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紅景天苷對神經(jīng)退行性疾病作用的研究進展

2016-03-06 13:28:17張偉趙俊杰李濤陳建宗
關(guān)鍵詞:紅景天退行性線粒體

張偉,趙俊杰,李濤,陳建宗*

(第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)西京醫(yī)院中醫(yī)藥研究中心,陜西西安710032)

·文獻綜述·

紅景天苷對神經(jīng)退行性疾病作用的研究進展

張偉,趙俊杰,李濤,陳建宗*

(第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)西京醫(yī)院中醫(yī)藥研究中心,陜西西安710032)

紅景天苷(Salidroside,Sal)是景天科植物紅景天的主要活性成分之一。研究顯示,Sal在帕金森?。≒arkinson's disease,PD)、阿爾茨海默?。ˋlzheimer's disease,AD)和亨丁頓舞蹈癥(Huntington's disease,HD)中的氧化和抗氧化系統(tǒng)起到雙向調(diào)節(jié)作用。此外,Sal在PD和AD中可通過維持線粒體功能、減少ROS生成和增加抗凋亡蛋白和凋亡蛋白的比例以抑制細胞凋亡,進而促進神經(jīng)元存活。但其在神經(jīng)退行性疾病中的具體機制,如Sal通過哪種機制調(diào)控線粒體形態(tài)和功能的穩(wěn)定以及Sal在疾病模型中的體內(nèi)代謝分布改變等,仍有待進一步深入研究和臨床驗證。本文僅就Sal對神經(jīng)退行性疾病的作用研究進展進行綜述,為進一步研究提供參考。

紅景天苷;神經(jīng)退行性疾病;帕金森氏病;阿爾茨海默病;亨丁頓舞蹈癥;作用機制

〔Abstract〕Salidroside(Sal)is one of the main active ingredients in Rhodiola belonging to Crassulaceae.Studies show that Sal plays a role in the regulation of both excitatory and inhibitory in the oxidation and antioxidant system in the Parkinson's disease(PD),Alzheimer's disease(AD)and Huntington's disease(HD).In addition,Sal can inhibit the apoptosis by maintaining the mitochondrial function,accelerating the reduction of ROS generation and increasing the proportion of anti apoptosis and apoptosis proteins,and then promote the survival of neurons in PD and AD.Therefore,it has broad potential application in the clinical treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.However,the specific mechanisms of Sal,such as what is the mechanism of stabling the mitochondrial morphology and function,and the changes of the metabolic distribution in the neurodegenerative disease model,which are still need to be further studied both in vitro and in vivo study.This paper reviews the role of salidroside in neurodegenerative diseases and provides reference for further study.

〔Keywords〕salidroside;neurodegenerative diseases;Parkinson's disease;Alzheimer's disease;Huntington's disease;mechanism of action

紅景天苷(Salidroside,Sal),又名2-(4-羥基苯基)乙基-β-D-葡萄糖苷,是景天科植物紅景天(藏語名稱:蘇羅瑪寶)的主要活性成分之一。藏《四部醫(yī)典》中記載紅景天“性平、味澀,善潤肺、能補腎、理氣養(yǎng)血,主治周身乏力、胸悶、惡心、體虛等癥?!薄吨腥A人民共和國藥典》謂紅景天“甘、苦、平,歸肺、心經(jīng),益氣活血,通脈平喘。用于氣虛血瘀,胸痹心痛,中風(fēng)偏癱,倦怠氣喘?!爆F(xiàn)代藥理學(xué)研究表明,Sal具有強大的抗氧化特性[1-3],不僅可以保護神經(jīng)元、調(diào)節(jié)中樞神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),而且在抗凋亡方面發(fā)揮重要作用[4-5]。RNA微陣列數(shù)據(jù)方法研究顯示,在神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細胞中經(jīng)Sal調(diào)控的基因高達1 052種,其中與神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病相關(guān)的基因約為95種,其表現(xiàn)為可以多靶點調(diào)控細胞應(yīng)答以作用于不同的細胞信號通路和分子網(wǎng)絡(luò)[6]。本文僅就Sal對神經(jīng)退行性疾病的作用研究進展進行綜述,為進一步研究提供參考。

1 帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)

1.1Sal對多巴胺(Dopamine,DA)能神經(jīng)元的作用

PD是一種常見于中老年人的中樞神經(jīng)退行性疾病,其臨床表現(xiàn)主要包括靜止性震顫、運動遲緩、肌強直和姿勢步態(tài)障礙,同時患者可伴有抑郁、便秘和睡眠障礙等非運動癥狀[7-8]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Sal可以顯著改善1-甲基-4-苯基本1,2,3,6-四氫吡啶誘導(dǎo)的PD模型小鼠的行為協(xié)調(diào)能力,在爬桿試驗中,Sal治療小鼠的完全向下和爬到底部的時間較PD小鼠均顯著延長[9]。相關(guān)研究顯示,當(dāng)黑質(zhì)致密部(substantia nigra pars compacta,SNpc)的DA能神經(jīng)元丟失至少50%,DA衰減80%時,即會出現(xiàn)運動和行為障礙癥狀[10]。多巴胺轉(zhuǎn)運體(dopamine transporter,DAT)位于DA神經(jīng)元突觸前膜上,具有保證突觸的正常生理功能,而酪氨酸羥化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)可以催化L-二羥基苯丙氨酸(L-DOPA)的形成是DA生物合成中的限速步驟,在PD患者中TH和DAT均呈進行性減少[11-13]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Sal可以提高TH陽性神經(jīng)元數(shù)量和TH蛋白的表達量,而且DA含量和DAT陽性神經(jīng)元存活的數(shù)量也增多[9,14]。膠質(zhì)細胞源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(glial cell line-derived ne urotrophic factor,GDNF)缺失的轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠中呈時間依賴性黑質(zhì)紋狀體DA減少,運動功能障礙、神經(jīng)炎癥和氧化應(yīng)激增加[15-16]。Sal處理的PD小鼠紋狀體內(nèi)源性GDNF分泌水平和表達量明顯增加[17]。

1.2Sal對氧化應(yīng)激(Oxidative stress,OS)的作用

PD的病理特點表現(xiàn)為殘存的神經(jīng)元胞質(zhì)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)以聚集化α-突觸核蛋白(α-Synuclein,α-Syn)為主要成分的路易小體(Lewy body,LB)[18]。大量的研究證實,PD患者中α-Syn的異常聚體或突變可以促進線粒體凋亡,進而引發(fā)黑質(zhì)神經(jīng)元的凋亡,而活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和NO則進一步刺激α-Syn的聚集[19-21]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Sal在減少ROS和NO的生成的同時,呈劑量依賴性地降低α-Syn水平[14,22]。此外,Sal通過激活NF-E2相關(guān)因子2(NF-E2-related factor 2,Nrf2)以提高體內(nèi)抗氧化水平[23]。Sal還可以通過3’5’-環(huán)磷酸腺苷(3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)依賴的通路發(fā)揮抗氧化作用,抑制H2O2引起的ROS增加和細胞內(nèi)自由Ca2+的聚集,而對鳥苷-3',5'-環(huán)化-磷酸(guanosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate,cGMP)沒有影響[22]。

1.3Sal對線粒體功能障礙的作用

線粒體功能障礙已被廣泛認為是PD患者神經(jīng)元凋亡誘發(fā)和加劇的主要原因[24-26]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),內(nèi)源性或外源性刺激均可導(dǎo)致線粒體發(fā)生功能障礙,包括線粒體膜電位(mitochondrial membrane potential,MMP)缺失、膜滲透率降低、細胞色素C(cytochrome-C,Cyt-c)和半胱天冬酶第二線粒體源性激活子(second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases,Smac)釋放至細胞漿,進而誘發(fā)線粒體凋亡,引發(fā)超氧陰離子(superoxide,O2-)、H2O2、羥基自由基(hydroxyl radical,OH-)和過氧亞硝基陰離子(peroxynitrite,ONOO-)大量釋放,其又可以作為內(nèi)源性刺激因素加速線粒體凋亡,從而產(chǎn)生惡性循環(huán),導(dǎo)致細胞大量凋亡[27-29]。體內(nèi)外實驗證實,Sal可以減少Cyt-c和Smac的釋放,以維持線粒體功能正常[9]。

1.4Sal對細胞凋亡的作用

細胞凋亡與PD關(guān)系密切,是最常見的最終路徑。磷脂酰肌醇激酶(PI3K)蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,PKB或Akt)通路參與細胞的發(fā)育、分化、增殖和凋亡。糖原合成酶激酶3β(Glycogen synthase kinase,GSK-3β)是絲氨酸/蘇氨酸類激酶,是凋亡的主要調(diào)節(jié)因子。Sal可以增加磷酸化Akt(Ser473)以保護細胞存活和減輕損傷,并抑制磷酸化GSK-3β(Ser9),而使用PI3K特異性抑制劑后Sal的保護作用消失[30-31]。Bcl-2家族蛋白是細胞凋亡的調(diào)控基因,Bcl-2蛋白是Bcl-2原癌基因的編碼產(chǎn)物是一種抗凋亡蛋白,Bax蛋白是一種Bcl-2家族的促凋亡蛋白,一旦Bcl-2/Bax的比率失衡,則可加速細胞凋亡。Sal在體內(nèi)外均可以促進Bcl-2/Bax比率恢復(fù)平衡,進而促進TH陽性神經(jīng)元的存活[9],還可以減少caspase-3、caspase-6和caspase-9的激活以阻止細胞的凋亡進程[31-33]。

2 阿爾茨海默?。ˋlzheimer’s disease,AD)

AD是以在大腦皮層和海馬出現(xiàn)以β-淀粉樣肽(Aβ)為主要成分的神經(jīng)元纖維纏結(jié)(Neurofibrillary tangles,NFT)和神經(jīng)元丟失為主要病理改變的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)退行性疾病,主要臨床特點是進行性認知障礙和記憶力減退[34-35]。

2.1Sal對氧化應(yīng)激的作用

抗氧化系統(tǒng)功能紊亂和ROS水平升高能促進Aβ聚積。體內(nèi)研究表明,Sal可以顯著改善Aβ1-40誘導(dǎo)的AD大鼠模型的學(xué)習(xí)和記憶水平,同時降低海馬煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)氧化酶誘導(dǎo)的OS水平;體外研究則發(fā)現(xiàn)Sal不僅可以提高抗氧化酶[包括硫氧化還原蛋白(thioredoxin,Trx),血紅素加氧酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)和過氧化物酶-I(peroxiredoxin-I,PrxI)]的活性,而且可以降低SOD活性和MDA含量,從而抑制海馬神經(jīng)元的變性及凋亡[36-38]。在鏈脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)誘導(dǎo)的AD大鼠模型中,經(jīng)Sal預(yù)處理可以顯著改善大鼠海馬的OS水平,而且Sal也可以緩解STZ誘導(dǎo)的海馬神經(jīng)干細胞原代培養(yǎng)內(nèi)源性ROS生成[39]。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)Sal可以減輕海馬的炎癥水平,以減少誘導(dǎo)ROS生成水平,影響凋亡相關(guān)蛋白,從而改善AD癥狀[36]。

2.2Sal對細胞凋亡的作用

細胞凋亡與AD關(guān)系密切,一方面Aβ可通過激活線粒體凋亡途徑誘導(dǎo)海馬神經(jīng)元凋亡,另一方面導(dǎo)致Bcl-2/Bax的比率失調(diào),促進細胞凋亡。研究表明,Sal可呈劑量依賴性地恢復(fù)MMP下降,抑制Cyt-c的釋放,而且可以促進Bcl-2/Bax的比率恢復(fù),抑制Caspase級聯(lián)反應(yīng)激活,從而抑制細胞凋亡[37,40]。谷氨酸在哺乳動物大腦中是主要的興奮性氨基酸,谷氨酸興奮性毒性損傷在參與神經(jīng)退行性疾病神經(jīng)細胞死亡中起著關(guān)鍵作用[41]。研究顯示Sal可以顯著抑制由氯化鉀和谷氨酸誘導(dǎo)的[Ca2+]i內(nèi)流的過度增加,并抑制Ca2+的釋放,以減輕興奮性毒素對細胞的凋亡作用[42]。進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Sal可以抑制Aβ25-35誘導(dǎo)的c-Jun氨基末端激酶[c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase,JNK]和p38絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)磷酸化以抵抗神經(jīng)毒素誘發(fā)的細胞凋亡[37]。而在H2O2誘導(dǎo)的細胞凋亡模型中發(fā)現(xiàn),Sal可調(diào)控ERK1/2以發(fā)揮抗凋亡作用,而經(jīng)MAPK的抑制劑預(yù)處理后可以阻斷Sal激活ERK通路[43]。

3 亨丁頓舞蹈癥(Huntington's disease,HD)

HD是一種常染色體顯性遺傳的三核苷酸重復(fù)序列的遺傳性疾病,可導(dǎo)致紋狀體和大腦皮層神經(jīng)元退行性變性,臨床表現(xiàn)為運動、認知和精神方面發(fā)生功能性障礙[44]。異常htt基因染色體4p16.3位點的CAG過度擴張導(dǎo)致了遺傳變異的機制已非常明確,但是對于神經(jīng)細胞的死亡機制及靶向性針對紋狀體神經(jīng)元的機制仍然未知[45]。多聚谷氨酰胺(Polyglutamine,polyQ)的聚集在HD的病理過程中起著重要作用,因此針對減少polyQ誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生功能障礙和應(yīng)激的治療方法獲得廣泛關(guān)注。利用轉(zhuǎn)基因線蟲模型發(fā)現(xiàn),Sal能減少polyQ誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的行為功能障礙和神經(jīng)元死亡,而對polyQ本身的聚集則無影響,并可以增加抗氧化酶活性,減少ROS水平和脂質(zhì)過氧化物,說明Sal可以通過減輕OS誘發(fā)的損傷以保護神經(jīng)元[46]。

4 結(jié)語

Sal可通過維持線粒體功能、加速ROS清除以抑制細胞凋亡,進而促進細胞存活。并在神經(jīng)退行性疾病中的氧化和抗氧化系統(tǒng)起到興奮和抑制的雙向調(diào)節(jié)作用。因此,在神經(jīng)退行性疾病臨床治療和預(yù)防中具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。然而,雖然對Sal的保護作用進行了廣泛的探索,但其在神經(jīng)退行性疾病中的具體機制,如Sal通過哪種機制調(diào)控線粒體形態(tài)和功能的穩(wěn)定,是否可以調(diào)控線粒體自噬以促進損傷線粒體的清除,如何調(diào)控ROS的生成和清除,以及Sal在疾病模型中的體內(nèi)代謝分布改變等,仍有待進一步深入研究和臨床驗證。

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(本文編輯匡靜之)

Progress on the Role of Salidroside in Neurodegenerative Diseases

ZHANG Wei,ZHAO Junjie,LI Tao,CHEN Jianzong*
(Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Xijing Hospital,F(xiàn)ourth Military Medical University,Xi'an,Shaanxi 710032,China)

R248;R245.32

A

10.3969/j.issn.1674-070X.2016.07.023

2015-09-11

國家自然科學(xué)基金項目(81173590)。

張偉,男,在讀博士研究生,研究方向:中西醫(yī)結(jié)合臨床老年腦病。

〔通迅作者〕*陳建宗,男,教授、主任醫(yī)師,博士研究生導(dǎo)師,E-mail:jzchen57@fmmu.edu.cn。

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