張 文 付 煒 張海波
200127 上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬上海兒童醫(yī)學(xué)中心心胸外科
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G蛋白偶聯(lián)雌激素受體在心血管疾病中的作用
張文付煒張海波
200127 上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬上海兒童醫(yī)學(xué)中心心胸外科
【摘要】流行病學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)雌激素可能在心血管系統(tǒng)中起保護(hù)作用,但絕經(jīng)后的女性雌激素替代治療的臨床效果卻不盡如人意。G蛋白偶聯(lián)雌激素受體(G protein-coupled estrogen receptor,GPER)是一種能介導(dǎo)快速非基因組效應(yīng)的新型雌激素受體,體內(nèi)外研究發(fā)現(xiàn)它能參與心室重構(gòu)、血壓調(diào)節(jié)、脂代謝和動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的進(jìn)程,有望成為心血管疾病預(yù)防與治療的新靶點(diǎn)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】雌激素;G蛋白偶聯(lián)雌激素受體;心血管疾病
流行病學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),心血管疾病的發(fā)生與發(fā)展存在性別差異,例如女性在絕經(jīng)前缺血性心臟病的發(fā)病時(shí)間顯著晚于男性,但絕經(jīng)后的發(fā)病率卻顯著上升,這提示雌激素可能在心血管疾病中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用[1]。針對(duì)絕經(jīng)后女性雌激素替代治療的臨床試驗(yàn)已開(kāi)展十余年,然而,對(duì)于這種療法能否起到心血管保護(hù)作用的爭(zhēng)議始終不斷。近期一項(xiàng)薈萃分析表明,絕經(jīng)后雌激素替代治療在預(yù)防心血管事件發(fā)生方面幾乎沒(méi)有益處,反而會(huì)增加卒中和深靜脈血栓的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[2]。這迫切需要進(jìn)一步闡明雌激素在心血管系統(tǒng)中確切的作用機(jī)制。17β-雌二醇(17β-estradiol,E2)是雌激素中活性最強(qiáng)的成分,通常認(rèn)為E2通過(guò)結(jié)合核內(nèi)的雌激素受體(estrogen receptor, ER)α或β,調(diào)控相關(guān)基因表達(dá),被稱為基因組效應(yīng)。近年來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)E2的某些快速信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)效應(yīng)并非通過(guò)經(jīng)典的ERα或ERβ途徑。G蛋白偶聯(lián)雌激素受體(G protein-coupled estrogen receptor, GPER)是一類(lèi)可以介導(dǎo)快速非基因組效應(yīng)的ER,廣泛存在于全身各組織中[3]。通過(guò)利用GPER特異性激動(dòng)劑或拮抗劑以及基因敲除模型,GPER的功能被不斷闡明。本文主要介紹心血管疾病中GPER的作用。
1GPER概述
1.1結(jié)構(gòu)與定位
GPER是一種7次跨膜蛋白,在心肌細(xì)胞[4]、心臟成纖維細(xì)胞[5]、血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞[6]和血管平滑肌細(xì)胞[7]中均有表達(dá),但對(duì)其確切的亞細(xì)胞定位仍有爭(zhēng)議。早期研究認(rèn)為GPER位于細(xì)胞膜上,但隨后的研究表明對(duì)于大部分細(xì)胞來(lái)說(shuō),GPER定位于細(xì)胞內(nèi)的膜結(jié)構(gòu)上,包括內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)和高爾基體。Cheng等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn),GPER可能通過(guò)網(wǎng)格蛋白介導(dǎo)的固有內(nèi)吞過(guò)程,最終到達(dá)反面高爾基體,不會(huì)再回到細(xì)胞膜表面。在臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞與低分化乳腺癌細(xì)胞中則發(fā)現(xiàn)GPER定位于細(xì)胞核中[9-10],這提示GPER的亞細(xì)胞定位具有細(xì)胞特異性,并受細(xì)胞狀態(tài)的影響。
2.2功能與效應(yīng)
最初發(fā)現(xiàn)GPER的時(shí)候并沒(méi)有找到其相對(duì)應(yīng)的配體,就根據(jù)孤兒受體的命名原則將其稱作G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體30(G protein-coupled receptor 30,GPR30)。E2是GPER的內(nèi)源性自然配體,親和力為3~6 nmol/L,是E2對(duì)ERα或ERβ的親和力的1/10左右[11]。一些選擇性雌激素受體調(diào)節(jié)劑,如4-羥他莫昔芬、雷洛昔芬、ICI182780,以及環(huán)境雌激素,如雙酚A、二氯二苯三氯乙烷(Dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane,DDT)、多氯聯(lián)苯等,均能與GPER相互作用。隨著GPER選擇性激動(dòng)劑G1與選擇性拮抗劑G15、G36的發(fā)現(xiàn),以及GPER基因敲除模型的建立[12],GPER的生物學(xué)功能不斷被揭示。
GPER的激活能夠引起Src介導(dǎo)的基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶活化,促使原本與肝素結(jié)合的表皮生長(zhǎng)因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)釋放,與EGF受體(EGFR)結(jié)合后激活細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶1/2(ERK1/2)及其下游級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)[13]。相反的是,GPER還能激活腺苷酸環(huán)化酶(adenylyl cyclase,AC),減弱ERK1/2的活性,促進(jìn)血管舒張[14]。GPER也能通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)化激活EGFR,激活磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)/絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶(Akt)途徑,活化內(nèi)皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase, eNOS)產(chǎn)生一氧化氮[14-15]。此外,GPER也能調(diào)控細(xì)胞周期相關(guān)蛋白如cyclin A、cyclin D1和cyclin E的表達(dá),促進(jìn)或抑制不同種類(lèi)細(xì)胞的增殖[5, 16-17]。
2GPER在心血管疾病中的作用
2.1心室重構(gòu)
GPER激活后能夠促進(jìn)缺血再灌注損傷心肌的功能恢復(fù),減少心肌梗死面積。E2或G1能夠抑制心肌細(xì)胞凋亡,增加超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和三磷酸腺苷(ATP)酶的水平[18],減少促炎因子如腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β和IL-6的產(chǎn)生[19]。GPER激活后,通過(guò)絲裂原活化蛋白/細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶/糖原合成酶激酶-3β(MEK/ERK/GSK-3β)途徑,抑制線粒體通透轉(zhuǎn)換孔(mPTP)的活性[20]。GPER也能抑制心臟成纖維細(xì)胞細(xì)胞周期蛋白cyclin B1和細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶1(cyclin-dependent kinase 1,CDK1)的表達(dá),抑制成纖維細(xì)胞增殖[5],進(jìn)而減少纖維瘢痕形成,并抑制因雌激素缺失所造成的心室重構(gòu)與舒張功能減退[21]。在卵巢切除的大鼠心肌梗死模型中,GPER的激活能夠聯(lián)合膜雌激素受體ERα通過(guò)PI3K/Akt/eNOS途徑降低心室肥厚的程度[22]。
2.2血壓調(diào)節(jié)
絕經(jīng)前后高血壓發(fā)病率存在顯著差異,這提示雌激素水平可能與血壓調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)[23]。GPER在調(diào)節(jié)血管舒縮功能方面起重要作用。雄性大鼠及年老雌性大鼠腸系膜動(dòng)脈中GPER的表達(dá)要比年輕雌性大鼠降低約50%,提示其可能受性別和年齡的雙重影響[24]。Feldman等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn)GPER基因在P16L位點(diǎn)的單核苷酸錯(cuò)義突變能降低GPER的功能,攜帶此等位基因的女性患者的血壓顯著高于普通人群。利用選擇性拮抗劑G15阻斷GPER則能降低eNOS的生物活性,增強(qiáng)內(nèi)皮依賴的血管收縮效應(yīng)[15],提示GPER能在生理狀態(tài)下介導(dǎo)固有的血管舒張?zhí)匦?。GPER也可通過(guò)激活A(yù)C,促進(jìn)下游環(huán)磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)介導(dǎo)的血管平滑肌細(xì)胞舒張[14],同時(shí)也能抑制由內(nèi)皮素-1(endothelin-1,ET-1)介導(dǎo)的血管收縮,這可能與血管平滑肌對(duì)鈣離子的敏感性降低有關(guān)[26]。
2.3脂代謝與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化是一種慢性、系統(tǒng)性的血管炎性反應(yīng),與脂代謝紊亂相關(guān)。P16L位點(diǎn)突變的人群中低密度脂蛋白水平增高,提示GPER在調(diào)節(jié)脂代謝中起重要作用,可能是通過(guò)下調(diào)前蛋白轉(zhuǎn)化酶枯草溶菌素9(proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9, PCSK9)導(dǎo)致低密度脂蛋白受體的上調(diào)[27]。在GPER基因敲除小鼠模型中發(fā)現(xiàn)類(lèi)似現(xiàn)象,基因敲除小鼠即使保留卵巢,動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的進(jìn)程也比正常小鼠快,總膽固醇和低密度脂蛋白水平升高,高密度脂蛋白水平降低,同時(shí)eNOS的生物活性也降低;在卵巢切除后的小鼠中,這一現(xiàn)象更為嚴(yán)重[6, 28]。在GPER基因敲除的雄性小鼠中也可觀察到總膽固醇與三酰甘油水平的升高[29]。GPER的激活能夠通過(guò)抑制ERK1/2和Akt的磷酸化延緩細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程,抑制冠狀動(dòng)脈平滑肌細(xì)胞的增生與遷移[7]。激活內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中的GPER則能減弱TNF-α誘導(dǎo)的炎癥因子表達(dá)上調(diào),減輕內(nèi)皮炎癥反應(yīng)[9]。
3結(jié)語(yǔ)
盡管在雌激素替代治療預(yù)防心血管事件的效果令人失望,但是利用高選擇性的GPER激動(dòng)劑模擬E2的配體激動(dòng)作用卻證實(shí)了其對(duì)心血管系統(tǒng)的保護(hù)作用。GPER的選擇性激活未對(duì)生殖系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng),未來(lái)可以作為新藥研發(fā)的靶點(diǎn)。上述研究都是在體外或動(dòng)物模型上進(jìn)行,由于GPER分布于全身各個(gè)系統(tǒng)中,其對(duì)人體的效果尚不得而知。GPER確切的亞細(xì)胞定位以及信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑也需進(jìn)一步闡明。
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(收稿:2015-10-19修回:2016-01-26)
(本文編輯:梁英超)
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-6583.2016.02.010
通信作者:張海波,Email: zhanghaibosh@126.com