忻曉潔,毛怡然,張晟
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超聲造影在腎臟囊性病變良惡性鑒別中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值
忻曉潔,毛怡然,張晟
摘要:目的探討超聲造影在囊性腎癌診斷中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法選取我院腎臟囊性病變患者73例,分析二維超聲及超聲造影檢查的圖像特征,73例均行手術(shù)治療并取得病理結(jié)果,對(duì)比病理結(jié)果評(píng)價(jià)2種方法的診斷價(jià)值。結(jié)果囊性腎癌64例,腎囊腫9例。二維灰階及彩色多普勒超聲顯示囊性腎癌多表現(xiàn)為形狀不規(guī)則,壁厚,內(nèi)有實(shí)性成分或分隔,并多伴有血流信號(hào);腎囊腫多表現(xiàn)為形狀規(guī)則,內(nèi)有少許實(shí)性成分或纖薄分隔,無明顯血流信號(hào)。超聲造影顯示囊性腎癌造影劑起始時(shí)間(15.13±4.21)s,達(dá)峰時(shí)間(23.42±5.68)s,消退時(shí)間(28.42±4.27)s;增強(qiáng)方式表現(xiàn)為快進(jìn)快退22例(34.3%)、快進(jìn)慢退30例(46.8%)、慢進(jìn)快退2例(3.2%)、慢進(jìn)慢退4例(6.3%)、等進(jìn)等退6例(9.3%);增強(qiáng)強(qiáng)度呈現(xiàn)高增強(qiáng)42例(65.6%)、等及低增強(qiáng)22例(34.4%)。腎囊腫中3例未見造影劑充盈,余6例造影劑起始時(shí)間(16.67±2.73)s,達(dá)峰時(shí)間(25.83±3.06)s,消退時(shí)間(34.17±4.26)s;增強(qiáng)方式表現(xiàn)為快進(jìn)快退1例(16.7%)、快進(jìn)慢退1例(16.7%)、等進(jìn)等退4例(66.6%);增強(qiáng)強(qiáng)度呈高增強(qiáng)2例(33.3%)、等或低增強(qiáng)4例(66.7%)。二維灰階超聲在腎臟囊性病變?cè)\斷中的敏感度、特異度、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值、準(zhǔn)確度分別為85.9%、66.7%、94.8%、40.0%、83.6%,超聲造影為92.2%、77.8%、96.7%、58.3%、90.4%。結(jié)論超聲造影技術(shù)可以作為囊性腎癌診斷及鑒別診斷的一種有效方法。
關(guān)鍵詞:腎腫瘤;超聲檢查,多普勒;囊性腎癌;超聲造影技術(shù);敏感性與特異性
囊性腎癌(cystic renal cell carcinoma,CRCC)是指在影像學(xué)或手術(shù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)的具有囊性改變的腎癌,與復(fù)雜囊腫鑒別不易,診斷的準(zhǔn)確率較低。超聲造影作為一項(xiàng)新技術(shù),因其能夠更好地顯示低速血流,近年來發(fā)展迅速,在臨床中獲得較為廣泛的應(yīng)用[1]。本研究通過對(duì)二維超聲及超聲造影在囊性腎癌診斷結(jié)果的對(duì)比,探討超聲造影技術(shù)在囊性腎癌診斷及鑒別診斷中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
1.1研究對(duì)象選擇2012年1月—2015年3月在我院檢查并診斷為腎臟囊性占位的患者共73例,男52例,女21例,年齡16~72歲,平均(42.6±13.7)歲,均于我院接受手術(shù)治療并取得病理結(jié)果。病變位于右腎41例,左腎32例。病灶最大者13.7 cm×9.2 cm,最小者1.8 cm×1.3 cm。
1.2儀器與試劑應(yīng)用PHILPS IU22彩色多普勒超聲儀,C5~1探頭,頻率1.0~5.0 MHz,機(jī)械指數(shù)(MI)0.05~0.08。超聲造影劑為六氟化硫微泡注射液(商品名:聲諾維Sono Vue)。取5 mL生理鹽水與凍干粉配置成混懸液,震蕩5 s后,取1.5 mL經(jīng)肘正中靜脈快速團(tuán)注后,以5 mL生理鹽水沖管。
1.3方法
1.3.1二維及彩色多普勒檢查患者取仰臥位或側(cè)臥位,應(yīng)用二維灰階模式進(jìn)行檢查,觀察病灶大小、形態(tài)、邊界、囊壁厚度、內(nèi)部回聲、有無分隔及實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)等。應(yīng)用彩色多普勒模式觀察病灶的血流情況。
1.3.2超聲造影檢查通過二維灰階超聲檢查確定病灶位置,選定腫瘤的最佳掃查位置和最大切面,通過肘正中靜脈注入造影劑,轉(zhuǎn)換至造影模式,動(dòng)態(tài)觀察造影過程,時(shí)間約為2~6 min,采集并存儲(chǔ)圖像。
1.3.3圖像分析由至少2位高年資醫(yī)師對(duì)病灶進(jìn)行分析,觀察病灶造影表現(xiàn),包括起始時(shí)間、達(dá)峰時(shí)間、消退時(shí)間、增強(qiáng)方式及增強(qiáng)強(qiáng)度等。起始時(shí)間為注藥后于病灶內(nèi)最開始出現(xiàn)造影劑時(shí)間。達(dá)峰時(shí)間為造影劑灌注達(dá)峰值的時(shí)間。消退時(shí)間為造影劑開始消退時(shí)間。增強(qiáng)方式:達(dá)峰時(shí)間與腎皮質(zhì)基本相同為同步增強(qiáng),快于腎皮質(zhì)為快進(jìn)增強(qiáng),慢于腎皮質(zhì)為減慢增強(qiáng);增強(qiáng)后與腎皮質(zhì)同時(shí)減退為同步減退,減退快于腎皮質(zhì)為快速減退,減退慢于腎皮質(zhì)為緩慢減退。增強(qiáng)強(qiáng)度:高增強(qiáng)為峰值強(qiáng)度高于腎皮質(zhì),等或低增強(qiáng)為峰值強(qiáng)度等或低于腎皮質(zhì)。
1.3.4病理學(xué)檢查腫物手術(shù)切除后送病理檢驗(yàn)。取材用4%甲醛固定、石蠟包埋脫水,取最佳切面切片。對(duì)標(biāo)本進(jìn)行蘇木素-伊紅(HE)染色及鏈霉親和素-過氧化物酶(streptavi?din peroxidase,SP)免疫組化染色。采用2004年WHO腎臟腫瘤組織學(xué)分類方法進(jìn)行分類。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用SPSS 13.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。起始時(shí)間、達(dá)峰時(shí)間、消退時(shí)間用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x ±s)表示。以病理學(xué)診斷結(jié)果為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),評(píng)價(jià)2種影像診斷方法的敏感度和特異度。
2.1二維灰階超聲及彩色多普勒診斷特征囊性腎癌多表現(xiàn)為邊界不清晰、形狀不規(guī)則的囊性或囊實(shí)性腫物,壁較厚,腫物內(nèi)可見中等回聲或中強(qiáng)回聲的實(shí)性成分或分隔,見圖1。應(yīng)用彩色多普勒觀察,周邊或內(nèi)部可見星點(diǎn)狀、線狀或半環(huán)狀血流信號(hào),見圖2。良性病變多表現(xiàn)為邊界清晰、形狀尚規(guī)則的囊性腫物,囊壁較薄、光滑,部分病變內(nèi)部可見低弱回聲或分隔。應(yīng)用彩色多普勒觀察多數(shù)腫物未探及血流信號(hào)。
Fig.1 Ultrasound image features of cystic renal carcinoma圖1 囊性腎癌二維灰階超聲圖像特征
Fig. 2 Color doppler image features of cystic renal carcinoma圖2 囊性腎癌彩色多普勒?qǐng)D像特征
2.2超聲造影診斷特征
2.2.1囊性腎癌超聲造影特征囊性腎癌共64例。包括單房囊腫型4例,多房囊腫型28例,囊實(shí)型32例。起始時(shí)間11~18 s,平均(15.13±4.21)s;達(dá)峰時(shí)間19~28 s,平均(23.42±5.68)s;消退時(shí)間26~41 s,平均(28.42±4.27)s。增強(qiáng)模式:造影劑充填快于腎皮質(zhì),呈快進(jìn)52例;慢于腎皮質(zhì),呈慢進(jìn)6例;與腎皮質(zhì)呈同步6例。快于腎皮質(zhì)消退,呈快退24例;慢于腎皮質(zhì)消退,呈慢退34例;與腎皮質(zhì)同步消退6例。快進(jìn)慢退30例(46.8%)、快進(jìn)快退22例(34.3%)、慢進(jìn)快退2例(3.2%)、慢進(jìn)慢退4例(6.3%)、等進(jìn)等退6例(9.3%)。增強(qiáng)水平:病灶中增強(qiáng)水平高于腎皮質(zhì),呈高增強(qiáng)42例(65.6%);與腎皮質(zhì)增強(qiáng)水平相同或低于腎皮質(zhì),呈等或低增強(qiáng)22例(34.4%),見圖3、4。
Fig. 3 Comparison of ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging in cystic-solid renal carcinoma圖3 囊實(shí)型腎癌二維超聲及超聲造影圖像比較
Fig.4 Comparison of ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging in multiocular cystic renal carcinoma圖4 多房囊腫型腎癌二維超聲及超聲造影圖像對(duì)比
2.2.2腎囊腫超聲造影特征腎囊腫9例,包括單房性3例,多房性6例。3例未見造影劑充盈;余6例造影劑起始時(shí)間13~21 s,平均(16.67±2.73)s,達(dá)峰時(shí)間22~31 s,平均(25.83±3.06)s,消退時(shí)間28~ 42 s,平均(34.17±4.26)s。增強(qiáng)方式表現(xiàn)為快進(jìn)快退1例(16.7%)、快進(jìn)慢退1例(16.7%)、等進(jìn)等退4例(66.6%)。增強(qiáng)強(qiáng)度:高增強(qiáng)2例(33.3%)、等或低增強(qiáng)4例(66.7%),見圖5。
2.3病理診斷本組73例病變中,病理回報(bào)惡性腫瘤64例,其中囊性透明細(xì)胞癌36例、腎乳頭癌3例、多房囊性腎細(xì)胞癌22例、轉(zhuǎn)移癌3例(原發(fā)灶為卵巢)。病理回報(bào)良性病變9例,為腎臟囊腫,伴有出血、積化或炎癥。
2.4二維超聲及超聲造影診斷比較二維灰階超聲、超聲造影及病理診斷結(jié)果,見表1。二維超聲在腎臟囊性病變?cè)\斷的敏感度、特異度、陽性預(yù)測(cè)值、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值及準(zhǔn)確度分別為85.9%、66.7%、94.8%、40.0%、83.6%,超聲造影為92.2%、77.8%、96.7%、58.3%、90.4%。
Fig. 5 Comparison of ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging in complex renal cyst圖5 復(fù)雜性腎囊腫二維超聲及超聲造影圖像比較
Tab.1 Comparison of diagnostic results between ultrasound and contrast-enhancement ultrasound and pathological detection of cystic renal tumors表1 二維灰階超聲、超聲造影及病理診斷結(jié)果比較(例)
3.1超聲造影在囊性腎癌中的應(yīng)用囊性腎癌是一種特殊類型腎癌,約占腎臟惡性腫瘤的10%,與復(fù)雜性腎囊腫鑒別困難,易出現(xiàn)漏診及誤診。常規(guī)超聲檢查受腫瘤位置、大小、深度影響,病灶囊壁及內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)不能清晰顯示,更無法顯示血供。近年來超聲造影技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展進(jìn)步,已成為評(píng)價(jià)囊性腎癌血供的新方法。惡性腫瘤血管多數(shù)發(fā)育畸形、走形迂曲、排列紊亂,呈旋渦狀血管網(wǎng)或血竇[2]。超聲造影對(duì)腎臟囊性病變血供的顯示率達(dá)73.5%,高于增強(qiáng)CT的55.6%[3]。超聲造影利用造影劑中微氣泡成分增加組織及血管的聲阻抗差,可敏感顯示腫瘤內(nèi)毛細(xì)血管,提高囊性腎癌診斷的準(zhǔn)確度[4]。
3.2影響增強(qiáng)特征的因素腎臟囊性腫物超聲造影增強(qiáng)特征與腫瘤內(nèi)部血管的數(shù)目、密度、血管有無扭曲及短路等情況相關(guān)。由于腎臟血供豐富,內(nèi)部有較多微血管,囊性腎癌增強(qiáng)模式多表現(xiàn)為快進(jìn)慢退及快進(jìn)快退[5]。本研究中快進(jìn)慢退30例,快進(jìn)快退22例。腫瘤內(nèi)部血管密度高、管徑大、存在動(dòng)靜脈瘺,減少了造影劑在病灶內(nèi)充盈及灌注時(shí)間,表現(xiàn)為快進(jìn)快退;當(dāng)腫瘤內(nèi)部血管密度小、管徑小、血管走形迂曲或者存在栓塞時(shí),增加了造影劑充盈時(shí)間,表現(xiàn)為慢退[6]。Nilsson等[7]在對(duì)腎臟實(shí)性病變的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),超聲造影的增強(qiáng)模式與腫瘤分化程度相關(guān)。在本研究中,與病理結(jié)果對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn),低分化的惡性腫瘤多表現(xiàn)為快進(jìn)快退,而高分化的惡性腫瘤多表現(xiàn)為快進(jìn)慢退。
3.3多房囊腫型囊性腎癌超聲造影特征囊性腎癌根據(jù)聲像圖表現(xiàn)及形成機(jī)制可分為3型:?jiǎn)畏磕夷[型、多房囊腫型和囊實(shí)型。其中多房囊腫型腎癌與復(fù)雜性腎囊腫在影像學(xué)鑒別更為困難。多房囊腫型腎癌超聲圖像多表現(xiàn)為囊性病變內(nèi)數(shù)量不同、粗細(xì)不等的分隔,復(fù)雜性腎囊腫則多表現(xiàn)為光滑纖細(xì)的分隔。在進(jìn)行良惡性鑒別診斷時(shí),分隔數(shù)目、厚度以及血流分布具有較高的價(jià)值[8]。Bosniak分級(jí)系統(tǒng)認(rèn)為分隔厚度>1 mm,分隔數(shù)目≥4條判斷為惡性的可能性較大[9]。曾紅春等[10]提出分隔數(shù)目≥3條及分隔厚度≥1.75 mm可作為囊性病灶良惡性的最佳診斷界值。本研究中1例多房囊性占位,囊壁厚,分隔數(shù)目>4條,厚度>2 mm,囊壁可見低增強(qiáng),結(jié)合其特征考慮為囊性腎癌,但術(shù)后病理提示為囊腫。因此在鑒別診斷時(shí)需綜合判斷,提高診斷準(zhǔn)確度。
3.4腎臟囊腫超聲造影特征腎臟良性囊性病變?cè)诙S超聲表現(xiàn)為壁薄、無回聲囊性病變,超聲造影多表現(xiàn)為無造影劑充填的囊腫或者周邊可見環(huán)狀或半環(huán)狀增強(qiáng)的病變。造影劑充填及消退時(shí)間與腎皮質(zhì)相似,在腎臟囊腫內(nèi)并發(fā)出血或炎癥時(shí),囊腫內(nèi)部分隔不規(guī)則增厚、囊壁結(jié)節(jié)鈣化、實(shí)性成分或其內(nèi)可見少許低增強(qiáng)時(shí),與囊性腎癌鑒別困難,容易發(fā)生誤診及漏診[11]。
綜上所述,超聲造影能夠幫助顯示病變內(nèi)低速血流,使腫物內(nèi)新生血管網(wǎng)及毛細(xì)血管團(tuán)顯像,幫助提高腎臟囊性病變?cè)\斷的準(zhǔn)確度,能夠作為一種診斷及鑒別診斷的方法。
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(2015-05-19收稿2015-08-26修回)
(本文編輯李鵬)
應(yīng)用研究
作者單位:天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院超聲診療科,國家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,天津市腫瘤防治重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(郵編300060)
The value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in differential diagnosis of cystic renal carcinoma
XIN Xiaojie,MAO Yiran,ZHANG Sheng
Department of Ultrasound, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laborary of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
Abstract:ObjectiveTo evaluate the values of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in diagnosis of cystic renal cell carcino?ma. Methods A total of 73 patients with renal cystic lesions were included in this study. The image features of ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound examination were analysed. All of patients underwent surgical treatment and had patholog?ical results. The diagnostic values of the ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound were analyzed by evaluating the im?age features of cystic renal cell carcinoma. Results There were 64 cases of cystic renal cell carcinoma, 9 cases of benign cyst. With ultrasound and color doppler ultrasound,irregular shape, thickness wall, solid ingredients, divisions and more blood flow signals were found in cystic renal cell carcinoma. Renal cyst showed regular shape, few solid component and thin separation and inconspicuous blood flow signals. In contrast-enhanced ultrasound, cystic renal cancer contrast agent appear?ing time was (15.13±4.21)s, and reached the peak time (23.42±5.68)s, fade time was (28.42±4.27)s. The enhanced mode for fast in and fast out was found in 22 cases (34.3%), fast in and slow out in 30 cases (46.8%), slow in and fast out in 2 cases (3.2%), slow in and slow out in 4 cases (6.4%), and synchronously in and out in 6 cases (9.3%). The hyper-enhancement was found in 42 cases (65.6%), the iso-enhancement and hypo-enhancement in 22 cases (34.4%). In renal cyst, There were three cases out of contrast filling. In other 6 cases, the contrast agent appearing time was (16.67±2.73)s, the peak time was (25.83±3.06)s and fade time was (34.17±4.26)s. The enhanced mode for fast in and fast out was found in 1 case (16.7%), fast in and slow out in 1 case (16.7%) and synchronously in and out in 4 cases (66.6%). The hyper-enhancement was found in 2 cases (33.3%), the iso-enhancement and hypo-enhancement in 4 cases (66.7%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predic?tive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of ultrasound were 85.9%, 66.7%, 94.8%, 40.0% and 83.6%. The sensitiv?ity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of contrast- enhanced ultrasound were 92.2%, 77.8%, 96.7%, 58.3% and 90.4%. Conclusion Contrast-enhanced ultrasound can be used in benign and malignan?cy identification of renal cystic lesion.
Key words:kidney neoplasms;ultrasonography, doppler;cystic renal cell carcinoma;contrast-enhanced ultrasonogra?phy techniques; sensitivity and specificity
中圖分類號(hào):R445.19
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
DOI:10.11958/58950
作者簡(jiǎn)介:忻曉潔(1964),副主任醫(yī)師,學(xué)士學(xué)位,主要從事超聲診斷方面研究