肖愛斌

非謂語動詞中的過去分詞（短語）向來是歷屆高考語言基礎(chǔ)知識命題的一個熱點，縱觀近三年全國各省市的命題，其中考查過去分詞做定語、賓語補足語和狀語的考題非常多，尤其側(cè)重考查了過去分詞做定語和狀語的用法。對于學(xué)生而言，掌握過去分詞的基本用法對解答此類題目將大有裨益。

一、考查過去分詞作定語

考例①【2013陜西】14.The witnesses by the police

just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.

A. questioned B. being questioned

C. to be questioned D. having questioned

考例②【2013湖南】29.You can not accept an opinion to you unless it is based on facts.

A. offering B.to offer C.having offered D.offered

【分析】：考例①答案為 A，此題考查過去分詞短語作后置定語，相當(dāng)于who wa squestioned by the police just now 一定語從句?？祭?②答案為D，此題也考查過去分詞短語作后置定語，相當(dāng)于定語從句which is offered to you。

過去分詞作定語通常分為前置定語和后置定語，一般單個的過去分詞放在被修飾名稱的前面作前置定語，表示“完成”的動作，同時也含被動之義。

Eg.1.We need another copy of the signed agreement.

2.I placed the frozen bowl over the snakess habitat.

3.The lost child was last seen playing near the East

Lake.

過去分詞短語作定語時通常放在被修飾名稱后面，充當(dāng)后置定語。此時過去分詞短語在意義上相當(dāng)于一個被動結(jié)構(gòu)的定語從句。

Eg.1.At present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning are difficult to obtain.（=which are needed for cloning）

2.I bought an ice-cream maker made of stainless steel.（=which is made of stainless steel）

二、考查過去分詞作賓語補足語

考例①【2013北京】29.When we saw the road with

snow，we decided to spend the holiday at home.

A. block B. to block C. blocking D. blocked

考例②（2012四川卷）12. Before driving into the city，you are required to get your car .

A.washed B. wash C. washing D.to wash

【分析】考例①答案為D，考例②答案為A，均考查過去分詞作賓補的用法，賓語與賓補間存在邏輯上的被動關(guān)系或稱之為動賓關(guān)系。

過去分詞充當(dāng)賓語補足語通常見于基本句型“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語”句型中。在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，過去分詞和它前面的賓語構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動關(guān)系或稱動賓關(guān)系。

接過去分詞做賓語補足語的動詞有：

1.感官動詞feel，hear，listen to，see，watch，look at，observe，notice，find+賓語+動詞過去分詞

Eg.（1）I was embarrassed to see our team beaten by a weaker team.

（2）People found the water polluted。

2.使役動詞get，have，make，keep，leave

Eg.（1）Do you know the stages every inventor must go through before they can have their invention approved?

（2）she knows very little English，he finds it difficult

to make himself understood

（3）Dont leave those things undone.

（4）The criteria are so strict that it is difficult to get new ideas accepted unless they are truly novel.

過去分詞短語作賓補也可見于“with+賓語+賓補”這一復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語之間是動賓關(guān)系。

Eg.1.With many brightly colored flowers planted

around the building，his house looks like a beautiful garden．

2.The murderer was brought in，with his hands tied behind his back.

三、考查過去分詞作狀語用法

考例①【2013安徽】32. in the early 20th century，the school keeps on inspiring childrens love of art.

A. To found B. Founding

C. Founded D. Having founded.

考例②【2013浙江】19. There are some health problems that，when in time，can become bigger ones later on.

A. not treated B. not being treated

C. not to be treated D. not have been treated

【分析】考例①答案為C，此題考查過去分詞短語作狀語，意義上相當(dāng)于狀語從句Since it was founded in the early 20th century;考例②答案為A，相當(dāng)于狀語從句when they are not treated in time.

過去分詞短語作狀語時，可表示動作發(fā)生的時間、條件、原因、讓步、伴隨情況等，

Eg.1.Seen from the space，the earth looks like a huge water-covered globe . 表示時間

2.Kept in refrigerator，these vegetables will remain fresh.表示條件

3.Deeply moved by the story，the children began to cry.表示原因

4.She walked out of the house，followed by her little daughter. 表示伴隨情況

5.Beaten by the enemy，he refused to let out the secret表示讓步。（作者單位：江西省吉安縣第二中學(xué)）