周懿
摘要:本文以牛津英語七年級教材上冊Unit3 Grammar為例,論述教師如何使用牛頓與蘋果的故事來創(chuàng)設(shè)語篇,層層深入,指引學(xué)生在故事中習(xí)得語法,并通過故事獲得情感、態(tài)度與價值觀的升華。
關(guān)鍵詞:語篇創(chuàng)設(shè);語篇教學(xué)法;圖文結(jié)合
中圖分類號:G632.0 文獻標(biāo)識碼:A 文章編號:1992-7711(2016)01-0125
語法課向來是教師和學(xué)生的難題。課堂枯燥,學(xué)生沒勁,從而掌握和運用知識的程度低。那么,怎樣才能把語法習(xí)得這個環(huán)節(jié)處理得既有趣又高效呢?以牛津七年級上冊Unit3 中的Grammar模塊為例,該模塊介紹“人稱代詞的主格與賓格形式”。在前一節(jié)Reading中,有一個重難點句型Who is that man in a white shirt?,該句中,介詞詞組作為后置定語修飾中心名詞。筆者在語法課的初始環(huán)節(jié)—復(fù)習(xí)反饋中設(shè)計了一道類似題:
The man under the apple tree is my brother. (劃線提問)
__________________________________①__________________________________②
1. Which man is your brother?
2. Who is the man under the apple tree?
在學(xué)生說出答案以后,筆者給予肯定和贊賞,并順勢向全班同學(xué)拋出問題:“Thank you, you really did a good job. Ok, now you guys, lets have a brainstorm. What comes to your mind when you see the two phrases ‘ the man and ‘the apple tree? Can you think of something interesting about a man and an apple tree?”經(jīng)過短暫思考,有學(xué)生舉手回答說是牛頓和蘋果的故事。于是,筆者接著鼓勵他:“Can you share the story with us?” 學(xué)生詢問是否可以用中文,得到肯定之后,學(xué)生繪聲繪色地描述了這個經(jīng)典軼聞。筆者帶領(lǐng)全班同學(xué)鼓掌,對這位學(xué)生表示感謝和贊賞:“Very wonderful expression! Thank you! You are a good storyteller!”緊接著,筆者轉(zhuǎn)向全體同學(xué):“ Now I will teach you to tell the story in English. Dont worry, it is easy. And when I am telling the story, I will show you some sentences and pictures on the screen. Some words are in red, and some are in blue. Pay attention to these words and try to think over two questions. The first one: Are the words in red and blue of the same classification? The second one:What is the relationship between the story and the lesson we have in this class?”
此刻屏幕上呈現(xiàn)牛頓的一系列圖片與相應(yīng)的句子。一張圖片配一句文字。在甄選圖片時要注意兩點,其一,寫實肖像與漫畫人物的圖片相結(jié)合,既真實又有趣。其二,圖片內(nèi)容需與配對的文字相符,這樣圖文統(tǒng)一,有助于學(xué)生對部分單詞與句子的理解。
學(xué)生邊聽筆者講故事邊觀看圖文,對這則英文小故事構(gòu)成一個初步的記憶,并開始思考藍色與紅色單詞各自的意義與彼此的異同。圖文片段呈現(xiàn)完畢,再次呈現(xiàn)語篇全文:
This person is Newton, a great man from the UK. Do you know him and the great apple? One day in 1665, Newton is walking in a garden. Then he stops and sits down under a big apple tree. Suddenly, an apple falls down on him. He looks at it and starts to think: why does it fall down but not go up?Years later after that,he works very hard and finds out the law of gravity.
筆者開始詢問學(xué)生灰色與深灰色單詞的各自詞義。學(xué)生說出Newton是人名“牛頓”,UK 是國名“英國”,garden是地名“花園”,apple則是物名“蘋果”。而 he,him 和it表示“他”“他”“它”。那么,這些單詞都是一類詞嗎?學(xué)生答,不是,灰色單詞都是名詞,而深灰色單詞是代詞。
于是,筆者緊接著在屏幕上呈現(xiàn)一句語篇中的句子:
He looks at it and starts to think.
問題:句中的he 和it 分別指什么?
這個問題很簡單,學(xué)生紛紛回答道,he 代指Newton牛頓,it 代指apple蘋果。
筆者順勢引導(dǎo)學(xué)生做出總結(jié):“Newton is a man, and an apple is a thing, so we can use personal pronouns to refer to people and things.”(牛頓是一個人,蘋果是一個物體,所以人稱代詞的用途就是來替代上文中人或物的名詞。)
在得出第一個結(jié)論后筆者乘勝追擊,在屏幕的左右兩側(cè)各呈現(xiàn)一段相似的語篇:
Left: This person is Newton, a great man from the UK. Do you know Newton and the great apple?One day in 1665, Newton is walking in a garden. Then Newton stops and sits down under a big apple tree.
Right: This person is Newton, a great man from the UK. Do you know him and the great apple?One day in 1665, Newton is walking in a garden. Then he stops and sits down under a big apple tree.
筆者拋出了第二個問題:“Well done ! Now lets play a game. Try to find out the differences between the two discourses. And have a discussion with your group members—which is the better one?”
學(xué)生聽到玩游戲立刻來了勁兒,小組成員們立刻嘰嘰喳喳開始討論起來。一分鐘不到,問題輕松搞定!幾個學(xué)習(xí)小組都找出了兩個語篇的不同點。第一篇中的人物全部用了名詞Newton,而第二篇中,則在兩處分別用了代詞him 與he 代替。那么哪一個更好呢?學(xué)生們一致認為第二個語篇好。較之于第一個,靈活運用代詞來替代名詞,避免重復(fù)和啰嗦。由此,在筆者的引導(dǎo)下,學(xué)生順利得出了人稱代詞的第二個使用規(guī)則。
第三個思考題繼續(xù)深入:
1. Do you know him and the great apple?
2. An apple falls down on him.
3. He looks at it and starts to think.
問題:原語篇中這三個句子中的him 與he 分別代指誰?
學(xué)生一致回答:“牛頓”。
“那為什么這個用him,那個用he?全都用一樣的he 或是him不就行了?”
有學(xué)生舉起了手:“因為前兩個句子的人物都是作賓語,而第三個句子中的人物是句子的主語?!?/p>
回答正確!于是筆者引導(dǎo)全體同學(xué)總結(jié)規(guī)律:“So we should use subject form when the noun is the subject, and replace the noun with an object form when it is the object of a preposition or a verb.”
代詞作為句子的主語需用主格形式,作為介詞或動詞后的賓語需用其賓格形式??偨Y(jié)出來還不夠!筆者還要考查學(xué)生使用規(guī)則來判斷的能力。筆者給出了一個practice:
1. He looks at it and starts to think.
2. Why does it fall down but not go up?
筆者問道:“Are the two forms the same with each other, or are they different? Give your choices and reasons.”
這兩個it是否形意相同?或是形同意異?
一位學(xué)生答道:“這兩個it 不一樣,第一個是作為介詞at的賓語,是賓格形式,而第二個則是句子的主語,為主格形式?!?/p>
Perfect!至此,學(xué)生在筆者的層層引導(dǎo)下,通過自己的思考,總結(jié)出了人稱代詞的三個基本使用規(guī)則。那么,課堂開頭的最后一個問題學(xué)生心中應(yīng)當(dāng)有答案了吧!
“Do you still remember the question? What is the relationship between the story and the lesson we have in this class?”
是?。W(xué)生恍然大悟,原來在對故事的一個個問題的思考與探討中,自己已經(jīng)掌握了今天的語法知識了!學(xué)生們不禁調(diào)侃起來:“牛頓果然是中國好導(dǎo)師??!”聽完這句話,我突然眼睛一亮,這是一個絕好的教育契機!筆者便因勢利導(dǎo):“So what do we learn from him? Or in another way, is there anything important we can find from his famous story?”
學(xué)生你一言我一語地搶答:“Thinking is very important!”“Be hard-working and you will get success.”也有學(xué)生相當(dāng)幽默:“The apple is a lucky dog. Newton should thank it.”
學(xué)生的感想真實有趣,筆者對學(xué)生的發(fā)言表示肯定與贊賞,并總結(jié)道:“Thanks for your sharing, guys. We know that there are two great apples in the world which have great impacts on human beings. The first one is the apple we learn in this class. People start to know that there are indeed some rules in the whole cosmos. And the second one is the mobile phone developed by the Apple Inc., which makes itself not only a mobile but a fashion icon. So where will be the third apple? Maybe it is in your hands.”
聽完這番話,學(xué)生盯著筆者,陷入了沉思,筆者從他們明亮的眼睛里看到了一種動力和期許。確實,我們對他們的情感和態(tài)度的教育,正是在學(xué)生自己的課堂生成中得以實現(xiàn)。我們創(chuàng)設(shè)獨特的課堂,激發(fā)學(xué)生的想象力,他們的反饋給予我們再次教育的靈感,學(xué)生又再次得到深層次的體會和感悟。在這堂課上,語法的習(xí)得不再是傳統(tǒng)的、枯燥無味的單向灌輸,而是學(xué)生的主動思考和歸納總結(jié)。我們的一點智慧可以激發(fā)學(xué)生無窮的智慧,這樣的語法課才是高效的、有意義的。
(作者單位:江蘇省無錫市太湖格致中學(xué) 214000)