安徽省懷遠(yuǎn)一中 王玉峰

聚焦含有非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的固定句型

安徽省懷遠(yuǎn)一中 王玉峰

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的動(dòng)名詞和不定式常常用在一些固定句型中，在語(yǔ)篇填空和短文改錯(cuò)題型中常常出現(xiàn)，同學(xué)們?nèi)绻苁炀氄莆掌涔潭ň湫?，那么這類(lèi)題目就能迎刃而解。下面筆者對(duì)其進(jìn)行小結(jié)，希望對(duì)同學(xué)們有所幫助。

一、have difficulty/trouble/bother/a hard time/a problem（in）doing sth.做某事有困難；have luck/fun/a good time（in）doing sth.做某事有運(yùn)氣/有樂(lè)趣/開(kāi)心

其中的difficulty/trouble/bother用作不可數(shù)名詞，a hard time是根據(jù)短語(yǔ)have a good time而來(lái)。動(dòng)名詞作介詞in的賓語(yǔ)，其中的介詞in可以省略。如：

It' savery serious，strict school，though very few people know about it—ordinary students have a hard time（in）getting in.

這是個(gè)很認(rèn)真、嚴(yán)格的學(xué)校，雖然知道的人很少——普通學(xué)生不容易進(jìn)。

The witness appeared to have difficulty（in）remembering what had happened.

證人在回憶發(fā)生的事情方面似乎有困難。

注意：當(dāng)在“have+名詞+不定式（作定語(yǔ)）”結(jié)構(gòu)中，have是“有”的意思，不定式要帶to，如果不定式的動(dòng)作是句子的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出的，則不定式要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。這與其作為使役動(dòng)詞跟不定式作賓補(bǔ)在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)不帶to不同。如：

I have nothing to say.我無(wú)話(huà)可說(shuō)。

It seems that you have something to be kept from me.你們似乎有事瞞著我。

It was very kind of you（You were very kind）to have us stay.

您這么親切地招待我們留下來(lái)，真是謝謝您。

【例】—Did you have difficulty_____（find）Ann' house？

—Not really.She had given us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.

【解析】finding。符合句型have difficulty doing sth.。句意：找到安妮家有困難嗎？

二、It is no use/good/fun+doing，做某事沒(méi)用處/沒(méi)好處/沒(méi)有趣

句型中的it是形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是后面的動(dòng)名詞形式。如：

It's no use learning the text by heart without understanding it.

學(xué)習(xí)課文而不理解它是沒(méi)有用的。

It's no good/use crying over spilt milk.牛乳潑翻，哭之何益（覆水難收）。

It's no fun staying at home and never going anywhere.

待在家里，什么地方都不去是無(wú)聊的。

【例】It'snouse（complain）without taking action.

【解析】complaining。符合句型it's no use doing。句意：一味抱怨而不付諸行動(dòng)是沒(méi)有用的。

三、sb.spend/waste time/money（in）doing sth.某人花費(fèi)/浪費(fèi)時(shí)間/金錢(qián)做某事；sb.pass time（in）doing sth.某人消磨時(shí)間做某事

句子的主語(yǔ)是人，動(dòng)名詞作介詞in的賓語(yǔ)，其中的介詞in可以省略。如：

She spent the afternoon（in）washing the windows and the floors.

她花了一下午的時(shí)間擦窗子、拖地。

Though he had much work to do，he wasted his time doing nothing.

盡管他有很多工作要做，但他卻無(wú)所事事，浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。

He wasted much of his time and money playing cards.

打牌浪費(fèi)了他大量的時(shí)間和金錢(qián)。

【例】—Do you have any idea what Paul does all day？

—As I know，he spends at least as much time playing as he does____（write）.

【解析】writing。比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)中的does是代動(dòng)詞，代指spends，根據(jù)前面的playing看出是he spends time（in）writing。句意：——你知道保羅整天都在干什么嗎？——據(jù)我所知，他花在玩上的時(shí)間至少跟花在寫(xiě)作上的時(shí)間一樣多。

四、It take time to do sth.做某事需要花多少時(shí)間

句型中的it是形式主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞不定式是真正的主語(yǔ)。如：It took us a whole week to go through one of the great forests.我們花了整整一星期才穿過(guò)其中一個(gè)大森林。

【例】It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and_____ illness

（make）.

【解析】to be made。根據(jù)It took a longtime看出用不定式作真正的主語(yǔ)，介詞for后的connection是賓語(yǔ)，between...and...短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)修飾connection，make與connection是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以用動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。句意：人們花了好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才弄清楚體溫跟疾病之間的關(guān)系。

五、stop/prevent/keep/ban/forbid/prohibit sb.from doing sth.阻止/禁止某人做某事；save sb.from doing sth.免去……做某事，拯救；protect sb.from doing保護(hù)……使不受……

動(dòng)名詞作介詞from的賓語(yǔ)，其中在stop/prevent中，介詞from可以省略，但是在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不可以省略。其他詞中的from一般不省略，keep中的from如果省略則意思會(huì)發(fā)生變化。如：A serious illness has prevented her（from）working for a year.嚴(yán)重的疾病使得她有一年不能工作了。

He was found to have taken cocaine，and Italian authorities banned him from playing for a year.他被發(fā)現(xiàn)吸食可卡因，意大利官方便讓他停賽一年。

She saved alittle girl（from）falling into the water.她救下一個(gè)就要落水的小女孩。

He kept me from working.他不讓我工作。比較：He kept me working.他讓我一直工作。

六、There is no+doing...不可能……

相關(guān)句型有：There is no saying/knowing...說(shuō)不準(zhǔn)……；There is no denying that...不可否認(rèn)的……。如：

There is no knowing when we shall meet again.不知道我們什么時(shí)候才能再相見(jiàn)。

There is no denying the fact that China has made rapid progress in every aspect since it was founded.

不容抵賴(lài)這個(gè)事實(shí)，中國(guó)自它成立以來(lái)已在各個(gè)方面都取得了飛速的發(fā)展。

七、There is no need（for sb.）to do sth.做某事沒(méi)有必要

屬于there be句型，不定式修飾need，有時(shí)為了明確對(duì)象，不定式會(huì)帶上邏輯主語(yǔ)for sb.，即跟不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

That would make a clean break.Of course there was no need to say a smuch，but she would understand.從此一刀兩斷——這自然不用明說(shuō)，她總會(huì)明白的。

There was none ed for you to fight against your own men.你何必同室操戈。

【例】There is no need（tell）me your answer now.Give it some thought and then let meknow.

【解析】to tell。符合句型there is no need to do sth.，句意：現(xiàn)在沒(méi)必要告訴我答案，你再思考一下，之后告訴我。

八、There is（no）+名詞+（in）+doing做某事（沒(méi)）有……

相關(guān)句型：There is some/no difficulty/trouble（in）do ingsth.做某事（沒(méi)）有困難；There is no point（in）doing sth.做某事沒(méi)有意義；There is no use/good（in）doing sth.做某事沒(méi)有用。如：

There was some difficulty（in）explaining this to the Swede，but when at last he understood he be came very anxious.

向這個(gè)瑞典人說(shuō)明這件事很費(fèi)勁，最后他聽(tīng)懂了，顯得很著急。

There is no point（in）complaining.They can't do anything to help you.

抱怨于事無(wú)補(bǔ)。他們沒(méi)辦法幫助你。

There is no use talking to him while he is in that low frame of mind.

在他心情不好（情緒低落）時(shí)與他談話(huà)是沒(méi)有用的。

九、be busy/engaged/buried/occupied（in）doing sth.忙于某事……

該句型是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，作表語(yǔ)的是形容詞，或者是過(guò)去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的形容詞，動(dòng)名詞作介詞in的賓語(yǔ)，介詞?？梢允∪?。如：

In modern society，everyone is busy in working or studying.As are sult，many people suffer from stress and anxiety.在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)里，每個(gè)人都在忙著工作或者學(xué)習(xí)，結(jié)果造成許多人有焦慮和過(guò)度緊張的困擾。

The nurse was engaged in watching the chemical analysis，and Ville fort was still absorbed in grief.護(hù)士正在注意化學(xué)分析，維爾福仍然沉浸在悲傷里。

How long has Mark been occupied in writing his new book？馬克寫(xiě)新書(shū)有多久了？

【例】As John Lennon once said，life is what happens to you while you are busy（make）other plans.

【解析】making。符合句型be busy doingsth.。

十、need/require/want/deserve/be worth+doing某事需要/值得……

其中的動(dòng)名詞要求用主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義，意義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。但是be worth不可以跟不定式。如：

There has been something wrong with the car and it badl y needs repairing/to be repaired.這輛汽車(chē)已經(jīng)有毛病了，急需修理。

They deserved punishing/to be punished.他們應(yīng)受懲罰。

My jacket wants mending/to be mended.我的夾克衫需要修補(bǔ)。

十一、prefer to do A rather than do B與prefer doing A to doing B寧愿做A而不做B

prefer是及物動(dòng)詞，可以跟動(dòng)名詞或不定式作賓語(yǔ)，分別跟rather than…或介詞to表示“寧愿做某事，不愿意做另外一件事”，其中rather than后跟動(dòng)詞原形，介詞to后跟動(dòng)名詞。如：

He preferred to stay at home rather than go with us.他寧愿待在家里，也不愿和我們一起去。

More and more people prefer going to concerts to sitting in a bar.

越來(lái)越多的人愿意去聽(tīng)音樂(lè)會(huì)，而不是待在酒吧里。

十二、do nothing but（except）+do無(wú)事可做，只好……；除了干……什么也沒(méi)做

此處的but是介詞，不是連詞，同except。若but（except）之前的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是do，那么but（except）之后的不定式要帶to。如：

After saying those words，he did nothing but add to my anger.說(shuō)完這些話(huà)，他沒(méi)怎么樣，卻讓我更生氣了。There was nothing else to do but pack up again.你除了再收拾一下行李外，沒(méi)有任何事可做。Now I was indeed in the height of what I might call my prosperity，and I wanted nothing but to be a wife.

我現(xiàn)在真是達(dá)到我幸運(yùn)的最高峰，我什么也不缺，所缺的只是沒(méi)有當(dāng)成一個(gè)正式的妻子。