冠狀動脈的血運(yùn)重建已達(dá)到一定的技術(shù)水平,而冠狀動脈微循環(huán)領(lǐng)域還未引起足夠的重視。眾所周知,部分心肌梗死患者雖然通過積極的血運(yùn)重建治療開通梗死相關(guān)冠狀動脈(IRA),但由于相關(guān)的冠狀動脈微循環(huán)功能障礙及破壞,使近、遠(yuǎn)期心血管事件發(fā)生率和病死率仍居高不下[1-2]。近期,替格瑞洛被證明在組織水平上抑制腺苷的再攝取,并誘導(dǎo)人紅細(xì)胞釋放腺苷三磷酸(ATP)[3]。一項(xiàng)最新研究證實(shí),在急性冠狀動脈綜合征(ACS)患者中,替格瑞洛相比氯吡格雷能增加血漿腺苷濃度,而腺苷、ATP會刺激血管舒張[4],舒張的微血管將改善冠狀動脈微循環(huán),并導(dǎo)致微循環(huán)阻力指數(shù)(IMR)降低,促進(jìn)損傷心肌恢復(fù)及心功能好轉(zhuǎn)。
IMR是近年臨床評價(jià)微循環(huán)功能十分有效的新參數(shù),在行經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療(PCI)時(shí)容易獲得,操作簡單、可定量,重復(fù)性好[5];其獨(dú)立于心外膜血管[6],對心肌的梗死面積和預(yù)后有很好的預(yù)測價(jià)值[7]。使用帶壓力敏感/熱敏電阻頭端的導(dǎo)絲,通過熱稀釋法測量ST段抬高急性心肌梗死患者冠狀動脈微循環(huán)近年報(bào)道較多[8],而對非ST段抬高急性冠狀動脈綜合征(NSTE-ACS)患者的冠狀動脈微循環(huán)進(jìn)行檢測尚少見。本研究用該方法觀察替格瑞洛和氯吡格雷對NSTE-ACS患者冠狀動脈IMR影響,進(jìn)而評價(jià)替格瑞洛對冠狀動脈微循環(huán)的影響。
1對象與方法
1.1研究對象
選取溫州市中心醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科2014年6月至2015年11月收治的70例NSTE-ACS患者,按隨機(jī)數(shù)字法分為替格瑞洛組和氯吡格雷組各35例,排除替格瑞洛組失訪6例、氯吡格雷組失訪8例以及服用替格瑞洛后嚴(yán)重胸悶1例。最終納入分析55例,其中男35例,女20例,平均年齡(70.7±11.2)歲(51~84歲)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)符合2014年美國心臟協(xié)會(AHA)/美國心臟病學(xué)會(ACC)NSTE-ACS管理指南[9]定義;(2)適合行PCI;(3)年齡為30~85歲;(4)能理解本研究的目的并具有良好的依從性;(5)對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和獲益充分了解并簽署知情同意書;(6)TIMI風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評分≥3分,行早期PCI(發(fā)病<24 h)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)左主干病變,三支病變;(2)支架內(nèi)血栓形成;(3)心原性休克或收縮壓<95 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa);(4)竇性靜止、高度房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯;(5)孕婦、對腺苷過敏者;(6)1年內(nèi)有心肌梗死病史;(7)血液病及出血體質(zhì);(8)嚴(yán)重的瓣膜性心臟病;(9)近3個(gè)月內(nèi)正在參加其他臨床試驗(yàn)者。
1.2藥物管理
1.3IMR測量方法
支架置入后即刻,使用帶壓力敏感/熱敏電阻頭端的導(dǎo)絲(Radi PressureWire 5; Radi Medical Systems, Uppsala, Sweden),通過熱稀釋法測量。具體方法:(1)將不帶側(cè)孔的6 F指引導(dǎo)管置于冠狀動脈口,壓力導(dǎo)絲送至導(dǎo)管口校正壓力及溫度,使導(dǎo)絲頭端與指引導(dǎo)管測得的壓力相等。(2)導(dǎo)絲通過靶病變至血管總長的2/3以遠(yuǎn),距靶病變3 cm以上。(3)測量前冠狀動脈內(nèi)給予硝酸甘油100~200 μg。(4)快速注入常溫生理鹽水3 ml,連續(xù)3次,得到基線平均傳導(dǎo)時(shí)間bTmn。(5)經(jīng)肘前靜脈以140 μg/(kg·min)注入腺苷使冠狀動脈達(dá)到最大充血狀態(tài),再快速注入常溫生理鹽水3 ml,連續(xù)3次,得到充血狀態(tài)下平均傳導(dǎo)時(shí)間hTmnHyp。(6)按鍵停止記錄,儀表盤上會顯示靜息及充血時(shí)的最大擴(kuò)張時(shí)主動脈平均壓(Pa)和冠狀動脈狹窄遠(yuǎn)端平均壓(Pd),不管冠狀動脈狹窄情況和是否有側(cè)支形成,應(yīng)用改良公式:IMRcalc =Pa×hTmnHyp×(1.35×Pd/Pa-0.32)[10],即可得到可靠的IMR值。
1.4觀察指標(biāo)
(1)支架置入后即刻行罪犯血管內(nèi)IMR測定。(2)NSTE-ACS患者術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)行經(jīng)胸心臟B超檢查,用辛普森法測定左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)等參數(shù)。(3)患者術(shù)后第6個(gè)月再次入院行罪犯血管IMR測定和經(jīng)胸心臟B超檢查,測定LVEF等參數(shù)。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組患者的基線資料比較
兩組患者的性別、年齡,合并高血壓病、糖尿病、吸煙,低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C),置入支架數(shù)量、癥狀發(fā)作至球囊擴(kuò)張時(shí)間、病變血管部位等比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05,表1)。
2.1 根據(jù)途徑分為腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)支持和腸外營養(yǎng)支持 腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)支持是指口服或通過管飼(如鼻胃管、鼻腸管或造瘺管)來提供患者所需要的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的一種方式[15]。腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)支持屬于生理性營養(yǎng)支持途徑,在給予患者營養(yǎng)支持的同時(shí),能夠維持腸道的功能,保護(hù)了腸道的免疫功能和屏障功能。腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)支持較腸外營養(yǎng)支持有明顯的優(yōu)勢,在胃腸功能允許的情況下應(yīng)當(dāng)優(yōu)先選擇腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)支持。腸外營養(yǎng)支持是經(jīng)靜脈為無法經(jīng)胃腸道攝取營養(yǎng)物不能滿足自身代謝需要的患者提供包括氨基酸、脂肪、碳水化合物、維生素及礦物質(zhì)在內(nèi)的營養(yǎng)素[16]。當(dāng)患者疾病處于應(yīng)激狀態(tài),胃腸功能紊亂時(shí)建議盡早使用腸外營養(yǎng)支持,同時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)設(shè)法恢復(fù)腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)。
表1 兩組患者的基線資料比較
注:LDL-C,低密度脂蛋白膽固醇
2.2兩組患者的IMR比較
支架置入后即刻,替格瑞洛組IMR為(26.51±16.14)U,氯吡格雷組IMR為(34.04±16.06)U,兩組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.09);術(shù)后6個(gè)月,替格瑞洛組IMR為(17.93±9.25)U,氯吡格雷組IMR為(25.63±11.68)U,兩組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.009);兩組患者術(shù)后6個(gè)月的IMR均顯著低于支架置入后即刻,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05,圖1)。
IMR,微循環(huán)阻力指數(shù)圖1 替格瑞洛組和氯吡格雷組IMR的組內(nèi)比較和組間比較
2.3兩組患者的LVEF比較
術(shù)后24 h,替格瑞洛組LVEF為(51.14 ±5.37)%,氯吡格雷組LVEF為(48.78±5.62)%,兩組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.12);術(shù)后6個(gè)月,替格瑞洛組LVEF為(59.29±7.97)%,氯吡格雷組LVEF為(54.93±7.87)%,兩組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.046);兩組患者術(shù)后24 h的LVEF與術(shù)后6個(gè)月分別比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05,圖2)。
LVEF,左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)圖2 替格瑞洛組和氯吡格雷組LVEF值的組內(nèi)比較和組間比較
2.4IMR和LVEF的相關(guān)性分析
行直線回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn),IMR和LVEF存在一定的相關(guān)性(r=0.54),且呈負(fù)相關(guān),IMR越低,其LVEF值越高(圖3)。
IMR,微循環(huán)阻力指數(shù);LVEF,左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)圖3 IMR和LVEF相關(guān)性的直線回歸分析
3討論
微循環(huán)損傷是急性心肌梗死患者左心室功能[1,11]和預(yù)后的重要影響因素[12]。Fearon等[13]最先證實(shí),IMR在檢測心臟微血管功能障礙方面優(yōu)于心臟超聲等傳統(tǒng)方法。
冠狀動脈微循環(huán)功能障礙與多種因素相關(guān),包括血管腔內(nèi)血小板聚集、纖維性血栓形成、中性粒細(xì)胞阻塞、血管收縮、心肌細(xì)胞攣縮、局部間質(zhì)水腫、壁內(nèi)出血[14-15]。抗血小板藥物可作為基礎(chǔ)藥物防治微循環(huán)功能障礙[16]。替格瑞洛是非噻吩并吡啶類藥物??诜娓袢鹇蹇芍苯幼饔糜谙佘斩姿崾荏wP2Y12,起效快,比氯吡格雷更強(qiáng)更持久抑制血小板[17];個(gè)體差異小[18];心血管事件、總死亡率方面優(yōu)于氯吡格雷,且不增加主要出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[19-20]。2015年歐洲心臟病學(xué)會NSTE-ACS管理指南[21]和2014年AHA/ACC NSTE-ACS管理指南[9]均優(yōu)先推薦替格瑞洛應(yīng)用于ACS患者。
有研究顯示,替格瑞洛可以通過細(xì)胞抑制腺苷的再攝取[3],增加血漿腺苷濃度[4,22],而腺苷、ATP會刺激血管舒張。故替格瑞洛可能在改善冠狀動脈微循環(huán)方面優(yōu)于氯吡格雷。目前,腺苷在缺血性心臟病中的地位尚存在爭議,有研究提示,短期的IMR改善并不一定帶來臨床預(yù)后的改善[23]。血漿中的高濃度腺苷對冠狀動脈疾病的長期影響目前尚未明確[24],Cuculi等[25]和Sezer等[23]考慮到陳舊性心肌梗死冠狀動脈微循環(huán)的恢復(fù),選擇在PCI術(shù)后6個(gè)月再次行冠狀動脈造影評估冠狀動脈微循環(huán)功能,并提示冠狀動脈微循環(huán)與存活心肌有一定相關(guān)性。故本研究亦以術(shù)后6個(gè)月為切點(diǎn)再次行冠狀動脈血流功能測定,評價(jià)高濃度腺苷對冠狀動脈微循環(huán)的中長期影響。
本研究中患者支架置入后即刻的平均IMR為30.2 U,低于Fearon等[13](32 U)和McGeoch等[26](35 U)研究的結(jié)果。Fearon等[13]和McGeoch等[26]研究的對象主要是ST段抬高急性心肌梗死患者。而本研究對象是NSTE-ACS患者,患者的IMR較低可能與其冠狀動脈血栓負(fù)荷較低和梗死面積相對較小有關(guān),也可能與藥物因素有關(guān)。支架置入后即刻,兩組患者IMR的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.09),但替格瑞洛組有低于氯吡格雷組的趨勢,考慮與NSTE-ACS血栓負(fù)荷較低和樣本量較少有關(guān)。術(shù)后6個(gè)月再次復(fù)查IMR時(shí),兩組患者IMR的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.009),推測可能與替格瑞洛更強(qiáng)的抗血小板和持續(xù)擴(kuò)張冠狀動脈微循環(huán)作用有關(guān)。兩組患者術(shù)后6個(gè)月的IMR均顯著低于支架置入后即刻,提示NSTE-ACS患者經(jīng)介入及藥物治療后,其充血性冠狀動脈血流較前改善,冠狀動脈微循環(huán)可在半年后較好恢復(fù)。替格瑞洛組術(shù)后24 h的LVEF與氯吡格雷組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.12);術(shù)后6個(gè)月時(shí)替格瑞洛組的LVEF較氯吡格雷組高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.046)??紤]與替格瑞洛組患者的微循環(huán)損傷、破壞較少有關(guān),而低IMR與減少心臟的梗死面積相關(guān)[27],提示高LVEF值可能與低IMR相關(guān)。直線回歸分析顯示,LVEF與IMR存在一定的負(fù)相關(guān)性(r=0.54)。這與Cuculi等[28]的結(jié)果相似。故可以預(yù)測替格瑞洛有改善NSTE-ACS患者微循環(huán)和預(yù)后的能力。替格瑞洛相較于氯吡格雷不僅在抗血小板方面有較大的優(yōu)勢,且在改善冠狀動脈微循環(huán)方面亦優(yōu)于氯吡格雷,顯示出替格瑞洛的多效性。
綜上所述,行早期PCI的NSTE-ACS患者,應(yīng)用替格瑞洛相較于氯吡格雷可改善患者術(shù)后6個(gè)月冠狀動脈IMR、LVEF,且IMR和LVEF存在一定的負(fù)相關(guān)。本研究在國際上較早驗(yàn)證了IMR在NSTE-ACS患者的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,對以后在NSTE-ACS患者中應(yīng)用IMR起到很好的指導(dǎo)作用。本研究未行血漿腺苷濃度和血小板功能等檢測,故替格瑞洛改善微循環(huán)是否與腺苷濃度密切相關(guān),還需進(jìn)一步研究。此外,本研究樣本較小,混雜因素較多,且未對兩組患者的卒中、心原性死亡等進(jìn)行比較,研究結(jié)論有待規(guī)模更大、時(shí)限更長的研究來證實(shí)。
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Comparing the effect of clopidogrel versus ticagrelor on coronary microvascular dysfunction in patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome
JIAZhu-yin,QUXiao-dan,SUNJia-ju,HUANGYi-wei,WANGJun.
DepartmentofCardiology,WenzhouCentralHospital,Wenzhou325000,China
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo compare the effect of clopidogrel versus ticagrelor on coronary microvascular dysfunction in non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome patients. Methods55 patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome were randomly divided into ticagrelor group (n=28) and clopidogrel group (n=27). Microcirculatory resistance (IMR) was tested immediately and LVEF was measured within 24 hours after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). IMR and LVEF were reassessed again at 6 months after PCI. ResultsTicagrelor group showed a trend toward lower IMR values (P=0.09) than the clopidogrel group. IMR was not significantly different between the two groups shortly after PCI. But IMR and LVEF showed significant improvement in the ticagrelor group at 6 months when compared to the clopidogrel group (P=0.046). Linear regression analysis showed IMR is negatively correlated with LVEF (r=0.54). ConclusionsTicagrelor may improve IMR and LVEF in non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome patients at 6 months. Microcirculatory resistance (IMR) is negatively correlated with LVEF.
【Key words】Non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome;Index of microcirculatory resistance;Left ventricular ejection fraction;Ticagrelor
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-8812.2016.05.004
基金項(xiàng)目:溫州市2014年公益性科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(Y20140498)
【中圖分類號】R541.4
(收稿日期:2015-11-17)