2 cm的特殊類(lèi)型腎結(jié)石索朗次仁(西"/>
索朗次仁
(西藏山南地區(qū)人民醫(yī)院普通外科,西藏山南 856000)
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·臨床研究·
輸尿管硬鏡聯(lián)合軟鏡處理>2 cm的特殊類(lèi)型腎結(jié)石
索朗次仁
(西藏山南地區(qū)人民醫(yī)院普通外科,西藏山南856000)
摘要:目的探討輸尿管硬鏡聯(lián)合輸尿管軟鏡在大于2 cm的特殊腎結(jié)石中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法本實(shí)驗(yàn)選取70例患者(年齡為35~72歲),其中腎盂結(jié)石44例,腎盞結(jié)石26例。①腎盂結(jié)石:Ⅰ期行輸尿管硬鏡鈥激光碎石,盡量將結(jié)石粉碎,術(shù)后留置雙J管1~4周,Ⅱ期行輸尿管軟鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù)清除腎內(nèi)殘余結(jié)石;②腎盞結(jié)石:Ⅰ期于患側(cè)留置雙J管1~4周,Ⅱ期行輸尿管軟鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù)治療。對(duì)手術(shù)次數(shù)、手術(shù)時(shí)間、結(jié)石清除率(術(shù)后無(wú)結(jié)石殘留)、住院時(shí)間、手術(shù)并發(fā)癥等進(jìn)行分析;并比較術(shù)前術(shù)后血清肌酐(Scr)、腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率(GFR)情況。結(jié)果Ⅰ期硬鏡碎石留置雙J管后,結(jié)石清除率為(8%);Ⅱ期軟鏡下行鈥激光碎石取石,結(jié)石清除率95.2%。兩次平均手術(shù)時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間分別為(46.2±2.3)(50~145) min、(7.5±0.6)(6~15)d。術(shù)前與術(shù)后1月血清Scr分別為(100.6±1.23)(66.2~151.4)μmol/L、(83.7±4.8)(58.6~116.7)μmol/L(P<0.05);GFR分別為(57.6±2.4 )(30~115) mL/min、(65.4±0.2)(72~120) mL/min(P<0.05)。手術(shù)順利,術(shù)后有3例出現(xiàn)高熱,1例發(fā)展為膿毒血癥,經(jīng)保守治療均痊愈。結(jié)論輸尿管硬鏡聯(lián)合軟鏡是治療特殊腎結(jié)石的一種安全有效的方法。
關(guān)鍵詞:腎結(jié)石;輸尿管硬鏡;輸尿管軟鏡
泌尿系結(jié)石是一種全球性的疾病,常用的微創(chuàng)外科治療方法主要有體外沖擊波碎石術(shù)、經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石取石術(shù)及輸尿管鏡碎石術(shù)。輸尿管鏡碎石術(shù)又分為輸尿管硬鏡及輸尿管軟鏡碎石術(shù)。輸尿管軟鏡治療腎結(jié)石具有微創(chuàng)、安全等優(yōu)點(diǎn),特別適用于腎結(jié)石直徑小于2.0 cm的患者、老年體弱者、極度肥胖者、出血性疾病者和不適合采取體外沖擊波碎石術(shù)、經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石取石術(shù)治療的患者[1-2]。但對(duì)于>2.0 cm的腎結(jié)石或輸尿管上段結(jié)石合并腎內(nèi)結(jié)石,各指南更多推薦經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石取石術(shù),而輸尿管軟鏡碎石未作推薦。本研究針對(duì)>2.0 cm的腎結(jié)石,結(jié)合孤立腎、馬碲腎、脊柱側(cè)彎腎結(jié)石等特殊病例,采用一期輸尿管硬鏡鈥激光碎石、二期輸尿管軟鏡鈥激光碎石治療,取得良好效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1對(duì)象與方法
1.1一般資料入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):腎盂或腎盞結(jié)石>2 cm的孤立腎,馬碲腎,脊柱側(cè)彎等特殊腎結(jié)石。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):未規(guī)律治療的感染性結(jié)石、腎結(jié)核合并腎結(jié)石、有不能控制的全身出血性疾病、尿路上皮腫瘤合并腎結(jié)石患者、嚴(yán)重心肺功能不全及無(wú)法耐受手術(shù)者。
本研究入組患者70例,男36 例,女34例。年齡35~72歲,平均48歲。均因腰背部疼痛和血尿就診,經(jīng)超聲、腹平片和(或)CT檢查確診為腎結(jié)石。記錄入選患者術(shù)前及第二次手術(shù)1月后腎功能變化情況。腎結(jié)石單發(fā)33例,多發(fā)37例;結(jié)石位于腎盞26例,輸尿管上段結(jié)石合并腎盂結(jié)石44例。結(jié)石直徑2~4.0 cm,平均2.5 cm;其中45例為孤立腎腎孟結(jié)石、10例為脊柱側(cè)彎患者的腎結(jié)石、馬碲型腎結(jié)石10例、異位腎腎結(jié)石5例。所有患者術(shù)前無(wú)發(fā)熱及膿尿。
1.2手術(shù)方法患者在全身麻醉下取截石位。Ⅰ期輸尿管硬鏡鈥激光碎石:Wolf F 8~9.8 輸尿管硬鏡行經(jīng)尿道輸尿管鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù),盡量將結(jié)石粉碎,術(shù)后留置雙J管1~4周;療效評(píng)價(jià):術(shù)后復(fù)查B超或KUB,無(wú)殘留結(jié)石或殘留結(jié)石小于術(shù)前的1/2,且無(wú)臨床癥狀為Ⅰ期碎石成功。Ⅱ期輸尿管軟鏡鈥激光碎石:OlympusF8.4輸尿管軟鏡行經(jīng)尿道輸尿管軟鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù),盡量將結(jié)石粉碎,同時(shí)用網(wǎng)籃取出大部分碎石片。術(shù)后復(fù)查無(wú)結(jié)石殘留為碎石成功[3]。
2結(jié)果
本組70例患者中,1例腎盂結(jié)石伴重度積水患者因術(shù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)輸尿管重度狹窄,進(jìn)鏡困難而改用經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石取石術(shù)。余69例進(jìn)鏡順利。平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(45.2±8.6)(35~70)min。術(shù)中無(wú)輸尿管穿孔、撕脫、大出血等并發(fā)癥。平均住院時(shí)間(4.5±0.5)(4~7)d。術(shù)后無(wú)大出血、急性腎功能不全等并發(fā)癥。1 例移植腎腎結(jié)石患者術(shù)后第2天出現(xiàn)高熱,最高體溫39.4 ℃,急查血常規(guī)WBC 20.2×109/L,中性粒細(xì)胞0.99,經(jīng)抗感染治療,術(shù)后第4天體溫恢復(fù)正常,WBC 6.2×109/L。一期術(shù)后復(fù)查腹平片示6例(8%)患者結(jié)石無(wú)殘留,余患者結(jié)石均縮小1/2以上。術(shù)后有3例出現(xiàn)高熱,1例發(fā)展為膿毒血癥,經(jīng)保守治療均痊愈。
本研究組二期手術(shù)于一期手術(shù)后1~4周內(nèi)進(jìn)行(依據(jù)患者就診時(shí)間)。63例患者均順利放置鏡鞘并置入輸尿管軟鏡,進(jìn)鏡成功率100%。患者碎石成功60例,手術(shù)成功率95.2%。3例術(shù)后結(jié)石殘塊>4 mm,行體外沖擊波碎石處理。平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(44.3±8.5)(39~120) min。術(shù)中無(wú)輸尿管穿孔、撕脫、大出血等并發(fā)癥。平均住院時(shí)間(2.5±0.2)(3~5)d。
本研究入選患者兩次平均手術(shù)時(shí)間之和及住院時(shí)間分別為(46.2±2.3)(50~145) min,(7.5±0.6)(6~15)d。術(shù)前與術(shù)后1月血清Scr分別為(100.6±1.23)(66.2~151.4) μmol/L,(83.7±4.8)(58.6~116.7) μmol/L(P<0.05);GFR分別為(57.6±2.4)(30~115) mL/min,(65.4±0.2)(72~120) mL/min(P<0.05)。
3討論
對(duì)于>2.0 cm的上尿路結(jié)石,經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石取石術(shù)目前為首選[4-5],但是,對(duì)于一些特殊病例如孤立腎、馬蹄腎、脊柱側(cè)彎、異位腎等腎結(jié)石,合并多種解剖和功能的改變,穿刺手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高,容易出血,血塊梗阻加重腎功能損害、感染、損傷胸膜、腸管、甚至造成腎丟失等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥[6]。
當(dāng)孤立腎、馬蹄腎、脊柱側(cè)彎、異位腎并發(fā)結(jié)石時(shí),出現(xiàn)梗阻的時(shí)間早、程度重,梗阻性無(wú)尿發(fā)生率遠(yuǎn)高于普通腎結(jié)石患者,同時(shí)由于結(jié)石易造成繼發(fā)尿路 感染,因此以上特殊類(lèi)型腎結(jié)石的危害更重,治療需要更加及時(shí)。另外由于此類(lèi)腎結(jié)石穿刺困難,穿刺風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比較大,從而使得經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石取石術(shù)在此類(lèi)患者中的應(yīng)用受到極大限制[2, 7]。本研究一期應(yīng)用硬性輸尿管鏡處理此類(lèi)特殊類(lèi)型結(jié)石,可以粉碎大部分結(jié)石,減輕軟鏡的使用負(fù)擔(dān);同時(shí)起到了擴(kuò)張輸尿管的作用,處理完大部分結(jié)石后留置雙J管1~4周,為二期軟性輸尿管鏡的操作建立了有效的通道,使軟性輸尿管鏡進(jìn)入輸尿管變得相對(duì)容易,降低了操作難度,更好地保護(hù)了軟性輸尿管鏡鏡身,同時(shí)二期輸尿管軟鏡僅僅處理殘石,大大縮小軟鏡使用時(shí)間。
伴隨腔內(nèi)泌尿外科發(fā)展,輸尿管軟鏡已經(jīng)從最初的診斷手段發(fā)展成為最為重要的治療手段,其通過(guò)靈活的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)角度幾乎可到達(dá)所有腎盞,并可聯(lián)合鈥激光進(jìn)行碎石[8]。特別是近年來(lái)性能更加令人滿(mǎn)意的電子輸尿管軟鏡開(kāi)始應(yīng)用于臨床,更加顯現(xiàn)出其治療腎結(jié)石的有效性和微創(chuàng)性,更加符合微創(chuàng)的理念[9]。雖然目前泌尿外科指南對(duì)于>2 cm的腎結(jié)石,都推薦使用經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石取石術(shù),而輸尿管軟鏡碎石未作推薦。從解剖關(guān)系來(lái)看:經(jīng)皮腎鏡并非治療腎內(nèi)結(jié)石的最佳選擇,逆行腎內(nèi)治療腎結(jié)石才是最佳選擇。因此我們認(rèn)為一期輸尿管硬鏡鈥激光碎石,二期輸尿管軟鏡鈥激光碎石治療>2.0 cm的上尿路結(jié)石安全、有效,特別是對(duì)于孤立腎、馬蹄腎、脊柱側(cè)彎、異位腎腎結(jié)石等特殊病例值得推薦。
但是輸尿管軟鏡手術(shù)也有不足之處,與經(jīng)皮腎鏡手術(shù)相比,存在時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)、取石較慢的問(wèn)題。本研究組結(jié)石比較大,因此我們首先采用輸尿管硬鏡鈥激光碎石,平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(45.2±8.6)(35~70)min。第一次手術(shù)原則是盡量多碎石,但是嚴(yán)格控制手術(shù)時(shí)間(2 h以?xún)?nèi)),以降低此類(lèi)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者的手術(shù)并發(fā)癥,第一次術(shù)后僅有1例患者出現(xiàn)高熱等不良反應(yīng)。本組資料顯示,二期手術(shù)平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(44.3±8.5)(39~120) min。有報(bào)道示孤立腎結(jié)石經(jīng)皮腎鏡手術(shù)時(shí)間為70 min[10],本組二期手術(shù)時(shí)間稍長(zhǎng)于經(jīng)皮腎鏡,影響輸尿管軟鏡手術(shù)時(shí)間的因素與腎結(jié)石大小、 位置、 結(jié)石成分均有一定關(guān)系[11]。本組腎結(jié)石患者中,6例患者首次手術(shù)后無(wú)結(jié)石殘留,接受二期手術(shù)的患者結(jié)石均明顯縮小,對(duì)于2 cm以?xún)?nèi)的腎結(jié)石輸尿管軟鏡效果良好,隨著結(jié)石體積的增大,碎石成功率顯著下降,常常需多次碎石以提高碎石成效。HUSSAIN等[12]報(bào)道顯示,2 cm以上的腎結(jié)石患者,平均需要接受1.5次輸尿管軟鏡手術(shù),如將最終取雙J管的膀胱鏡手術(shù)計(jì)算在內(nèi),則每一個(gè)患者平均 接受2.3次輸尿管鏡手術(shù)。同時(shí),為增加結(jié)石排出率,還需要輸尿管鏡與體外碎石、PCNL聯(lián)合治療[12]。
本研究組大部分患者雖然經(jīng)歷兩次手術(shù)過(guò)程,但優(yōu)點(diǎn)是經(jīng)自然腔道碎石能盡大程度地保護(hù)腎功能,結(jié)石清除率高,可重復(fù)性高。一期輸尿管硬鏡碎石可以粉碎大部分結(jié)石,減輕軟鏡的使用負(fù)擔(dān),如光纖的損耗、軟鏡的損耗、取石籃的損耗并同時(shí)擴(kuò)張輸尿管,使二期輸尿管軟鏡碎石更易行。況且兩次輸尿管軟鏡碎石成本更高。從臨床路徑來(lái)看,這種手術(shù)方法可以縮短住院時(shí)間、降低醫(yī)療成本、提高醫(yī)療安全性。本研究入選患者兩次平均手術(shù)時(shí)間之后及住院時(shí)間分別為(46.2±2.3)(50~145)min、(7.5±0.6)(6~15)d,與國(guó)外報(bào)道經(jīng)皮腎鏡碎石取石手術(shù)時(shí)間相似[11]。從本研究患者術(shù)前術(shù)后的腎功能變化及腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率來(lái)看這種治療方式也是成功的。
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(編輯何宏靈)
收稿日期:2015-08-08修回日期:2015-11-1
作者簡(jiǎn)介:索朗次仁(1962-),男(藏族),學(xué)士,副主任醫(yī)師.研究方向:泌尿系結(jié)石流行病學(xué)及分子致病機(jī)制.E-mail:slrc_xzsn@163.com
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R629.4
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-8291.2016.03.012
Rigid combined flexible ureteroscopy and Holium laser lithotripsy is effective and safe in the treatment of kidney stones >2 cm
SUOLANG Ciren
(Department of Surgery, People’s Hospital of Shannan Hospital, Shannan 856000, China)
ABSTRACT:ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of rigid combined flexible ureteroscopy and Holium laser lithotripsy in the treatment of kidney stones >2 cm. MethodsA total of 70 consecutive patients aged 35-72 years were involved, including 44 cases of pelvic calculi and 26 cases of calyx calculi. For pelvic calculi, rigid ureterorenoscopy was adopted as the first-stage treatment, a double-J was left in this side of kidney for 1-4 weeks, and then the residual stones were removed with flexible ureterorenoscopy. For calyx calculi, in the first-stage, a double-J was left in this side of kidney for 1-4 weeks, and then flexible ureteroscopy was performed to remove the stones. The number of procedures, operation time, stone-free rate, hospitalization time and complications were evaluated. Stone-free status was defined as the absence of fragments. Serum creatinine (Scr) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were measured preoperatively, and 3 months postoperatively. ResultsThe initial stone-free status was achieved in 8% of the patients after rigid ureteroscopy, and the final stone-free rate (SFR) reached 95.2% after the second procedures. The mean operation time and mean hospitalization time were (46.2±2.3) (50-145)min and (7.5±0.6) (6-15) days, respectively. During preoperative period and postoperative period (1 month), Scr was (100.6±1.23) (66.2-151.4) μmol/L and (83.7±4.8) (58.6-116.7) μmol/L, respectively (P<0.05), while GFR were (57.6±2.4) (30-115)mL/min and (65.4±0.2) (72-120)mL/min, respectively (P<0.05). No major intraoperative complications were identified. Postoperative high-grade fever was observed in 3 patients, including 1 patient who developed sepsis. All these patients were successfully treated conservatively. ConclusionsRigid combined flexible ureteroscopy and holium laser lithotripsy is a safe and efficacious modality in the treatment of special kidney stones.
KEY WORDS:kidney stones; rigid ureteroscopy; flexible ureteroscopy