張?jiān)牵踯姀?qiáng),趙建民,路全立,李亞光,賈燕飛
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S1椎體橫向骶髂關(guān)節(jié)螺釘固定釘?shù)赖臄?shù)字化分析與應(yīng)用
張?jiān)牵踯姀?qiáng),趙建民,路全立,李亞光,賈燕飛
【摘要】目的探討經(jīng)骶髂關(guān)節(jié)橫向S1椎體螺釘固定安全釘?shù)赖拇_定及其在骶骨縱形骨折治療中的應(yīng)用。方法對(duì)50名健康成年志愿者進(jìn)行腹部連續(xù)螺旋CT掃描、三維表面重建、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)骶骨矢狀位多層剖分等,以確定最優(yōu)釘?shù)馈?shù)字化分析結(jié)果應(yīng)用于2012年8月至2013年8月內(nèi)蒙古醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院收治的18例骶骨縱形骨折患者,術(shù)中經(jīng)骶骨矢狀位圖像投影確定橫向置釘釘?shù)篮螅扇〗?jīng)骶髂關(guān)節(jié)橫向S1椎體螺釘固定治療。結(jié)果矢狀位X線片檢查顯示S1椎體安全區(qū)投影呈卵圓形,投影的長(zhǎng)短軸連線交點(diǎn)為S1椎體最優(yōu)橫向釘?shù)?,釘?shù)榔骄L(zhǎng)度(135±8)mm,虛擬置入直徑7.3 mm的拉力螺釘后骶髂關(guān)節(jié)螺釘位置及長(zhǎng)度滿意。術(shù)后X線片及CT平掃斷層圖像顯示患者骶髂關(guān)節(jié)螺釘位置及長(zhǎng)度均滿意,平均長(zhǎng)度(115±4)mm,平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(30±5)m in。術(shù)后隨訪12~24個(gè)月,平均隨訪時(shí)間(16±3)個(gè)月,未見神經(jīng)血管損傷、骶髂關(guān)節(jié)螺釘松動(dòng)及斷裂等并發(fā)癥。結(jié)論通過(guò)術(shù)中骶骨矢狀位圖像投影確定橫向置釘釘?shù)溃商岣呓?jīng)皮橫向骶髂關(guān)節(jié)螺釘固定治療骶骨縱形骨折的手術(shù)安全性,同時(shí)簡(jiǎn)化手術(shù)過(guò)程。
【關(guān)鍵詞】骶骨;骶髂關(guān)節(jié);圖像處理,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助;模型,解剖學(xué);成像,三維;骨螺絲;骨折固定術(shù),內(nèi);外科手術(shù),計(jì)算機(jī)輔助
作者單位:010050呼和浩特,內(nèi)蒙古醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院骨科(張?jiān)牵w建民,路全立);100035北京積水潭醫(yī)院創(chuàng)傷骨科(王軍強(qiáng));010030呼和浩特,內(nèi)蒙古醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院環(huán)骨盆科(李亞光,賈燕飛)
E-mail:dryzzhang@163.com
骶髂關(guān)節(jié)螺釘內(nèi)固定是治療骶骨骨折的優(yōu)選手術(shù)方式,但由于骨盆結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、位置深在,對(duì)螺釘置入的位置和精度要求極高[1-3]。骶骨縱形骨折是骶骨骨折中常見的類型,經(jīng)皮橫向骶髂關(guān)節(jié)螺釘固定S1椎體是臨床上常用的治療手段。但術(shù)中常需導(dǎo)航或機(jī)械臂輔助完成,透視控制下徒手螺釘定位技術(shù)難度較大、可視程度不佳以及觸覺控制有限等均對(duì)螺釘置入造成一定程度的影響,骶骨形態(tài)的變異也易引起圖像判讀錯(cuò)誤[4-6],導(dǎo)致術(shù)中透視次數(shù)增多,醫(yī)患輻射量增加[7-8]。如果能夠以特定的透視圖像匹配骶髂關(guān)節(jié)固定的安全釘?shù)?,手術(shù)操作將會(huì)更加簡(jiǎn)單安全。本研究通過(guò)對(duì)正常人骶髂關(guān)節(jié)螺釘固定S1椎體的數(shù)字化分析來(lái)確定橫向最優(yōu)通道,并將這一結(jié)果應(yīng)用于骶骨縱行骨折患者的螺釘置入操作,效果滿意,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1一般資料
選取50名健康成人志愿者,男30名,女20名;年齡18~56歲,平均年齡34.6歲;通過(guò)連續(xù)螺旋CT掃描對(duì)其骶髂關(guān)節(jié)螺釘固定S1椎體橫向釘?shù)肋M(jìn)行數(shù)字化分析。將2012年8月至2013年8月內(nèi)蒙古醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院收治的18例骶骨縱形骨折患者作為臨床應(yīng)用對(duì)象,男13例,女5例;年齡16~56歲,平均年齡39.8歲;骨折Denis分型[9]:Ⅰ型12例、Ⅱ型6例;其中合并恥骨支骨折8例。本研究經(jīng)過(guò)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有志愿者簽署知情同意書。
1.2骶髂關(guān)節(jié)螺釘固定S1椎體橫向釘?shù)赖臄?shù)字化分析
腹部連續(xù)螺旋CT掃描,電壓120 kV,層厚0.625 mm,矩陣為512×512。將原始.dicom格式數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)入Materialise M im ics Innovation Suite 15.0軟件,三維表面重建骨盆,以.stl文件格式存儲(chǔ),導(dǎo)入Imageware 12.0軟件,三維表面重建骨盆,以1.0 mm間距對(duì)骶骨進(jìn)行矢狀位多層剖分,在每一層剖分面上確定骶髂關(guān)節(jié)安全區(qū)的幾何邊界,提取幾何邊界點(diǎn)的二維圖像坐標(biāo),并擬合該邊界的最大內(nèi)切圓,得到內(nèi)切圓圓心坐標(biāo);然后再利用最小二乘法擬合出一條距離各圓心點(diǎn)最近的空間直線,該直線則被視為幾何上最優(yōu)的骶髂關(guān)節(jié)螺釘通道的中軸線,沿該中軸線生成最優(yōu)通道,同時(shí)確認(rèn)通道的位置和深度,尋找最優(yōu)通道的規(guī)律。
1.3臨床應(yīng)用
術(shù)前對(duì)移位明顯者行脛骨結(jié)節(jié)牽引復(fù)位,通過(guò)CT掃描數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算骨折解剖復(fù)位后最優(yōu)通道,虛擬顯示骶骨矢狀位下釘?shù)牢恢眉搬數(shù)篱L(zhǎng)度。手術(shù)采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)仰臥位,C型臂X線機(jī)證實(shí)骨折復(fù)位后(未獲解剖復(fù)位者可在術(shù)中牽引復(fù)位),獲得骶骨矢狀位圖像,參照術(shù)前設(shè)計(jì)定位的骶髂關(guān)節(jié)螺釘通道做好皮膚標(biāo)記,置入2.5 mm克氏針,沿克氏針以直徑7.3 mm拉力螺釘固定,合并恥骨支骨折需手術(shù)者在骶骨骨折復(fù)位固定后行恥骨支切開復(fù)位鋼板內(nèi)固定術(shù),術(shù)后通過(guò)CT平掃及三維重建驗(yàn)證螺釘置入的準(zhǔn)確性。
2.1數(shù)字化重建與測(cè)量
矢狀位X線片示S1椎體安全區(qū)投影呈卵圓形,部分呈水滴形。投影的長(zhǎng)短軸連線交點(diǎn)為S1椎體最優(yōu)橫向釘?shù)溃ɑ窘咏徊纥c(diǎn)),平均釘?shù)篱L(zhǎng)度為(135±8)mm。虛擬置入直徑7.3 mm的拉力螺釘后,骶髂關(guān)節(jié)螺釘位置及長(zhǎng)度滿意(圖1)。
2.2臨床應(yīng)用結(jié)果
平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(30±5)m in。術(shù)后3 d X線片及CT斷層圖像顯示螺釘位置及長(zhǎng)度滿意(圖2,3),平均長(zhǎng)度(115±4)mm;與術(shù)前測(cè)量相比,術(shù)后3 d CT三維重建測(cè)量顯示螺釘水平位偏移度(5.3±2.2)°、矢狀位偏移度(4.1±2.4)°,均在安全區(qū)內(nèi)。術(shù)后隨訪12~24個(gè)月,平均隨訪(16±3)個(gè)月,未見神經(jīng)、血管損傷,骶髂關(guān)節(jié)螺釘松動(dòng)及斷裂等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。
圖1 S1椎體橫向骶髂關(guān)節(jié)螺釘固定釘?shù)赖臄?shù)字化分析1A骶骨三維重建1B縱向分割骶骨1C S1安全區(qū)卵圓形邊界投影1D確定S1椎體橫向釘?shù)?E連接安全區(qū)投影長(zhǎng)短軸連線交點(diǎn)1F S1椎體最優(yōu)橫向釘?shù)牢挥诮稽c(diǎn)處1G虛擬置入直徑7.3 mm拉力螺釘1H骨盆前后位顯示螺釘位置1I骨盆入口位顯示螺釘位置1J骨盆出口位顯示螺釘位置
骨盆后環(huán),尤其是骶髂關(guān)節(jié)處的損傷多由高能量暴力導(dǎo)致,死亡率和致殘率較高,需要通過(guò)確切的固定以保持骶髂關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性。透視引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)皮骶髂螺釘固定不穩(wěn)定骨盆骨折是目前常用術(shù)式,多采用S1螺釘固定。S1螺釘固定主要有2種方式:一是斜形固定,即沿S1椎弓根方向固定;二是嚴(yán)格按照S1入口與出口的橫徑固定,但技術(shù)要求極高,需要憑借豐富的手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及對(duì)解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的良好理解才能找到適當(dāng)?shù)娜脶旤c(diǎn)[10]。有研究結(jié)果表明,骶髂關(guān)節(jié)螺釘置入位置錯(cuò)誤的發(fā)生率為2.05%~13.0%[11-13],甚至有報(bào)道顯示螺釘位置的不可接受率高達(dá)25%[14]。而Gardner等[11]指出,骶髂關(guān)節(jié)螺釘置入方向前后偏差4°就會(huì)導(dǎo)致螺釘進(jìn)入S1椎孔或穿出骶骨前方皮質(zhì),進(jìn)而引起血管和骶神經(jīng)的損傷[14-15]。
為提高螺釘置入的精確性,眾多學(xué)者對(duì)其安全區(qū)的骨性結(jié)構(gòu)及邊界進(jìn)行研究,其中基于投影成像或CT圖像進(jìn)行分析的方法受到廣泛關(guān)注[6,16-17]。Mendel等[18]對(duì)85例成人骨盆CT數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行三維重建,提取S1側(cè)位骶骨體緣與骶骨岬及骶管前緣的直角三角形投影來(lái)映射骶髂關(guān)節(jié)經(jīng)骶骨耳狀面的最大置釘安全通道,結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)前通過(guò)側(cè)視圖觀察骶骨三角是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單、準(zhǔn)確的方法;作者隨后采集11名成人骨盆CT數(shù)據(jù),通過(guò)三維重建發(fā)現(xiàn)S1骶髂螺釘通道呈雙錐狀,安全通道的三維形狀隨骶骨形態(tài)的變化而變化,通道平均長(zhǎng)度為14.9 cm,最安全的螺釘直徑為14.2 mm,但該研究?jī)H僅是形態(tài)學(xué)觀察,并未涉及數(shù)字化分析[19]。還有學(xué)者根據(jù)骶骨翼三維CT重建數(shù)據(jù)確定骶髂螺釘?shù)淖顑?yōu)位置,結(jié)果顯示,固定位置較低的S1螺釘長(zhǎng)度為80 mm[20]。Cruz和Angelis[21]對(duì)無(wú)畸形及骨病的100例骨盆CT數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果顯示男女骶椎寬度差異較大,男性大于女性,但年齡因素并不影響手術(shù)安全釘?shù)赖膶挾龋髡哒J(rèn)為通過(guò)確定骨性邊界即可實(shí)現(xiàn)骶髂關(guān)節(jié)螺釘?shù)闹萌?。由此看出,通過(guò)CT圖像可以確定釘?shù)篱L(zhǎng)度和位置,但這僅僅是基于二維的測(cè)量,數(shù)字化三維重建技術(shù)的
圖2經(jīng)骶髂關(guān)節(jié)橫向S1椎體螺釘固定治療骶骨縱行骨折術(shù)前X線片及術(shù)中透視圖像(男,45歲,Tile B2型、DenisⅡ型骨折)2A骨盆平片2B前后位螺釘位置2C入口位螺釘位置2D出口位螺釘位置2E矢狀位螺釘位置
圖3手術(shù)前后CT圖像(與圖2同一患者)3A術(shù)前骨盆三維重建3B~3D術(shù)后CT顯示螺釘位置3E術(shù)后骨盆三維重建不斷發(fā)展為骨科手術(shù)提供了新的輔助手段,根據(jù)CT數(shù)據(jù)重建的三維模型,可以直觀、深入地觀察手術(shù)部位的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)并進(jìn)行數(shù)字化分析,確定置入物的安全區(qū),提高內(nèi)固定裝置放置的精確度,進(jìn)而提高手術(shù)的安全性。
孫旭等[22]認(rèn)為,安全區(qū)所能容納螺釘?shù)淖畲笾睆綄?duì)手術(shù)操作具有指導(dǎo)意義,通過(guò)測(cè)量螺釘?shù)淖畲笾睆娇砷g接反映手術(shù)安全區(qū)的大小;譚培勇等[23]、蘇以林等[24]建立骶椎陰模數(shù)字化仿真模型,應(yīng)用透視陰模內(nèi)表面的方法結(jié)合空間解析幾何計(jì)算測(cè)量確定了最佳骶髂關(guān)節(jié)螺釘通道。但上述研究并未將規(guī)劃結(jié)果應(yīng)用于實(shí)際的手術(shù)導(dǎo)航,臨床指導(dǎo)價(jià)值有限。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,成人平均釘?shù)篱L(zhǎng)度為(135 ±8)mm,與相關(guān)報(bào)道一致[19,22]。由于采用的是橫向置釘,解剖上雙側(cè)椎弓根峽部與骶骨斜坡銜接,所以在骨盆側(cè)視圖可見骶骨通道呈卵圓形投影(實(shí)際上包括了兩側(cè)髂骨和S1椎體中空的通道),在二維側(cè)視圖像可見清晰低密度區(qū),虛擬和實(shí)際螺釘置入結(jié)果均證實(shí)在骨折或脫位復(fù)位滿意的情況下,這一區(qū)域橫向置入直徑7.3 mm的拉力螺釘是比較安全的。我們的前期研究是通過(guò)骶骨矢狀線和水平線交角來(lái)確定橫向骶髂關(guān)節(jié)螺釘固定釘?shù)赖模?5],但這一方法常受體位限制,因此我們加以改進(jìn),只要能夠顯示骶骨的矢狀位圖像即可確定螺釘釘?shù)?,螺釘置入位置滿意,定位時(shí)間也可明顯縮短。對(duì)于骶椎腰化的患者,由于S1腰化,術(shù)中可采取同樣的方法確定S2的安全釘?shù)?,進(jìn)行S2椎體固定。但需要注意的是,本研究設(shè)計(jì)的釘?shù)朗峭ㄟ^(guò)算法得到的幾何通道,其是否是生物力學(xué)上的最優(yōu)釘?shù)滥壳吧胁豢芍槐狙芯繕颖玖枯^小,后續(xù)研究需加大樣本量,并通過(guò)有限元分析來(lái)驗(yàn)證其生物力學(xué)特性。
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臨床研究
Digital analysis and app lication of screw insertion pathway for S1 transverse sacroiliac screw fixation
ZHANG Yuanzhi*,WANG Junqiang,ZHAO Jianmin,LU Quanli,LI Yaguang,JIA Yanfei. *Department of Orthopaedics,the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University,Hohhot,Inner Mongolia 010050,China.
【Abstract】Objective To investigate the determination of safe pathway of screw insertion for S1 transverse sacroiliac screw fixation,and to explore their application values in the treatment of longitudinal fracture of the sacrum. M ethods Fifty healthy adult volunteers received abdom inal continuous spiral CT scanning,3D surface reconstruction,standard sacral sagittal multi-layer triangulation,and then an optimal screw channel wasbook=8,ebook=8generated. The digital analysis results were subsequently applied in 18 patients w ith sacral longitudinal fracture,who were treated by S1 transverse sacroiliac screw fixation from August 2012 to August 2013 in the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University,which the screw insertion pathway was determ ined by intraoperative CT sagittal image projection on sacrum. Results Sagittal projection of X-ray on S1 vertebral body displayed the safety area was oval,and the intersection of long and short axial lines of projection for S1 vertebrae was the optimal screw channel. The average length of the channel was(135±8)mm. Lag screw(7.3 mm diameter)insertion was simulated,and the position and length of the sacroiliac screw showed well. Postoperative X-ray and CT scan images also confirmed that the screw insertion position and length were well satisfied,w ith the average length of screw was(115±4)mm,the average operation time was(30±5)m in. All patients were followed up for 12 to 24 months,w ith the average of(16±3)months. No nerve or vascular injury,sacroiliac screw loosening or breakage had occurred. Conclusion For sacral longitudinal fracture,determ ination of safe pathway of screw insertion for S1 percutaneous transverse iliosacral screw fixation by intraoperative CT sagittal image projection on sacrum may provide surgical safety and simplified operation process.
【Key words】Sacrum;Sacroiliac joint;Image processing,computer-assisted;Models,anatom ic;Imaging,three-dimensional;Bone screws;Fracture fixation,internal;Surgery,computer-assisted
中圖分類號(hào):R683.6,R687.32,R319.1
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1674-666X(2016)02-069-06
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-666X.2016.02.001
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81560370);內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)自然科學(xué)基金(2014MS0851)
收稿日期:(2016-01-12;修回日期:2016-02-24)(本文編輯:張輝)
中國(guó)骨科臨床與基礎(chǔ)研究雜志2016年2期