高金釵,彭 偉
(1.河北醫(yī)科大學(xué),河北 石家莊 050021;2.河北北方學(xué)院,河北 張家口 075000)
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原發(fā)性高血壓病因、危險(xiǎn)因素及治療研究進(jìn)展
高金釵1,彭偉2
(1.河北醫(yī)科大學(xué),河北 石家莊 050021;2.河北北方學(xué)院,河北 張家口 075000)
摘要:高血壓是腦卒中、心肌梗死、心力衰竭及慢性腎病最主要并發(fā)癥。作為心腦血管病最主要的危險(xiǎn)因素,高血壓因“三高三低”即患病率高、致殘率高、死亡率高,知曉率低、服藥率低、控制率低的特征,給個(gè)人、家庭和社會(huì)帶來(lái)沉重負(fù)擔(dān)。雖然對(duì)其病因、危險(xiǎn)因素及治療進(jìn)行了大量研究,目前已取得了一些進(jìn)展,但高血壓仍然是一個(gè)主要的公共衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題,原發(fā)性高血壓的流行依然在全世界范圍內(nèi)增長(zhǎng)。該文綜述了原發(fā)性高血壓病因、危險(xiǎn)因素及治療研究進(jìn)展。
關(guān)鍵詞:原發(fā)性高血壓;病因;危險(xiǎn)因素;治療
原發(fā)性高血壓又稱為特發(fā)性高血壓,是高血壓最常見(jiàn)的形式,占高血壓總患病率95%以上,絕大多數(shù)病因不明。目前認(rèn)為原發(fā)性高血壓是在一定遺傳背景下由多種后天環(huán)境因素作用使正常血壓機(jī)制調(diào)節(jié)失代償所致,主要表現(xiàn)為主動(dòng)脈壓升高。高血壓是全球疾病負(fù)擔(dān)的主要因素,如心力衰竭和腎臟疾病等,控制血壓有助于降低心血管事件的發(fā)病率和死亡率[1-2]。
高血壓的病因在人口眾多的個(gè)體之間有很大的不同[3],根據(jù)定義,原發(fā)性高血壓沒(méi)有可識(shí)別的原因,然而一些危險(xiǎn)因素已確定。高血壓往往是家庭、環(huán)境和遺傳因素相互作用的結(jié)果,原發(fā)性高血壓患病率隨年齡增長(zhǎng)而有所增加,并且患者年紀(jì)越小高血壓后續(xù)的發(fā)展風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越大[4]。雖然近幾十年來(lái)對(duì)高血壓的知曉率、服藥率和控制率有所提高,但2009-2010年國(guó)家健康與營(yíng)養(yǎng)考試調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)表明高血壓患者中能控制血壓的人數(shù)不足一半。原因復(fù)雜,包括對(duì)醫(yī)療服務(wù)的獲取、依從性或教育程度等[5]。直到現(xiàn)在高血壓依舊被認(rèn)為是心血管疾病的主要因素之一,已知的基因和環(huán)境因素只能解釋小部分心血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的變異性,其病因仍不完全清楚[6]。
1發(fā)病機(jī)制
原發(fā)性高血壓的發(fā)病機(jī)制是多因素的,有許多病理生理因素干預(yù)動(dòng)脈內(nèi)壓。
1.1腎素—血管緊張素—醛固酮系統(tǒng)(RAAS)
RAAS是人體調(diào)節(jié)血壓的重要的內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng),當(dāng)循環(huán)血量減少、血鉀增多或血鈉減少時(shí),體內(nèi)分泌腎素,進(jìn)而刺激血管緊張素I的釋放[7]。血管緊張素Ⅱ是RAAS中最重要的成分,具有強(qiáng)烈的血管收縮作用,同時(shí)還可刺激腎上腺皮質(zhì)球狀帶分泌醛固酮,促使水鈉潴留,最終引起血壓升高[8]。RAAS調(diào)節(jié)血壓的穩(wěn)態(tài)和血管的損傷與修復(fù)[9]。最近動(dòng)物研究除了發(fā)現(xiàn)有害的血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶-血管緊張素Ⅱ-血管緊張素Ⅱ1型受體存在,保護(hù)性氨基肽酶A-血管緊張素3-血管緊張素Ⅱ2型受體和血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶2-血管緊張素(1-7)型受體也存在,為抗高血壓多個(gè)新療法的研究鋪平了道路[10]。
1.2神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)
當(dāng)心臟交感神經(jīng)興奮,血管和腎臟通過(guò)增加心輸出量使得血壓升高[11]。de Kloet AD基于綜述研究進(jìn)一步總結(jié)出腎素血管緊張素系統(tǒng)、免疫系統(tǒng)和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)在血壓調(diào)節(jié)方面發(fā)揮的重要交互作用[12]。曾經(jīng)有研究表明長(zhǎng)期精神緊張和巨大壓力如焦慮、抑郁、休息睡眠不足等精神刺激可興奮大腦皮層,增強(qiáng)交感神經(jīng)活動(dòng),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)兒茶酚胺類遞質(zhì)及腎上腺素的釋放,引起血管收縮使得血壓升高??梢?jiàn)個(gè)人性格和職業(yè)與原發(fā)性高血壓的發(fā)生有重要聯(lián)系[13]。近來(lái)一些證據(jù)表明,對(duì)于神經(jīng)性炎癥的模型免疫因子可作用于大腦加速高血壓,當(dāng)增加腦的免疫因素的時(shí)候發(fā)現(xiàn)血壓升高[14]。
2病因
2.1遺傳因素
多種研究表明原發(fā)性高血壓是多基因遺傳病,具有明顯的家族聚集性。Dekkers從1993年開(kāi)始跟蹤調(diào)查10年,做過(guò)一項(xiàng)涉及1423名調(diào)查對(duì)象的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)父母一方或雙方有原發(fā)性高血壓家族史的兒童,收縮壓較高且收縮壓隨著時(shí)間的推移增長(zhǎng)較快[15]。另外,對(duì)于AngⅡ的反應(yīng),有高血壓家族史的正常血壓個(gè)體與對(duì)照組也不一樣,給予鹽負(fù)荷后發(fā)現(xiàn)實(shí)驗(yàn)組醛固酮與對(duì)照組相比分泌不足,而注射AngⅡ后醛固酮分泌大大增加[16]。國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)于原發(fā)性高血壓基因定位研究結(jié)果大多不一致,與RAAS有關(guān)的基因如ACE基因、血管緊張素原(AGT)基因、調(diào)配利鈉激素的基因、NOS基因、SA基因及一些其他的候選基因如G-蛋白beta3-亞單位基因825T、甲基四氫葉酸還原酶基因、醛固酮合成酶C-344T、低密度脂蛋白受體基因AvaⅡ多態(tài)性、ADD1-G460W、血管加壓素受體1A基因及ApoE基因等通常被認(rèn)為與高血壓的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。雖然對(duì)于確切的定位基因還沒(méi)有定論,但我們已經(jīng)越來(lái)越深刻的感覺(jué)到原發(fā)性高血壓是一個(gè)多基因多因素的疾病,有明顯的遺傳特征[17-25]。近來(lái)有研究表明在哈薩克斯坦和維吾爾族高血壓患者和血壓正常者之間rs751141G/A基因多態(tài)性差異沒(méi)有顯著性(P>0.05)[26]。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CYP17A1基因的多態(tài)性與高血壓的易感性之間有明顯的聯(lián)系,CYP17A1 A等位基因是高血壓的一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素[27]。國(guó)內(nèi)相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),中國(guó)漢族人群中用單標(biāo)記和基因型分析來(lái)檢測(cè)腎素—血管緊張素—醛固酮系統(tǒng)基因和縱向血壓表型的聯(lián)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)NR3C2單核苷酸基因多態(tài)性rs7694064和rs6856803與收縮期血壓的縱向變化有顯著聯(lián)系[28]。
2.2健康狀況
2.2.1血糖
原發(fā)性高血壓患者中合并糖尿病或糖代謝異常的人群顯著高于一般人群,在高血壓人群中發(fā)生糖尿病的危險(xiǎn)為非高血壓人群的2~4倍。WHO曾經(jīng)對(duì)50多個(gè)國(guó)家進(jìn)行調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病患者中合并高血壓的患者已經(jīng)達(dá)到20%~40%[29]。Michaela等對(duì)2475例隨機(jī)人群進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)高血壓和葡萄糖不耐受密切相關(guān)[30]。Welborn等對(duì)比了19例非肥胖的中度高血壓患者與46例正常血壓者的血胰島素水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)高血壓患者的空腹及餐后血胰島素水平顯著高于正常血壓者[31]。胰島素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)及糖代謝紊亂已被公認(rèn)為是高血壓及肥胖癥的病理生理基礎(chǔ)之一[32]。糖尿病是心血管疾病的重要危險(xiǎn)因素,對(duì)于缺血性心臟病和中風(fēng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),糖尿病患者是無(wú)糖尿病患者的兩倍。近來(lái)越來(lái)越多的研究探討血糖與高血壓發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病、高濃度葡萄糖和胰島素可促進(jìn)高血壓發(fā)展[33]。
2.2.2血脂
早在上世紀(jì)70年代,大量的高血壓流行病學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血漿總膽固醇(TC)水平和血壓間存在正相關(guān)。研究員Oslo對(duì)16 525名健康男性進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)40歲后舒張壓>110 mmHg者與舒張壓<70 mmHg者相比較,其血TC值平均升高0.71 mmol·L-1;多因素分析顯示血壓與TC之間的相關(guān)性僅受體重指數(shù)和血TG水平的影響[34]。Framingham研究顯示血壓較高者有較高的血TC水平(r=0.12),但在人群的亞組分析中卻沒(méi)能得到一致的結(jié)論[35]。1988年,Willims等對(duì)美國(guó)猶他(Utah)州22萬(wàn)2千余人進(jìn)行高血壓流行病學(xué)調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)原發(fā)性高血壓患者24 569人,其調(diào)查的58個(gè)家族中27個(gè)家族有兩位以上的高血壓成員伴有一至多種的脂質(zhì)紊亂[36]。中國(guó)學(xué)者近來(lái)對(duì)浙江省玉環(huán)縣農(nóng)村社區(qū)125 479個(gè)高血壓患者血壓和血脂情況進(jìn)行了調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)高血壓人群TC異常的情況嚴(yán)重,隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),男、女性TC異常情況呈現(xiàn)不同的變化趨勢(shì),男性緩慢下降,而女性卻快速上升,并分別在60歲和55歲達(dá)到最高峰[37]。Tromso對(duì)16 000名中青年進(jìn)行調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)論是男性還是女性隨著收縮壓和舒張壓的增高其TC和非高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(non-HDL-C)水平也顯著增加[38]。
2.2.3尿酸
Masuo等做過(guò)一個(gè)流行病調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)尿酸水平高則提示發(fā)生高血壓的危險(xiǎn)性大[39]。Feig等針對(duì)于青少年高血壓做過(guò)研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)89%的原發(fā)性高血壓病患者血尿酸水平>330 mmol·L-1(n=63),而在正常人(n=40)或白大衣性高血壓(n=22)中其發(fā)生率為0%[40]。兒童血清尿酸水平已被證實(shí)可預(yù)測(cè)從童年開(kāi)始持續(xù)到成年的高血壓水平[41]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)也支持尿酸是高血壓的病因,選取輕度高尿酸血癥的大鼠發(fā)展為原發(fā)性高血壓,通過(guò)使用別嘌呤醇和苯碘達(dá)龍預(yù)防高尿酸血癥,同時(shí)也預(yù)防了高血壓的發(fā)生[42-44]。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),用尿酸酶抑制劑(氧嗪酸)誘導(dǎo)大鼠出現(xiàn)高尿酸血癥,幾周后大鼠血壓升高,尿酸每升高0.03 mmol·L-1血壓可升高10 mmHg。其機(jī)制考慮與尿酸激活循環(huán)RAS,引起腎血管收縮反應(yīng)相關(guān)[44]。臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),尿酸與高血壓患者尿AGT濃度呈明顯正相關(guān)[45]。而尿酸與高血壓的發(fā)病是否相關(guān)須等到降低尿酸水平后看血壓是否下降才能證明。美國(guó)人群的研究數(shù)據(jù)表明,血尿酸升高與阿拉斯加州愛(ài)斯基摩人高血壓發(fā)病率呈正相關(guān)[46],還與健康青少年人群血壓升高相關(guān)[47]。目前,幾項(xiàng)臨床干預(yù)試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)高果糖飲食引起血尿酸、血壓升高,別嘌呤醇降尿酸治療高血壓患者的血壓明顯降低[48-50]。Torro對(duì)歐洲643個(gè)白人進(jìn)行調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)尿酸與血壓有關(guān),但是臨床意義還需要作進(jìn)一步研究[51]。國(guó)內(nèi)有學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血中高尿酸與高血壓前期風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān),尤其是女性[52]。
2.2.4血漿同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)
國(guó)外許多研究證實(shí)血中Hcy異常升高(同型半胱氨酸血癥)是粥樣硬化性血管病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[53]。有學(xué)者提出Hcy通過(guò)升高血壓而致粥樣硬化的假說(shuō)[54-57]。Hcy與原發(fā)性高血壓的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān),血漿Hcy在代謝過(guò)程中發(fā)生自身氧化產(chǎn)生的多種強(qiáng)氧化劑能導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)和功能損傷,誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡;Hcy與一氧化氮(NO)反應(yīng)生成亞硝基化合物,通過(guò)氧自由基等活性物質(zhì)增加NO降解且抑制一氧化氮合成酶活性,使得外周血管阻力增加;同時(shí)可使血管中層平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖,血管壁增厚,順應(yīng)性下降,從而造成平滑肌內(nèi)鈣離子聚集,血管收縮,脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化和血液凝固性增高等。作為炎性因子,血漿Hcy可促進(jìn)血管彈性纖維加速溶解,降低彈性纖維含量,促進(jìn)膠原纖維的合成,促進(jìn)平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖,促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生和發(fā)展[58]。秦海蓓也研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高血壓患者血漿Hcy值與原發(fā)性高血壓患者的危險(xiǎn)等級(jí)密切相關(guān)[59]。Catena等對(duì)562個(gè)原發(fā)性高血壓患者研究發(fā)現(xiàn)高Hcy與原發(fā)性高血壓患者的代謝綜合征相關(guān)[60]。Li等人做過(guò)一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高齡和高Hcy是原發(fā)性高血壓患者血栓栓塞事件的獨(dú)立預(yù)后危險(xiǎn)因素[61]。
2.3其他
2.3.1年齡和性別
2010年中國(guó)高血壓防治指南顯示,通常高血壓患病率隨年齡增長(zhǎng)而升高,女性在更年期前患病率略低于男性,但在更年期后迅速增高,甚至高于男性[62]。2003年世界衛(wèi)生組織調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),全球成人中約有25%~35%為高血壓患者。高血壓患者總數(shù)達(dá)9.72億;而大于70歲人群中則上升到60%~70%[63]。原發(fā)性高血壓的患病率隨著年齡增加而有所增長(zhǎng),美國(guó)曾經(jīng)做過(guò)一項(xiàng)衛(wèi)生和營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)原發(fā)性高血壓的流行率從6.7%(20~39歲)升到65.2%(60歲以上)[64]。國(guó)外學(xué)者調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),原發(fā)性高血壓女性患者流行率較高,在更年期以前發(fā)病率低于男性,但是更年期以后發(fā)病率與男性無(wú)差別甚至高于男性[65]。2010年中國(guó)出臺(tái)的高血壓防治指南也支持此觀點(diǎn)[62]。近來(lái)安可英等對(duì)372例原發(fā)性高血壓患者進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),年齡與晨峰血壓呈正相關(guān),可認(rèn)為是其主要的危險(xiǎn)因素[66]。Johansson等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),老年人比年輕人的血壓和脈壓的變異性更強(qiáng)[67]。
2.3.2生活方式
2.3.2.1高鈉、低鉀
人群中,鈉鹽(氯化鈉)攝入量與血壓水平和高血壓患病率呈正相關(guān),而鉀鹽攝入量與血壓水平呈負(fù)相關(guān)。高鈉攝入可使血壓升高,而低鈉攝入可使血壓降低。1960年,Dahl成功建立了鹽敏感性高血壓遺傳大鼠模型,到20世紀(jì)70年代末,Kawasaki和Luft先后提出了血壓鹽敏感性概念,使針對(duì)鹽和高血壓發(fā)生發(fā)展機(jī)制關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)入了新的階段[68-69]。1988年Intersalt大規(guī)模橫斷面研究證實(shí),人群尿鈉24 h的排泄量/鈉攝入量,每減少2.35 g,收縮壓和舒張壓也分別相應(yīng)減少6.0和2.5 mmHg,隨年齡增長(zhǎng)尿鈉平均24 h排泄量與血壓水平呈顯著相關(guān)[70]。另外,Zhou等1989年對(duì)10組樣本人群進(jìn)行調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)人群平均每人每天的膳食鈉攝入量和鈉/鉀比值與人群的收縮壓及舒張壓均值呈顯著正相關(guān)[71]。小而短期的臨床數(shù)據(jù)顯示,在高血壓患者中減少鈉的攝入量能夠明顯降低血壓,但是在非高血壓患者中未見(jiàn)此變化[72]。越來(lái)越多的研究數(shù)據(jù)提示現(xiàn)在的指導(dǎo)方針應(yīng)該建議全民把鈉的攝入量限制在2 g·d-1(即食鹽的攝入量限制在5 g·d-1)[73]。系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)一致建議整體減少鈉的攝入量1 g·d-1,建議將鈉的攝入量減少至2.4 g·d-1(即食鹽的攝入量限制在6 g·d-1)[74]。
2.3.2.2超重和肥胖
國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者趙連成報(bào)道表明,BMI和腰圍均對(duì)高血壓有獨(dú)立影響[75]。陳婕等對(duì)我國(guó)14個(gè)省市的調(diào)查結(jié)果也同樣表明高血壓患病率隨人群BMI增加而顯著增加[76]。國(guó)內(nèi)外已有的許多研究指出,肥胖人群的高血壓患病率明顯高于正常體重人群[77]。我國(guó)自1990年以來(lái)對(duì)共計(jì)24萬(wàn)成人進(jìn)行了13項(xiàng)大規(guī)模流行病學(xué)調(diào)查,分析結(jié)果顯示:BMI≥24 kg/m2的超重者的高血壓患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是體重正常者(BMI 18.5-23.9 kg/m2)的3~4倍。腰圍≥90的男性或≥85 cm的女性,發(fā)生高血壓的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是腰圍正常者的4倍以上[62]。肥胖是高血壓最重要的危險(xiǎn)因素,脂肪干細(xì)胞對(duì)血壓的控制起關(guān)鍵作用[78]。超重,尤其是內(nèi)臟脂肪過(guò)度增長(zhǎng)是高血壓的主要原因,占人類原發(fā)性高血壓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的65%到75%。長(zhǎng)期肥胖和靶器官損傷的發(fā)展,尤其是腎損傷,使得肥胖相關(guān)高血壓變得越來(lái)越難以控制[79]。
2.3.2.3吸煙、飲酒
高血壓患病率隨每日吸煙量以及吸煙年數(shù)的增加而增加[80]。有研究表明煙中含的尼古丁刺激心臟,從而使得心跳加快,血壓升高,吸煙加重了高血壓患者血管損傷[81]。Afridi等發(fā)現(xiàn)吸煙可導(dǎo)致血壓和心率的急速增加,其與惡性高血壓關(guān)聯(lián)顯著,高血壓患者的毛發(fā)和血液中的鉻和汞的含量高于健康對(duì)照者,而鋅和硒濃度卻低于后者[82]。近來(lái)蔡婷等所做的中國(guó)居民高血壓危險(xiǎn)因素Meta分析顯示吸煙、飲酒均為中國(guó)居民高血壓的危險(xiǎn)因素,吸煙OR=1.14,飲酒OR=1.15[83]。過(guò)量飲酒是高血壓發(fā)病的危險(xiǎn)因素,調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)男性持續(xù)飲酒者比不飲酒者4年內(nèi)發(fā)生高血壓的危險(xiǎn)性增高40%。每天飲100 g以上白酒,則收縮壓和舒張壓的水平升高3.5/2.1 mmHg。我國(guó)對(duì)人群飲酒量與高血壓發(fā)病率曾進(jìn)行過(guò)一次前瞻性研究,結(jié)果顯示二者呈顯著正相關(guān),飲白酒每日增加100 g,高血壓發(fā)病的相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)性增高19%~26%[84]。之前對(duì)于男性進(jìn)行的干預(yù)性研究已證明酒精可使血壓升高,Mori等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于絕經(jīng)前期的健康女性,長(zhǎng)期規(guī)律飲紅酒200~300 mL·d-1可提升24 h收縮壓和舒張壓。[85]
2.3.2.4體力運(yùn)動(dòng)
美國(guó)曾經(jīng)對(duì)年輕成年人(18~30歲)進(jìn)行了15年的跟蹤調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)較多的人比運(yùn)動(dòng)較少的人原發(fā)性高血壓的發(fā)病率有所降低[86],并調(diào)查了大量18~45歲的美國(guó)非洲籍?huà)D女,發(fā)現(xiàn)鍛煉組比不鍛煉組收縮壓降低6.4 mmHg,舒張壓和夜間血壓負(fù)荷也有所降低[87]。第八屆全國(guó)聯(lián)合委員會(huì)指導(dǎo)成人高血壓管理方案最近發(fā)布,生活方式研究小組得出了強(qiáng)有力的證據(jù),表明高血壓患者有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)可使血壓降低1~5 mmHg,個(gè)人平均最有效的運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)包括中度到劇烈的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度至少12周,每周3~4次,每次持續(xù)40 min[88]。
2.3.2.5睡眠
美國(guó)做過(guò)一項(xiàng)健康營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)查,對(duì)于32~59歲成年人,睡眠每晚<5 h原發(fā)性高血壓的患病率為24%,而睡眠在7~8 h則高血壓患病率僅為12%,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)睡眠減少可能是原發(fā)性高血壓患者的一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素[89]。中國(guó)也有學(xué)者對(duì)342名原發(fā)性高血壓患者進(jìn)行問(wèn)卷調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)老年原發(fā)性高血壓患者睡眠質(zhì)量總體較差,可疑失眠及失眠患者占75.74%[90]。Yamaki等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)較差的睡眠質(zhì)量可獨(dú)立降低原發(fā)性高血壓患者的踝臂指數(shù),睡眠質(zhì)量差會(huì)干擾夜間血壓的下降,從而成為高血壓發(fā)展的一個(gè)相關(guān)因素[91]。
2.3.2.6避孕藥
有研究表明,婦女服用避孕藥與同期未服者相比,血壓較高。其血壓升高的發(fā)生率及程度與服藥時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短有關(guān)[92]。
3治療
鑒于高血壓是心腦血管疾病最主要的危險(xiǎn)因素,治療高血壓的主要目的是降低心腦血管并發(fā)癥及死亡的總體危險(xiǎn)。目前,治療高血壓采取綜合治療,包括血壓監(jiān)測(cè)、藥物治療和生活方式干預(yù)。
3.1血壓監(jiān)測(cè)
3.1.1診室血壓
診室血壓測(cè)量已經(jīng)有100多年的臨床應(yīng)用史,對(duì)于評(píng)估血壓水平、臨床療效及血壓分級(jí)有重要作用。但是這種測(cè)量方式存在弊端,不能反映24 h血壓狀況,只能反映瞬時(shí)水平,容易出現(xiàn)漏診和誤診[93-95]。Sharman所做的研究也提及診室血壓對(duì)于血壓測(cè)量存在局限性,影響對(duì)高血壓患者血壓的評(píng)估[96]。對(duì)于高血壓患者靶器官的損害程度,診室血壓的預(yù)測(cè)能力不及家庭自測(cè)血壓和24 h動(dòng)態(tài)血壓監(jiān)測(cè)。
3.1.2家庭自測(cè)血壓(HBPM)
最初家庭自測(cè)血壓使用汞柱式血壓計(jì),之后采用聽(tīng)診的方式進(jìn)行測(cè)量,但是由于患者自行測(cè)量讀數(shù)不精準(zhǔn),結(jié)果可靠性較差。后來(lái)電子血壓計(jì)問(wèn)世,經(jīng)過(guò)系統(tǒng)識(shí)別脈沖,數(shù)據(jù)綜合處理,讀數(shù)的可靠性得到了保障。電子血壓計(jì)常見(jiàn)的有腕式、指套式和上臂式3種類型。Vrijens[97]、Marquez-Contreras[98]、Rudd[99]等都研究發(fā)現(xiàn)家庭自測(cè)血壓可以提高患者用藥依從性。且Staessen等[100]和Hond等[101]對(duì)400名患者進(jìn)行隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究顯示,對(duì)于高血壓的達(dá)標(biāo)率,家庭自測(cè)血壓組達(dá)標(biāo)而停藥的比率(25.6%)顯著高于診室血壓組(11.3%)。另外家庭自測(cè)血壓測(cè)量方便,費(fèi)用低,且可以多時(shí)點(diǎn)重復(fù)測(cè)量,與動(dòng)態(tài)血壓監(jiān)測(cè)相比,更適用于推廣。Uhlig發(fā)現(xiàn),家庭自測(cè)血壓與常規(guī)治療相比對(duì)于血壓控制有所幫助,但是對(duì)于超過(guò)12個(gè)月的長(zhǎng)期臨床影響還有待研究,并且指出在未來(lái)的研究中應(yīng)該把病人選擇的程序標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,以便將家庭自測(cè)血壓試驗(yàn)的可解釋性和適用性的支持性協(xié)議最大化[102]。Breaux-Shropshire也發(fā)現(xiàn)家庭自測(cè)血壓鼓勵(lì)以病人為中心的護(hù)理可提高血壓控制和病人的恢復(fù)[103]。
3.1.3動(dòng)態(tài)血壓監(jiān)測(cè)(ABPM)
ABPM是讓患者在非優(yōu)勢(shì)臂上佩戴便攜式血壓計(jì),持續(xù)24~25 h,以獲取日間活動(dòng)和夜間睡眠時(shí)的血壓值。ABPM可以獲取多項(xiàng)指標(biāo),包括測(cè)量多個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)具體血壓值,日間、夜間及24 h平均血壓,血壓變異性,血壓晨峰,血壓負(fù)荷及動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)脈硬化指數(shù)。然而,這些指標(biāo)能否進(jìn)一步增加預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值尚不清楚,能否作為臨床常規(guī)應(yīng)用有待于進(jìn)一步研究。ABPM與器官損害指標(biāo)如高血壓患者左心室肥大、頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜-中膜厚度等有較強(qiáng)相關(guān)性,且與診室血壓相比能夠更好地預(yù)測(cè)臨床心血管事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性[104]。但ABPM目前也存在一些弊端,對(duì)于所采集的血壓值尚未形成一個(gè)統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn);測(cè)量血壓值的準(zhǔn)確性和重復(fù)性也需要進(jìn)一步提高。且對(duì)于所得參數(shù)的分析方法,還需進(jìn)行更多的臨床實(shí)踐進(jìn)而做出更合理、科學(xué)的解釋。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),若要更可靠的診斷高血壓,在進(jìn)行了診室血壓測(cè)量之后還要進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)血壓監(jiān)測(cè)[105]。Paolasso發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于高血壓患者的臨床實(shí)踐,家庭自測(cè)血壓較之于動(dòng)態(tài)血壓監(jiān)測(cè)對(duì)于日常的收縮壓和舒張壓的測(cè)量沒(méi)有明顯差異,二者對(duì)決定血壓管理的一致性達(dá)到了79%。但對(duì)于實(shí)施治療措施的決定則更顯著的傾向于動(dòng)態(tài)血壓監(jiān)測(cè)。[106]
3.2藥物治療
臨床普遍應(yīng)用的降壓藥物有血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶抑制劑(ACEI)、血管緊張素受體拮抗劑(ARB)、β-受體阻滯劑、鈣拮抗劑(CCB)、噻嗪類利尿劑和ATI受體拮抗劑。對(duì)于藥物選擇,黑種人患者選用噻嗪類利尿劑或CCB,而非黑種人患者選用噻嗪類利尿劑、CCB、ACEI或ARB。作為一類新型降壓藥物ATI受體拮抗劑通過(guò)阻斷血管緊張素Ⅱ與ATI受體相結(jié)合,達(dá)到降壓的作用[107]。
2010年我國(guó)高血壓指南也推出了幾種聯(lián)合治療方案,如二氫吡啶類CCB+ARB;二氫吡啶類CCB+ACEI;ARB+噻嗪類利尿劑;二氫吡啶類CCB+β受體阻滯劑。兩種藥物搭配治療,可協(xié)同降壓,抵消和減輕不良反應(yīng)[62]。
2014年美國(guó)高血壓指南研究指出啟動(dòng)降壓治療的收縮壓(SBP)和舒張壓(DBP)界值,年齡小于60歲的高血壓患者SBP≥140 mmHg或DBP≥90 mmHg,而60歲以上的高血壓患者SBP≥150 mmHg或DBP≥90 mmHg;經(jīng)過(guò)降壓治療后血壓目標(biāo)值為年齡小于60歲的高血壓患者血壓值為<140/90 mmHg,而60歲以上的高血壓患者血壓值為<150/90 mmHg。并且該指南指出了降壓治療方案的調(diào)整策略:A先選用一種藥物治療,逐漸增加至最大劑量,若血壓仍不能達(dá)標(biāo)則加用第二種藥物;B先選用一種藥物治療,在增加至最大劑量之前加用第二種藥物;C起始治療時(shí)即采用2種藥物聯(lián)合,可以是自由處方聯(lián)合或者單片固定劑量復(fù)方制劑。對(duì)于策略A和B,加用并滴定噻嗪類利尿劑、ACEI、ARB或CCB,加用藥物的類別不同于已用藥物,避免同時(shí)應(yīng)用ACEI或ARB,對(duì)于策略C,滴定初始用藥劑量達(dá)最大。對(duì)于合并了慢性腎臟病的患者,一開(kāi)始降壓治療時(shí),就應(yīng)該服用ACEI或ARB[108]。Jadhav研究發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于用鈣通道阻滯劑單藥治療或者未經(jīng)處理的2或3級(jí)高血壓患者,用單片組合吲達(dá)帕胺緩蝕劑/氨氯地平降壓效果顯著,尤其是45 d后收縮壓是安全的且耐受性良好[109]。Toyoda等提出了基于每日鹽的攝入量的聯(lián)合降壓療法,對(duì)于盡管服用ARB而血壓未能達(dá)標(biāo)的高血壓患者通過(guò)鈉和肌酐的尿點(diǎn)值估量和計(jì)算每天鈉的攝入量,隨機(jī)分組分別接受ARB/噻嗪類利尿藥或者ARB/CCB聯(lián)合治療,發(fā)現(xiàn)服用ARB/噻嗪類利尿藥的患者的舒張壓降壓效果明顯,而服用ARB/CCB患者的收縮壓降壓效果明顯[110]。
3.3生活方式干預(yù)
高血壓是一種多因素疾病,識(shí)別和處理危險(xiǎn)因素不僅對(duì)于高血壓的防治尤為重要,亦可顯著地降低心血管事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[111],應(yīng)從源頭開(kāi)始防控,如戒煙限酒、合理膳食、適量運(yùn)動(dòng)、保持身心健康等。研究表明,肥胖高血壓患者的血壓較高,需應(yīng)用多種藥物降壓;高鹽攝入可升高血壓也降低多種降壓藥物的療效;中度飲酒者戒煙后,血壓可下降7.2/6.6 mmHg[112]。2010年高血壓防治指南也指出健康的生活方式對(duì)于高血壓患者是有效的治療方法,對(duì)于降低血壓和心血管的危險(xiǎn)有肯定的作用。具體方法主要有減少鈉鹽攝入,增加鉀鹽攝入;控制身體質(zhì)量;戒煙;不過(guò)量飲酒;體育運(yùn)動(dòng);減輕精神壓力,保持心理平衡[62]。2014年加拿大高血壓教育項(xiàng)目建議飲食中鈉的攝入量最大閾值范圍為每天1 500 mg鈉(3.75 g鹽)到每天2 000 mg鈉(5 g鹽)[113]。Linda回顧分析了第七次聯(lián)合國(guó)高血壓管理委員會(huì)指南、第八次聯(lián)合國(guó)高血壓管理委員會(huì)指南、美國(guó)心臟協(xié)會(huì)、美國(guó)大學(xué)、歐洲高血壓協(xié)會(huì)/歐洲心臟學(xué)會(huì)和加拿大健康教育計(jì)劃針對(duì)高血壓所提出的生活方式運(yùn)動(dòng)處方的建議,總結(jié)多種建議之間的差異,針對(duì)高血壓的運(yùn)動(dòng)處方,探討未來(lái)研究需要,為高血壓防治提出了更多有力依據(jù)[114]。
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[責(zé)任編輯:李薊龍英文編輯:劉彥哲]
Research Progress on Etiology,Risk Factors and Treatment of Primary Hypertension
GAO Jin-chai1,PENG Wei2
(1.Hebei Medical University,Shijiazhuang 050021,Hebei China;2.Hebei North University,Zhangjiakou 075000,Hebei China)
Abstract:Hypertension is an increasingly common chronic disease and the major complication with stroke,myocardial infarction,heart failure and the chronic kidney disease(CKD).As the major risk factor of cardio-cerebral vascular disease,it has the characteristics of“three high and three low”,that is,high prevalence,high morbidity,high mortality,low awareness,low treatment and low control rate.It brings individuals,families and society heavy burden.With the development of society we have made a great deal of research on its pathogenesis,risk factors and treatment and have obtained some progress.However,hypertension remains to be a major public health problem,and the popularity of primary hypertension is still growing around the world.
Key words:primary hypertension;pathogenesis;risk factor;treatment
基金項(xiàng)目:張家口市科學(xué)技術(shù)研究與發(fā)展指導(dǎo)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(No.142777111D)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:高金釵(1988-),女,河北省人,研究生,研究方向:公共衛(wèi)生流行病學(xué)。 通訊作者:彭偉(1959-),男,河北石家莊人,教授,碩士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:心血管內(nèi)科及衛(wèi)生事業(yè)管理。
中圖分類號(hào):R 544.1
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:C
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-1492.2016.02.012
來(lái)稿日期:2015-09-07
河北北方學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版)2016年2期