張佑俊 潘 欣
200030 上海交通大學(xué)附屬胸科醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科
?
心房顫動(dòng)射頻消融術(shù)后肺靜脈狹窄診斷與介入治療
張佑俊潘欣
200030上海交通大學(xué)附屬胸科醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科
【摘要】肺靜脈狹窄是心房顫動(dòng)射頻消融術(shù)后較常見(jiàn)的并發(fā)癥之一。患者出現(xiàn)狹窄部位肺淤血和肺血流灌注障礙,晚期可能發(fā)生進(jìn)展性肺循環(huán)高壓,預(yù)后差,死亡率增高。早期診斷并積極治療射頻消融術(shù)后肺靜脈狹窄有重要意義。該文主要介紹肺靜脈狹窄的病因及病理特點(diǎn),臨床診斷要點(diǎn)及處理。
【關(guān)鍵詞】射頻消融術(shù);肺靜脈狹窄;心房顫動(dòng);介入治療
射頻消融術(shù)作為治療心房顫動(dòng)(房顫)的重要手段,近年來(lái)在我國(guó)的手術(shù)量增長(zhǎng)較快,然而術(shù)后并發(fā)肺靜脈狹窄(PVS)也逐漸增多[1]。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),術(shù)后PVS發(fā)生率為3%~8%[2]。PVS早期臨床癥狀輕微,且無(wú)特異性,一旦出現(xiàn)明顯癥狀,大多預(yù)后不佳,死亡率明顯增高。因此,PVS的早期診斷和治療具有重要意義。
1PVS的病因及病理特點(diǎn)
房顫射頻消融所致PVS多與不恰當(dāng)?shù)南谛g(shù)式、消融部位和射頻能量相關(guān)。房顫射頻消融術(shù)開(kāi)展早期,因肺靜脈隔離術(shù)式不當(dāng)導(dǎo)致PVS發(fā)生率高達(dá)4.5%,近來(lái)年改進(jìn)消融術(shù)式后PVS發(fā)生率降至0~1.5%。環(huán)肺靜脈口消融術(shù)后PVS發(fā)生率顯著高于大環(huán)消融、線性消融和點(diǎn)消融等術(shù)式[3]。此外,高能量和長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的消融與PVS發(fā)生呈正相關(guān)[4],但也有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,消融能量和時(shí)間與PVS無(wú)明確相關(guān)性[5]。一般認(rèn)為PVS是術(shù)中多因素共同作用的結(jié)果。越靠近肺靜脈口、長(zhǎng)時(shí)間、高能量的環(huán)狀消融,PVS發(fā)生率越高。另外,肺靜脈開(kāi)口直徑<10 mm,存在中間靜脈,肺靜脈過(guò)早分叉等解剖變異的患者更易發(fā)生PVS[6]。
房顫射頻消融所致PVS的病理特點(diǎn)[7]:早期多呈消融部位肺靜脈內(nèi)膜局部慢性增生和膠原沉著,伴進(jìn)行性內(nèi)膜纖維化和肌性增生伴血管收縮[8-9],此時(shí)患者多無(wú)明顯臨床癥狀或癥狀輕微;病程晚期肺靜脈主干管腔完全閉塞,出現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)端肺小靜脈閉塞性改變,肺小動(dòng)脈可出現(xiàn)類似肺動(dòng)脈高壓樣改變,臨床上患者表現(xiàn)為呼吸困難、咳嗽、咯血等非特異性癥狀[9]。
2PVS的診斷
嚴(yán)重PVS多表現(xiàn)為術(shù)后3~6個(gè)月活動(dòng)或者勞累后呼吸困難(83%)、靜息時(shí)呼吸困難(30%)、反復(fù)咳嗽(39%)、咯血(13%)、胸膜痛(26%)[10]。上述癥狀的嚴(yán)重程度與病程進(jìn)展、病變血管支數(shù)以及狹窄嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)。也有部分患者因個(gè)體差異,血管病變與癥狀沒(méi)有明確的相關(guān)性,甚至有一些重度PVS或肺靜脈閉塞患者,因側(cè)支循環(huán)豐富,癥狀不典型。
早期診斷PVS較為困難,有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,患者從出現(xiàn)癥狀到確診平均需16周[11]。多數(shù)患者明確診斷PVS時(shí),一支或多支肺靜脈已經(jīng)完全或次全閉塞,進(jìn)入不可逆的病理重構(gòu)階段。因此,正確認(rèn)識(shí)和早期診斷PVS非常重要[12],消融術(shù)后應(yīng)常規(guī)復(fù)查肺靜脈螺旋CT血管造影(CTA)、肺血管核磁造影(MRA)或肺通氣灌注掃描。
單用或聯(lián)合應(yīng)用肺靜脈增強(qiáng)CTA及三維重建、MRA和肺通氣灌注掃描,必要時(shí)行肺血管造影對(duì)明確診斷PVS具有重要意義[13]。因造影劑肺內(nèi)再循環(huán)后肺靜脈顯影欠佳,CTA有可能高估病變的嚴(yán)重程度。MRA能清晰顯示和區(qū)分狹窄<25%和>50%的病變,顯示肺靜脈走行、解剖特征(分叉)和開(kāi)口直徑,但少數(shù)可能存在偽像,且費(fèi)用和技術(shù)要求較高。肺血流同位素掃描對(duì)中重度PVS較敏感,且易受多種因素干擾,僅作為PVS的篩查手段,非確診依據(jù)。肺靜脈造影是目前診斷肺靜脈病變的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),且可能對(duì)患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)進(jìn)行判斷和評(píng)估。術(shù)后隨訪時(shí)間點(diǎn)目前多有爭(zhēng)議,多數(shù)中心選擇在術(shù)后6~12個(gè)月隨訪[13],然而部分患者在術(shù)后1~3個(gè)月內(nèi)即出現(xiàn)不典型的臨床癥狀[14]。有研究推薦,房顫消融術(shù)后3~6個(gè)月影像學(xué)隨訪,若發(fā)現(xiàn)輕微PVS,則6~12個(gè)月再次隨訪[2]。
3PVS的處理原則
PVS處理的基本原則[15]:(1)藥物治療對(duì)重度PVS基本無(wú)效,利尿劑僅能部分緩解肺水腫癥狀。(2)介入治療:如僅累及單支肺靜脈,狹窄程度50%~75%,無(wú)癥狀者可每3~6個(gè)月影像學(xué)定期隨訪。單支肺靜脈狹窄程度>75%,伴明顯癥狀;或無(wú)癥狀但同側(cè)肺2支肺靜脈均出現(xiàn)狹窄,需要及時(shí)干預(yù)。對(duì)重度PVS患者早期介入治療,可避免不可逆性肺動(dòng)脈高壓,晚期開(kāi)通一方面不利于缺血肺灌注恢復(fù),另一方面病變血管極易發(fā)展成慢性肺靜脈閉塞,不利于再血管化,增加再狹窄發(fā)生率[16-19]。(3)手術(shù)治療包括肺葉切除、靜脈修補(bǔ)和肺葉移植,但創(chuàng)傷大、手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高,適應(yīng)證為有明確相關(guān)癥狀、肺靜脈呈慢性閉塞或多支嚴(yán)重病變。
3.1PVS的介入治療
隨著房顫消融術(shù)式的改進(jìn),冷凍消融導(dǎo)管[4]、激光消融導(dǎo)管[20]、血管內(nèi)超聲[21]等用于臨床, PVS的發(fā)生顯著減少。目前介入治療已成為治療PVS的主要選擇,但對(duì)不同病變類型的治療策略目前尚不統(tǒng)一。部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為,若首次單純球囊擴(kuò)張的效果顯著(殘余狹窄<20%、壓差<5 mmHg),則CT隨訪觀察;若發(fā)生再狹窄加重則置入支架[15]。多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為,由于單純球囊擴(kuò)張容易出現(xiàn)早期彈性回縮,而大直徑高壓球囊有左房血管連接處撕裂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。支架置入術(shù)操作相對(duì)安全,即刻效果好,已成為房顫消融術(shù)后PVS一線治療手段[13, 19]。對(duì)肺靜脈完全閉塞或者次全閉塞患者,可以小球囊做逐級(jí)預(yù)擴(kuò)張,便于球囊支架通過(guò)狹窄段。與單純球囊擴(kuò)張比較,置入金屬支架更有效,可改善癥狀和缺血肺循環(huán)灌注。術(shù)后再狹窄率較低,發(fā)生再狹窄較晚,多出現(xiàn)在術(shù)后半年[16]。至于分叉病變、小肺靜脈(直徑<5 mm)病變,多支病變的最佳介入治療策略仍依賴介入醫(yī)生的個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 此外,多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)推薦的PVS的介入治療即刻成功標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下[19]:形態(tài)學(xué)上覆蓋所有狹窄段,殘余狹窄<30%,狹窄遠(yuǎn)近段肺靜脈壓差<5 mmHg,無(wú)手術(shù)相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。
3.2介入術(shù)后抗凝治療方案
PVS支架置入術(shù)后抗凝治療臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)較少,尚無(wú)確定方案,有部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為介入術(shù)后應(yīng)長(zhǎng)期華法林抗凝[21],多數(shù)學(xué)者建議術(shù)后12個(gè)月需華法令抗凝,調(diào)整國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值在1.5~2,同時(shí)給予阿司匹林和氯吡格雷雙重抗血小板治療至少3個(gè)月[22],在抗凝過(guò)程中需注意出血并發(fā)癥。術(shù)后半年建議復(fù)查肺靜脈增強(qiáng)CTA和同位素通氣血流灌注,前者有助于發(fā)現(xiàn)支架內(nèi)及支架邊緣再狹窄,后者可評(píng)估術(shù)后肺部血流灌注和分布。
3.3介入治療并發(fā)癥及再狹窄處理
介入相關(guān)并發(fā)癥包括一過(guò)性ST段抬高、血栓脫落、肺靜脈撕裂導(dǎo)致血胸、支架移位栓塞、肺靜脈左房入口處破裂致急性心包填塞等。術(shù)后晚期并發(fā)癥包括血栓再狹窄、支架內(nèi)血栓、血栓栓塞等。
PVS支架置入盡管短期療效肯定,但是術(shù)后再狹窄仍需重視[21]。有報(bào)道支架術(shù)后再狹窄發(fā)生率約為34%[2]。支架置入術(shù)后再狹窄與病變狹窄程度、病程長(zhǎng)短相關(guān),即病變?cè)絿?yán)重,病程越長(zhǎng),支架置入后越易再狹窄[16-19]。再狹窄與選用支架的內(nèi)徑相關(guān)而與金屬支架類型無(wú)關(guān),即內(nèi)徑越小則越易發(fā)生再狹窄。大內(nèi)徑支架可降低支架內(nèi)再狹窄發(fā)生率,成人PVS多建議選用內(nèi)徑≥10 mm支架[19]。本中心的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PVS支架術(shù)后6個(gè)月經(jīng)CTA證實(shí)發(fā)生支架內(nèi)再狹窄高達(dá)50%,需再次介入治療[23]。由于納入病例均為肺靜脈重度狹窄,發(fā)病距首次診斷的時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),故再狹窄比例偏高。部分病例應(yīng)用藥物覆膜支架及藥物覆膜球囊取得較好的短期效果,但長(zhǎng)期預(yù)后有待觀察[24-27]。需要說(shuō)明的是PVS專用支架及介入器械仍較缺乏。
4小結(jié)
通過(guò)改進(jìn)消融術(shù)式和術(shù)者經(jīng)驗(yàn)積累以降低房顫消融術(shù)后PVS尤為重要。加強(qiáng)術(shù)后患者管理和隨訪有助于早期發(fā)現(xiàn)和診斷消融術(shù)后PVS。對(duì)有相關(guān)癥狀的重度PVS病例,支架置入為首選方案,安全有效。對(duì)于慢性閉塞性病變、嚴(yán)重多支病變且介入失敗病例,可選擇外科手術(shù)。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]De Greef Y, Tavernier R, Raeymaeckers S, et al. Prevalence, characteristics, and predictors of pulmonary vein narrowing after isolation using the pulmonary vein ablation catheter[J]. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol,2012,5(1):52-60.
[2]Rostamian A, Narayan SM, Thomson L, et al. The incidence, diagnosis, and management of pulmonary vein stenosis as a complication of atrial fibrillation ablation[J]. J Interv Card Electrophysiol,2014,40(1):63-74.
[3]Fisher JD, Spinelli MA, Mookherjee D, et al. Atrial fibrillation ablation: reaching the mainstream[J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2006,29(5):523-537.
[4]Tse HF, Reek S, Timmermans C, et al. Pulmonary vein isolation using transvenous catheter cryoablation for treatment of atrial fibrillation without risk of pulmonary vein stenosis[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2003,42(4):752-758.
[5]Arentz T, Jander N, von Rosenthal J, et al. Incidence of pulmonary vein stenosis 2 years after radiofrequency catheter ablation of refractory atrial fibrillation[J]. Eur Heart J,2003,24(10):963-969.
[6]Mansour M, Holmvang G, Sosnovik D, et al. Assessment of pulmonary vein anatomic variability by magnetic resonance imaging: implications for catheter ablation techniques for atrial fibrillation[J]. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2004,15(4):387-393.
[7]Yang HM, Lai CK, Patel J, et al. Irreversible intrapulmonary vascular changes after pulmonary vein stenosis complicating catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation[J]. Cardiovasc Pathol,2007,16(1):51-55.
[8]Kumar N, Pison L, la Meir M, et al. Direct visualization of pulmonary vein stenosis after previous catheter ablation[J]. Heart Rhythm,2014,11(9):1602-1603.
[9]Lu HW, Wei P, Jiang S, et al. Pulmonary Vein stenosis complicating radiofrequency catheter ablation: five case reports and literature review[J]. Medicine (Baltimore),2015,94(34):e1346-1347.
[10]Packer DL, Keelan P, Munger TM, et al. Clinical presentation, investigation, and management of pulmonary vein stenosis complicating ablation for atrial fibrillation[J]. Circulation,2005,111(5):546-554.
[11]Qureshi AM, Prieto LR, Latson LA, et al. Transcatheter angioplasty for acquired pulmonary vein stenosis after radiofrequency ablation[J]. Circulation,2003,108(11):1336-1342.
[12]Calkins H, Kuck KH, Cappato R, et al. 2012 HRS/EHRA/ECAS Expert Consensus Statement on Catheter and Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: recommendations for patient selection, procedural techniques, patient management and follow-up, definitions, endpoints, and research trial design[J]. Europace,2012,14(4):528-606.
[13]Baranowski B, Saliba W. Our approach to management of patients with pulmonary vein stenosis following AF ablation[J]. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2011,22(3):364-367.
[14]Saad EB, Rossillo A, Saad CP, et al. Pulmonary vein stenosis after radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation: functional characterization, evolution, and influence of the ablation strategy[J]. Circulation,2003,108(25):3102-3107.
[15]Holmes DR, Jr., Monahan KH, Packer D. Pulmonary vein stenosis complicating ablation for atrial fibrillation: clinical spectrum and interventional considerations[J]. JACC Cardiovasc Interv,2009,2(4):267-276.
[16]Prieto LR, Schoenhagen P, Arruda MJ, et al. Comparison of stent versus balloon angioplasty for pulmonary vein stenosis complicating pulmonary vein isolation[J]. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2008,19(7):673-678.
[17]Neumann T, Kuniss M, Conradi G, et al. Pulmonary vein stenting for the treatment of acquired severe pulmonary vein stenosis after pulmonary vein isolation: clinical implications after long-term follow-up of 4 years[J]. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2009,20(3):251-257.
[18]Prieto LR, Kawai Y, Worley SE. Total pulmonary vein occlusion complicating pulmonary vein isolation: diagnosis and treatment[J]. Heart Rhythm,2010,7(9):1233-1239.
[19]Skanes AC, Gula LJ, Yee R, et al. Pulmonary vein stenosis: intervene early and carry a big stent[J]. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2008,19(7):679-680.
[20]Dukkipati SR, Cuoco F, Kutinsky I, et al. Pulmonary Vein Isolation Using the Visually Guided Laser Balloon: A Prospective, Multicenter, and Randomized Comparison to Standard Radiofrequency Ablation[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2015,66(12):1350-1360.
[21]Balasubramanian S, Marshall AC, Gauvreau K, et al. Outcomes after stent implantation for the treatment of congenital and postoperative pulmonary vein stenosis in children[J]. Circ Cardiovasc Interv,2012,5(1):109-117.
[22]Asbach S, Schluermann F, Trolese L, et al. Pulmonary vein stenosis after pulmonary vein isolation using duty-cycled unipolar/bipolar radiofrequency ablation guided by intracardiac echocardiography[J]. J Interv Card Electrophysiol,2015,44(1):47-54.
[23]潘欣, 王承, 張佑俊, 等. 支架術(shù)治療心房顫動(dòng)射頻消融術(shù)后嚴(yán)重肺靜脈狹窄的效果[J]. 中華心血管病雜志,2014,42(10):827-830.
[24]Mielczarek M, Ciecwierz D, Sabiniewicz R, et al. The first reported case of pulmonary vein stenosis treated by percutaneous angioplasty with self-apposing drug-eluting stent implantation[J]. Int J Cardiol,2015,179:13-15.
[25]Tehrani S, Lipkin D. Angioplasty of acquired pulmonary vein stenosis using covered stent[J]. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,2013,82(4):E617-620.
[26]Jariwala P, Seitz J, Bouvier E, et al. Bifurcation angioplasty using drug eluting stents of post-AF ablation severe pulmonary vein stenosis[J]. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2012,35(11):e330-333.
[27]Fender EA, Widmer RJ, Monahan KH, et al. TCT-739 management of recurrent pulmonary vein stenosis[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2015,66(15):B11-B12.
(收稿:2015-11-10 修回:2015-12-11)
(本文編輯:丁媛媛)
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-6583.2016.02.008
通信作者:潘欣, Email: panxin 805@163.com