張冰,傅怡
(上海交通大學(xué)系統(tǒng)生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究院,上海200240)
Slit-Robo信號(hào)通路在心血管發(fā)育中的作用
張冰,傅怡
(上海交通大學(xué)系統(tǒng)生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究院,上海200240)
近期研究表明,Slit-Robo信號(hào)通路對(duì)心血管系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育和再生發(fā)揮了重要功能. Slit3作為促血管新生因子,能夠與其受體Robo4結(jié)合,通過RhoGTPase信號(hào)通路調(diào)控多個(gè)生理和病理過程中的血管新生.Slit3-Robo4信號(hào)通路的激活能夠促進(jìn)工程組織中血管網(wǎng)絡(luò)的形成.硫酸乙酰肝素通過Slit3-Robo4通路能夠調(diào)節(jié)膈肌發(fā)育及其血管新生.Slit-Robo信號(hào)通路還參與調(diào)控心臟系統(tǒng)靜脈回流和心包膜的發(fā)育.Slit3的缺失會(huì)導(dǎo)致小鼠發(fā)育過程中的腎臟缺失和輸尿管發(fā)育不全.因此,進(jìn)一步研究Slit3-Robo4信號(hào)通路對(duì)于闡釋心血管系統(tǒng)發(fā)育和疾病的病因具有重要理論意義,有望為心血管疾病的預(yù)防和治療提供有力的藥物作用靶點(diǎn),促進(jìn)有效藥物的開發(fā).
Slit3-Robo4信號(hào)通路;血管新生;發(fā)育
Slit是一種大分子分泌蛋白,最初在果蠅中被發(fā)現(xiàn)[1],在線蟲和脊椎動(dòng)物中高度保守[2-5].哺乳動(dòng)物存在3種Slit蛋白(Slit1~Slit3)[6-7],它們都在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中表達(dá).Slit3還在外周組織和器官中表達(dá),例如發(fā)育過程中的舌、腎臟、生殖嵴、咽、肺靜脈、心房壁、肺以及膈膜,并調(diào)控非神經(jīng)元相關(guān)的發(fā)育過程[8-10].Robo(Roundabout)蛋白同樣在果蠅中被首次發(fā)現(xiàn),是一種跨膜受體蛋白[11].哺乳動(dòng)物存在4種Robo蛋白(Robo1~Robo4),與Robo1~Robo3有5個(gè)Ig(immune globulin)和3個(gè)FN3(fibronectin TypeⅢ)結(jié)構(gòu)域不同,Robo4的胞外區(qū)域僅含有2個(gè)Ig結(jié)構(gòu)域和2個(gè)FN3結(jié)構(gòu)域[12].Robo1~Robo3在神經(jīng)、肺、肝、腎臟和心臟中均有表達(dá)[13],而Robo4的表達(dá)只局限于血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞[14].作為一種逆向軸突導(dǎo)向分子,Slit與其受體Robo結(jié)合調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育,以及與細(xì)胞遷移相關(guān)的其他發(fā)育過程[15],在心血管系統(tǒng)中的發(fā)育機(jī)制主要是近幾年才得到詳細(xì)的闡釋.
血管新生是指從已有的毛細(xì)血管叢發(fā)展而形成新的血管[16-18].血管新生是生物體內(nèi)一場精心安排的過程,發(fā)育中的血管需要穿過復(fù)雜的胞外環(huán)境到達(dá)目的地,并形成新的血管網(wǎng)絡(luò)[19].這個(gè)過程包括內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞與細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的黏附、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的增生、遷移和重構(gòu)等,并受到一系列緊密的導(dǎo)向調(diào)控[15-16].
Slit-Robo的相互作用對(duì)血管新生起著重要的調(diào)控作用.Slit2被證明能夠與內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞上表達(dá)的Robo1和Robo4相互作用,從而調(diào)控內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的遷移,并在腫瘤血管新生中發(fā)揮作用.作為在外周組織和器官中廣泛表達(dá)的Slit家族成員,Slit3能有效促進(jìn)血管新生,從而在胚胎發(fā)育的器官生成中起重要作用.Zhang等[15]在體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中闡明Slit3在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和血管平滑肌細(xì)胞中均有高表達(dá),與同樣在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中高表達(dá)的受體Robo4結(jié)合后,通過加速內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的有絲分裂來誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的增殖,并能夠增強(qiáng)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的遷移性和趨化性.與Slit2調(diào)控內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞趨化性不同的是,Slit3對(duì)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞遷移的調(diào)控是Robo4特異性的,Slit3和Robo4的結(jié)合激活了RhoA通路中的Ras相關(guān)C3肉毒素底物1(Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1,Rac1)和細(xì)胞分裂周期蛋白42(cell division control protein 42 homolog,Cdc42),并以此來調(diào)控內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的遷移性.Slit3-Robo4還加速了內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞血管腔形成.離體實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果證明,Slit3能夠刺激主動(dòng)脈環(huán)的新生側(cè)枝血管的生成.小鼠角膜和雞蛋卵黃囊血管新生實(shí)驗(yàn)則證實(shí)了Slit3能夠促進(jìn)體內(nèi)新生血管的生長.與之相反,在小鼠發(fā)育過程中,基因敲除Slit3后血管新生過程受到了阻斷.因此,神經(jīng)導(dǎo)向分子Slit3作為一個(gè)新的血管新生調(diào)控因子,能夠促進(jìn)胚胎發(fā)育及其他生理和病理過程中的血管新生.
工程組織在體內(nèi)移植后的長期存活取決于植入物是否能充分血管化.內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞在血管結(jié)構(gòu)形成的過程中是必不可少的,而穩(wěn)定的具有功能的血管形成還需要周細(xì)胞和間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞. Paul等[20]對(duì)人類間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的研究結(jié)果表明,這些“周細(xì)胞”型間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分泌的促血管新生導(dǎo)向分子Slit3,能夠引導(dǎo)Robo4表達(dá)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞在工程組織中形成血管網(wǎng)絡(luò).相反,“非周細(xì)胞”型間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞則表現(xiàn)出低Slit3-Robo4信號(hào)活性,無法支持血管網(wǎng)絡(luò)的形成.敲除間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞中的Slit3會(huì)導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞形態(tài)異常,敲除內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞上Slit3的受體Robo4則會(huì)抑制體內(nèi)異種移植中功能性血管的生成.因此,在工程組織中,由間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞輔助的血管形成需要Slit3-Robo4通路的激活.
先天性膈疝是一種常見的畸形病癥,影響高達(dá)1/3 000的新生兒,是造成圍產(chǎn)兒死亡的主要原因之一[21].Yuan等[10]的小鼠先天性膈疝Slit3基因模型證實(shí)了Slit3在膈膜生長發(fā)育過程中起重要作用,Slit3的缺失會(huì)引起胚胎發(fā)育過程中隔膜中心腱缺陷,并最終導(dǎo)致先天性膈疝.Zhang等[22]深入研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Slit3-Robo4在促進(jìn)膈膜血管的形成中起重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用,并受到硫酸乙酰肝素(heparan sulfate,HS)的正向調(diào)控.N-去乙?;?磺基轉(zhuǎn)移酶1(N-deacetylase/sulfotransferase 1,NDST1)是硫酸肝素的N端硫酸鹽化的主要催化酶.在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中敲除NDST1不僅會(huì)影響Slit3-Robo4的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo),而且會(huì)導(dǎo)致先天性膈疝,這一過程是由HS-Slit3-Robo4通路調(diào)控的膈肌血管發(fā)育受到阻斷所引起的.
Robo1和Slit3是在心臟中表達(dá)最廣泛的分子,在心包膜、心臟流出道、心內(nèi)膜、心肌層以及房室管中都有高表達(dá).Robo2在心臟中的表達(dá)則局限得多,在胚胎心肌的整個(gè)發(fā)育過程中都沒有表達(dá).Robo3在心臟組織中不表達(dá).Robo4在血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞例如主動(dòng)脈、肺動(dòng)脈干和冠狀血管中均有表達(dá),但在心內(nèi)膜中沒有發(fā)現(xiàn).Mommersteeg等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)Robo1而非Robo2的缺失會(huì)導(dǎo)致心包膜、心包腔、竇角以及腔靜脈發(fā)育不良.Slit3敲除小鼠同樣出現(xiàn)類似心包膜、竇角和腔靜脈發(fā)育不良以及腔靜脈回流障礙.Slit3與受體Robo1結(jié)合的減少影響了心臟內(nèi)神經(jīng)鞘的存活、黏附和遷移,是引起心包腔易位和心包膜缺陷的主要細(xì)胞機(jī)制.Robo4作為腔靜脈發(fā)育早期血管新生過程必需的蛋白分子,與其配體Slit3結(jié)合調(diào)控腔靜脈早期發(fā)育過程中的血管新生,并可能影響靜脈回流的形成和心包膜的發(fā)育,但該可能性在該項(xiàng)研究中未能得到進(jìn)一步闡述.
除作為促血管生長因子,Slit3還影響著胚胎發(fā)育過程中多種器官的形成.文獻(xiàn)[9-10,22]在Slit3缺失小鼠模型中觀察到明顯的先天性膈疝,這是由于紊亂的膠原纖維無法形成緊密的膠原束導(dǎo)致的隔膜中心腱缺失.Slit3缺失小鼠的心臟具有增大的右心室.還有20%的純合子Slit3缺失小鼠表現(xiàn)出腎臟缺失,例如單邊或雙邊腎臟或輸尿管發(fā)育不全,以及不同程度的腎臟發(fā)育不良[9].以上研究表明Slit-Robo系統(tǒng)對(duì)于多個(gè)器官的發(fā)育具有重要作用.
近年來,關(guān)于Slit-Robo信號(hào)通路如何促進(jìn)血管新生和血管網(wǎng)絡(luò)的形成、器官發(fā)育尤其是膈肌發(fā)育等研究取得了一些進(jìn)展,研究人員對(duì)其相關(guān)分子調(diào)控機(jī)制有了一定的了解,但仍需進(jìn)一步探索.此外,Slit-Robo信號(hào)通路在大腦發(fā)育、腫瘤、生殖系統(tǒng)、乳腺功能和干細(xì)胞等研究中也具有重要意義.未來期望以Slit3-Robo4通路對(duì)正常和病理狀態(tài)下內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞遷移、血管新生和血管網(wǎng)絡(luò)形成的調(diào)控作用為突破口,為預(yù)防和治療心血管疾病及其他血管新生相關(guān)疾病提供更多的理論依據(jù)和藥物作用靶點(diǎn),從而促進(jìn)有效藥物的開發(fā).
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Slit-Robo signal pathway in cardiovascular development
ZHANG Bing,F(xiàn)U Yi
(Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200240,China)
Slit-Robo pathway has recently been shown to be vital in cardiovascular development and regeneration.Slit3,a proangiogenic factor,regulates angiogenesis and organ formation in embryonic development by binding to its receptor Robo4.Activation of Slit3-Robo4 promotes formation of vascular network in engineered tissues.Heparan sulfate regulates the development of blood vessel and diaphragm through modulating the Slit3-Robo4 signal pathway.Moreover,the Slit-Robo signal pathway plays an essential role in developing cardiac systematic venous return and pericardium.Deficiency of Slit3 leads to developmental defect of other organs such as kidney and ureter.Therefore,further understanding of the Slit3-Robo4 signal pathway in the future may provide a theoretical foundation and therapeutic targets for prevention and therapy of cardiovascular and related diseases.
Slit3-Robo4 signal pathway;angiogenesis;development
R 363
A
1007-2861(2016)03-0331-05
10.3969/j.issn.1007-2861.2016.03.009
2016-04-19
國家自然科學(xué)基金重大研究計(jì)劃資助項(xiàng)目(91539109);國家自然科學(xué)青年基金資助項(xiàng)目(11302129)
張冰(1977—),男,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,博士,研究方向?yàn)樾难馨l(fā)育和相關(guān)疾病分子機(jī)制.
E-mail:bingzhang@sjtu.edu.cn
上海大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版)2016年3期