張 偉, 唐小千, 繩秀珍, 邢 婧, 戰(zhàn)文斌
(中國海洋大學水產(chǎn)動物病害與免疫學研究室, 山東 青島 266003)
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大菱鲆血清免疫球蛋白IgM單克隆抗體的制備及其特性分析*
張偉, 唐小千, 繩秀珍, 邢婧, 戰(zhàn)文斌**
(中國海洋大學水產(chǎn)動物病害與免疫學研究室, 山東 青島 266003)
摘要:本研究運用硫酸銨鹽析法結合Protein A親和層法從大菱鲆血清中分離、純化免疫球蛋白IgM。SDS-PAGE分析結果顯示,純化的血清IgM主要有2條蛋白帶,分子量分別為78和27kDa,分別為大菱鲆IgM的重鏈與輕鏈。以純化的IgM免疫BALB/c小鼠,取免疫小鼠脾細胞與骨髓瘤細胞進行細胞融合,將融合后的細胞置于含HAT的培養(yǎng)基中培養(yǎng)。利用ELISA和Western blotting篩選雜交瘤,并利用有限稀釋法對陽性雜交瘤進行單克隆,最終共獲得3株抗大菱鲆血清IgM單克隆抗體,分別命名為1B2、1G4和2A1,抗體分型結果顯示3株單抗均屬IgG。Western blotting結果顯示,單抗1B2和1G4可特異性識別大菱鲆IgM重鏈蛋白,而單抗2A1則特異性識別輕鏈蛋白。同時,以制備的腹水單抗1G4結合免疫熒光檢測顯示,單抗1G4可識別大菱鲆外周血、脾及前腎組織中表面IgM陽性(sIgM+)細胞;流式細胞術分析顯示,大菱鲆外周血、脾和前腎白細胞中sIgM+細胞比例分別為48.07%,20.05%和18.45%。研究結果顯示,制備的抗大菱鲆血清IgM單抗特異性高、反應性強,可為研究大菱鲆免疫系統(tǒng)及免疫應答動態(tài)提供有力的工具。
關鍵詞:大菱鲆;血清IgM;單克隆抗體;免疫熒光;流式細胞術
大菱鲆(Scophthalmusmaximus)是原產(chǎn)歐洲的海洋底棲扁平魚類,屬于蝶形目(Pleuronetiformes)鲆科(Bothidea)菱鲆屬(Scophthalmus),因其具有生長快、易接受配合餌料、肉質鮮美等優(yōu)點,于1992年被引進中國并進行廣泛養(yǎng)殖。隨著大菱鲆養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展,養(yǎng)殖密度和集約化程度不斷提高,大菱鲆細菌性、病毒性疾病及寄生蟲疾病日趨嚴重[1-4],給大菱鲆養(yǎng)殖造成了很大損失,嚴重制約著大菱鲆養(yǎng)殖產(chǎn)業(yè)健康可持續(xù)發(fā)展。免疫防治是今后魚類養(yǎng)殖的病害防治的主流發(fā)展趨勢,要科學有效地實施免疫防治,除了免疫制劑的研發(fā)以外,還必須對魚體免疫系統(tǒng)及免疫應答規(guī)律開展深入透徹的研究。近年來,關于魚類免疫球蛋白結構、理化特點及免疫學特性等已有較為全面的研究,證實魚體內存在多種類型的免疫球蛋白,包括IgM、IgD和IgT/IgZ[5]。其中,IgM是魚類中最早被發(fā)現(xiàn)的一類免疫球蛋白[6],在魚體內IgM主要以分泌型和膜結合型2種形式存在。分泌型的IgM主要以四聚體的形式主要分布于魚類血液和黏液等液體中,具有抗菌、抗病毒、中和毒素等免疫活性,也可介導凝集作用和調理作用[7]。膜結合型IgM分布于B淋巴細胞表面,可以作為膜表面抗原受體,是B淋巴細胞識別抗原的重要物質基礎。
單克隆抗體由于其特異性強、靈敏度高等優(yōu)點,成為研究魚類免疫球蛋白和免疫細胞的重要工具。近年來,世界范圍內紛紛研制重要經(jīng)濟魚類IgM的單克隆抗體,對魚免疫應答機理等方面開展了廣泛研究[8-10]。有關大菱鲆免疫球蛋白IgM單克隆抗體研制的研究也已有報道[11-12],但未利用研制的單抗對IgM表面陽性(sIgM+)細胞在免疫器官內的分布特性及魚體免疫應答開展研究。本研究通過分離純化得到大菱鲆血清IgM,并以此為抗原免疫小鼠制備其特異性單克隆抗體,利用制備的抗體對大菱鲆外周血、前腎和脾中抗體陽性細胞比例進行分析。本研究為今后開展大菱鲆免疫系統(tǒng)及免疫應答動態(tài)研究提供了有力工具。
1材料與方法
1.1 大菱鲆血清IgM的純化
在35℃條件下,用普通牛肉蛋白胨瓊脂培養(yǎng)遲鈍愛德華氏菌40h,收集的菌體以無菌PBS離心洗滌后,以福爾馬林滅活(0.5% v/v);以滅活遲鈍愛德華氏菌(1×108cell/mL)與弗氏不完全佐劑等體積混勻,腹腔注射免疫健康大菱鲆((500±50)g),每尾注射100μL。免疫后35天尾靜脈采血,室溫放置1h后置于4℃過夜,次日3000g離心15min,吸取上層血清,將血清與等體積PBS混合后,逐滴加入飽和硫酸銨,使硫酸銨終濃度為50%,充分攪拌后4℃靜置過夜。次日8000g離心30min,棄上清,沉淀溶解于適量0.02mol/L磷酸鈉緩沖液(PB,Na2HPO4·12H2O·0.012mol/L,NaH2PO4·2H2O·0.008mol/L,pH=7.0),加入透析袋中,并用相同緩沖液透析去除硫酸銨,透析后樣品經(jīng)0.22μm濾膜過濾,接下來利用1mL HiTrap?Protein A Sepharose親和層析預裝柱進一步純化,具體步驟參照李強的方法[13]。將收集樣品經(jīng)超純水透析后進行冷凍干燥,以0.01mol/L磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS,pH=7.4)將凍干后的蛋白濃度調整為1mg/mL,采用SDS-PAGE分析樣品的純度和相對分子量。
1.2 單克隆抗體的制備
以大菱鲆血清IgM為抗原免疫4周齡BALB/c小鼠,末次免疫后第3天取免疫小鼠脾臟細胞與骨髓瘤細胞進行融合,融合后待雜交瘤細胞群落長到占96孔培養(yǎng)板孔底1/3時,利用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法(ELISA)進行初篩。具體免疫、融合和ELISA篩選過程序參照Li等進行[9]。將陽性雜交瘤細胞轉移到24孔板擴大培養(yǎng),再次經(jīng)ELISA和Western blotting進行檢測,然后利用有限稀釋法對結果呈陽性的雜交瘤細胞進行克隆,對克隆后的雜交瘤細胞進行擴大培養(yǎng),經(jīng)抗體類型分析后凍存于液氮。
1.3 Western blotting
將純化的大菱鲆血清IgM定電經(jīng)SDS-PAGE后,轉移到聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)膜(恒定電壓30V,90min),在37℃條件下以BSA封閉1h。PVDF膜經(jīng)PBST洗滌后,置于陽性雜交瘤細胞上清中,37℃孵育1h,陰性對照樣品置于骨髓瘤上清中孵育。膜經(jīng)PBST清洗后置于以PBS稀釋的堿性磷酸酶標記的羊抗小鼠多抗(Sigma,1∶5000)中,37℃孵育45min,經(jīng)PBST洗滌后加入NBT-BCIP底物發(fā)色液發(fā)色,顯色后用超純水清洗終止反應,拍攝記錄反應結果。
1.4 免疫熒光與流式細胞術
將分泌單抗1G4的單克隆細胞接種到預先注射液體石蠟的小鼠腹腔中,制備腹水單抗,利用辛酸-硫酸銨法純化腹水,SDS-PAGE檢測純度,ELISA測定效價。具體操作參照文獻[14]。
參考[13]利用Percoll不連續(xù)密度梯度離心法分別從3條健康大菱鲆(體重(500±50)g)中提取外周血、脾和前腎的白細胞,將同組織的等量白細胞混合后,調整細胞濃度為5×105cell/mL,加入單抗1G4,37℃孵育1h,陰性對照樣品以PBS孵育,然后以含5%新生牛血清的PBS對孵育后的白細胞進行離心洗滌。洗滌后的白細胞加入異硫氰酸熒光素(FITC)標記的羊抗鼠多抗(Sigma,1∶256),37℃孵育45min,離心洗滌后取適量細胞懸液滴于載玻片上,沉降后利用熒光顯微鏡觀察,剩余細胞進行流式細胞術分析。
2結果
2.1 大菱鲆血清IgM的純化
大菱鲆血清經(jīng)硫酸銨粗提后,可獲得較大含量的IgM蛋白分子,但仍混有較多的雜蛋白。利用Protein A親和層析柱對鹽析粗提物進一步純化,得到的樣品經(jīng)SDS-PAGE分析顯示,雜蛋白明顯減少,呈現(xiàn)出2條主要蛋白帶,相對分子質量分別為78和27kDa(見圖1),分別為大菱鲆IgM的重鏈和輕鏈。
(M:分子量標準蛋白;1:大菱鲆全血清;2:50%硫酸銨鹽析純化結果;3:Protein A親和層析柱純化結果。M:Marker;1:Whole serum of turbot;2:Crude extracts by salting out;3:Purified turbot IgM by Protein A.)
圖1大菱鲆血清IgM電泳結果
Fig.1SDS-PAGE result of serum IgM of turbot
2.2 單抗的制備
細胞融合后,經(jīng)含HAT的選擇性培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)后,有70余株雜交瘤生成。其中,20余株ELISA檢測結果呈陽性。利用有限稀釋法對陽性雜交瘤克隆后,進一步篩選,獲得了3株穩(wěn)定分泌抗大菱鲆IgM單克隆抗體的雜交瘤細胞,3株單抗分別命名為1B2,1G4和2A1。類型分析顯示,3株單抗均為IgG型。
2.3 Western blotting
Western blotting分析結果顯示,單抗1B2和1G4 可特異性識別分子量為78 kDa的大菱鲆IgM重鏈分子,而單抗2A1可特異性識別分子量為27 kDa的IgM輕鏈分子(見圖2)。
(M:標準分子量蛋白;1:純化的大菱鲆血清IgM;2:1B2;3:1G4;4:2A1;5:陰性對照。M: Marker;1: Purified IgM of turbot;2:1B2; 3:1G4; 4: 2A1; 5: Negative control.)
圖2抗大菱鲆血清IgM單抗免疫印跡結果
Fig.2Western blotting of MAbs with purified IgM of turbot
2.4 免疫熒光及流式細胞術
利用Percoll梯度法分離獲取的健康大菱鲆外周血、脾和前腎白細胞,在微分干涉顯微鏡下觀察呈圓形,無任何梭形紅細胞,說明成功獲得各組織白細胞(見圖3)。免疫熒光結果顯示,單抗1G4可與大菱鲆外周血、脾和前腎白細胞中部分細胞發(fā)生特異性結合(見圖3)。表明1G4可特異性識別B淋巴細胞表面的IgM分子(sIgM)。流式細胞術結果顯示,大菱鲆外周血、脾和前腎白細胞中sIgM+細胞的比例分別為48.07%、20.05%和18.45%(見圖4)。
3討論
分泌型IgM主要以四聚體的形式存在于魚類血液和其他體液中,其重鏈分子量為70~81kDa,輕鏈分子量為15~29kDa,總分子量為610~900kDa[15]。IgM的分離純化有助于開展其結構及理化特性的研究。硫酸銨鹽析法已廣泛應用于魚類血清IgM的初步分離,它可一步沉淀出大部分IgM,但是此法獲得的IgM往往混有較多的雜蛋白,因此往往需要進一步純化[16-18]。蛋白A是金黃色葡萄球菌的表面蛋白,可以特異性地結合IgG和部分IgM的Fc段,國內外已有較多利用葡萄球菌A蛋白柱從多種海水魚和淡水魚中分離純化得到IgM的報道[19,20]。本實驗采用50%飽和硫酸銨鹽析沉淀結合HiTrap?Protein A Sepharose Column層析柱分離純化了大菱鲆血清IgM,純化的血清IgM在變性電泳中呈2條明顯的蛋白條帶,分子量大小分別為78和27kDa,與以往報道的大菱鲆血清IgM的重鏈和輕鏈分子量相符[7,9]。
(A、C和E分別為外周血、脾和前腎白細胞與1G4反應結果;B、D和F分別為A、C和E同一視野下微分干涉圖。白色箭頭指示sIgM+細胞,黑色箭頭指示表面抗體陰性(sIgM-)細胞(Bar=10μm)。Leukocytes of peripheral blood (A), spleen(C) and anterior kidney (E) staining with MAb 1G4. (B), (D) and (F) were observed by interferential equipment in the same field as shown in (A), (C) and (E) respectively. White arrows indicate the sIgM+cells, black arrows indicate sIgM-cells. (Bar=10 μm).)
圖3單抗1G4間接免疫熒光檢測結果
Fig.3Detection of sIgM+lymphocytes by IFA
單克隆雜交瘤細胞能永久傳代并能穩(wěn)定分泌抗體,可以保證抗體的特異性和穩(wěn)定性。本實驗以純化的大菱鲆血清IgM為抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用制備單克隆抗體的常規(guī)技術,經(jīng)細胞融合、篩選和有限稀釋法克隆共獲得了3株穩(wěn)定連續(xù)分泌抗大菱鲆IgM單抗的雜交瘤細胞株??贵w類型分析表明3株單抗均為為IgG類型。Western blotting結果顯示,單抗1B2和1G4可與變性條件下的大菱鲆IgM重鏈分子發(fā)生特異性結合,說明這2株單抗識別的抗原決定簇位于大菱鲆IgM重鏈分子上。而單抗2A1可特異性識別大菱鲆IgM輕鏈分子。
(A、C和E分別為大菱鲆外周血、脾和前腎淋巴細胞流式檢測的散點圖;B、D和F分別為A、C和E圖對應的流式直方圖;其中L1為陰性對照,L2為單抗1G4與白細胞結合結果;M1為sIgM+淋巴細胞比例。Leukocytes of peripheral blood, spleen and anterior kidney were shown by FSC/SSC dot plot with gated lymphocytes (A, C and E). Combined (smoothed) histogram and positive percentage of sIgM+lymphocytes (scale of M1) were shown in B, D and F. L1 is control and L2 indicates 1G4-staining cells.)
圖4sIgM+淋巴細胞檢測的結果圖
Fig.4Detection of sIgM+lymphocytes by FCA
與哺乳類等高等動物相似,魚類B淋巴細胞表面也存在膜結合型免疫球蛋白,利用識別sIg的單抗可以對淋巴細胞亞群及其生物學活性進行分析[21]。本研究利用間接免疫熒光技術分析顯示,大菱鲆外周血、脾和前腎中部分白細胞表面具有明顯的綠色熒光信號,說明單抗1G4可識別各免疫相關組織內B淋巴細胞表面的sIgM分子。進一步利用流式細胞術分析顯示:大菱鲆外周血中sIgM+細胞比例最高,為48.07%;脾臟次之,為20.05%;前腎最低,為18.45%。這種分布特征與以往報道的多種魚類相似[9]。但前期另有研究顯示體重約250g的大菱鲆外周血中的sIgM+細胞比例低于本研究結果[22],推測其可能與大菱鲆規(guī)格及生理狀況等有關。另外,sIgM+細胞比例在健康的不同魚類外周血中也存在著較大的差異,黑魚中為18.2%[10],鯉中為33%[23],斑點叉尾鮰中為37%[24],舌齒鱸中為52%[25],這種差異可能與魚的種類、生理年齡和健康狀態(tài)等因素有關。
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責任編輯朱寶象
Development and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Serum IgM of Turbot (Scophthalmusmaximus)
ZHANG Wei, TANG Xiao-Qian, SHENG Xiu-Zhen, XING Jing, ZHAN Wen-Bin
(Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China)
Abstract:Immunoglobulins (Ig) paly vital roles in fish adaptive humoral immune system. In order to investigate the characters of Ig M and surface IgM positive (sIgM+) cells in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), serum IgM was isolated from turbot with salting out and protein A affinity chromatography in combination. In SDS-PAGE, the purified protein showed two main bands with the molecular weight of 78 kDa and 27 kDa, which corresponded to the heavy chain and light chain of turbot IgM, respectively. The purified IgM was used to immunize BALB/c mice. Three days after the last immunization, spleen cells were collected and fused with myeloma cells. The hybridomas were cultured in the medium containing HAT, and screened with indirect ELISA and western blotting. Hybridomas giving positive results were cloned by limiting dilution, and three MAbs, named 1B2, 1G4 and 2A1, were produced. Isotype analyzing showed that all the three MAbs belonged to IgG isotype. Western blotting showed that MAb 1B2 and MAb 1G4 specifically recognized the heavy chain of turbot IgM while MAb 2A1 recognized the light chain. MAb 1G4 was largely produced in mouse ascites and applied in immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and flow cytometry assay (FCA). In IFA, obvious fluorescence signals were observed at the membrane of partial lymphocyte, suggesting that MAb1G4 recognized the sIgM+ lymphocytes in peripheral blood, spleen and anterior kidney. FCA revealed that 48.07% of leukocyte in the peripheral blood, 20.05% in the spleen and 18.45% in the anterior kidney were reactive to MAb1G4. These results demonstrated that obtained MAbs could be used as tools to detect the soluble and membrane bounded IgM molecules of turbot. In this study, MAbs that specifically recognized the serum IgM and sIgM+ lymphocytes of turbot were produced, which may be employed to investigate the immune system and immune defense mechanisms of turbot.
Key words:Scophthalmus maximus; serum immunoglobulin M; monoclonal antibody; immunofluorescence; flow cytometry
中圖法分類號:S91
文獻標志碼:A
文章編號:1672-5174(2016)01-027-06
作者簡介:張偉(1987-),男,博士生,主要從事水產(chǎn)動物病害與免疫學研究。
收稿日期:2014-12-23;
修訂日期:2015-04-20
*基金項目:國家自然科學基金項目(31302216;31172429;31472295);國家重點基礎研究發(fā)展規(guī)劃項目(2012CB114406);國家科技支撐計劃項目(2012BAD17B01)資助
DOI:10.16441/j.cnki.hdxb.20140430
引用格式:張偉, 唐小千, 繩秀珍, 等. 大菱鲆血清免疫球蛋白IgM單克隆抗體的制備及其特性分析[J]. 中國海洋大學學報(自然科學版), 2016, 46(1): 27-32.
ZHANG Wei, TANG Xiao-Qian, SHENG Xiu-Zhen, et al. An integrative evaluation of ecological effect of artificial reefs with entropy-weighted fuzzy matter-element method[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2016, 46(1): 27-32.
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31302216;31172429;31472295);National Basic Research Program of China(2012CB114406);National Science and Technology Supporting Program(2012BAD17B01)
**通訊作者: E-mail: wbzhan@ouc.edu.cn