張芹,洪毅,2,王方永,2,劉舒佳,2
·專題·
脊髓損傷后神經(jīng)源性逼尿肌過度活動(dòng)的神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)療法①
張芹1,洪毅1,2,王方永1,2,劉舒佳1,2
脊髓損傷后,很多患者出現(xiàn)逼尿肌過度活動(dòng),常常引起泌尿道感染、膀胱輸尿管返流,甚至腎衰竭,嚴(yán)重影響患者的生活質(zhì)量。本文結(jié)合脊髓損傷后膀胱逼尿肌過度活動(dòng)的發(fā)生機(jī)制、一般治療方法及神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)療法進(jìn)行綜述,并分別對(duì)經(jīng)皮脛后神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)、陰部神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)和骶神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)展開闡述。
脊髓損傷;神經(jīng)源性逼尿肌過度活動(dòng);神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié);綜述
[本文著錄格式]張芹,洪毅,王方永,等.脊髓損傷后神經(jīng)源性逼尿肌過度活動(dòng)的神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)療法[J].中國康復(fù)理論與實(shí)踐,2016,22(8):892-895.
CITED AS:Zhang Q,Hong Y,Wang FY,et al.Neuromodulation therapy for neurogenic detrusor overactivity after spinal cord injury (review)[J].Zhongguo Kangfu Lilun Yu Shijian,2016,22(8):892-895.
脊髓損傷(spinal cord injury,SCI)可導(dǎo)致?lián)p傷平面以下神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能障礙,其中最為常見的并發(fā)癥之一是神經(jīng)源性下尿路功能障礙,發(fā)生率可達(dá)79%[1]。神經(jīng)源性逼尿肌過度活動(dòng)(neurogenic detrusor overactivity,NDO)是指由于神經(jīng)控制機(jī)制紊亂造成的逼尿肌過度活躍,有時(shí)是引起脊髓損傷患者死亡的主要原因[2]。目前治療NDO的主要方法有清潔間歇導(dǎo)尿[3]、藥物治療[4-5]、手術(shù)治療[6]和神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)療法[7-8]等。
膀胱儲(chǔ)尿和排尿活動(dòng)是在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)控下完成的。尿路的神經(jīng)控制可被理解為一個(gè)分成節(jié)段的系統(tǒng),每一節(jié)段被更高級(jí)節(jié)段所促進(jìn)或抑制[9]。脊髓損傷后出現(xiàn)排尿反射通路的改變。膀胱最初失去中樞的調(diào)節(jié)(主要是易化作用)而處于低張力或無張力狀態(tài),出現(xiàn)完全性尿潴留,但后來隨著病情的演變,膀胱逐漸恢復(fù)相應(yīng)的神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)(主要是對(duì)膀胱逼尿肌的抑制作用減弱)而出現(xiàn)反射亢進(jìn),導(dǎo)致膀胱容量變?。?0]。脊髓損傷后出現(xiàn)NDO,可能是由于抑制逼尿肌收縮反射的減弱和陰部傳入神經(jīng)纖維的激活[11-12]。
控制膀胱的神經(jīng)主要有腹壁下神經(jīng)、陰部神經(jīng)和盆神經(jīng)。其中,腹壁下神經(jīng)屬于交感神經(jīng),由胸腰段脊髓交感神經(jīng)中樞發(fā)出,具有支配膀胱頸部及尿道內(nèi)括約肌的功能;陰部神經(jīng)屬于軀體神經(jīng),支配尿道外括約肌;盆神經(jīng)屬于副交感神經(jīng),是參與膀胱感覺和膀胱收縮最重要的神經(jīng),來自膀胱的大多數(shù)傳入神經(jīng)纖維主要是通過盆神經(jīng)進(jìn)入骶髓。人類和動(dòng)物正常排尿反射在響應(yīng)下尿路信號(hào)傳入后觸發(fā),并受大腦和脊髓等神經(jīng)的控制。刺激膀胱的傳入神經(jīng)纖維主要有兩種類型,一種是Aδ機(jī)械敏感性神經(jīng)纖維;另一種是C纖維,傳導(dǎo)疼痛、溫度覺和觸覺,對(duì)化學(xué)性刺激很敏感,而對(duì)機(jī)械性刺激不敏感[13]。當(dāng)脊髓損傷或膀胱受到化學(xué)刺激時(shí),C纖維介導(dǎo)的感覺神經(jīng)通路開始發(fā)揮作用,表現(xiàn)出自發(fā)放電活性,且隨膀胱壓力上升而表現(xiàn)出活性增加,引起NDO。
目前,針對(duì)NDO的治療方法有藥物治療、清潔間歇導(dǎo)尿、手術(shù)治療和神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)療法等。藥物治療包括膽堿能抑制劑、黃酮哌酯、辣椒素類藥物和肉毒毒素等[14-15],但是常會(huì)出現(xiàn)不良反應(yīng),如口干、消化不良、惡心和便秘等[16-17]。其副作用和低選擇性對(duì)臨床使用有一定限制,甚至有神經(jīng)毒性。清潔間歇導(dǎo)尿聯(lián)合抗膽堿能藥物是治療NDO的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn);然而,許多患者會(huì)對(duì)藥物耐藥,或有副作用[3]。因此它常作為輔助治療,且缺乏長期研究結(jié)果的報(bào)道。手術(shù)治療通常作為患者最后的選擇方式,目前的常用手術(shù)術(shù)式有自體膀胱擴(kuò)大術(shù)、腸道膀胱擴(kuò)大術(shù)、尿流改道術(shù)等,但手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷和近期遠(yuǎn)期并發(fā)癥使人們飽受困擾。
神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)是一種安全有效的治療方法,主要包括經(jīng)皮脛后神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)、陰部神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)和骶神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)[18]等。早在1878年Saxtorph就介紹了神經(jīng)刺激的概念,他對(duì)尿潴留的患者進(jìn)行膀胱內(nèi)的電刺激[19],從那時(shí)對(duì)靶器官的直接刺激發(fā)展到選擇性外周刺激和骶神經(jīng)刺激(sacral nerve stimulation,SNS)。在19世紀(jì)80年代早期,Tanagho等研究骶神經(jīng)根刺激對(duì)膀胱功能的影響[20-22],并為骶神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)和InterStim(膀胱起搏器)設(shè)備的發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)[23]。1963年,Caldwell第一次應(yīng)用植入性電刺激治療尿失禁,并證明了該方法的有效性[24]。1988年,Schmidt使用SNS的方法對(duì)幾例伴有尿失禁并有影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)的尿潴留患者進(jìn)行臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,并且描述了電極插入的步驟[25-27]。1997年,SNS被美國聯(lián)邦食品與藥品管理局(Food And Drug Administration,F(xiàn)DA)用于治療難治性膀胱過度活動(dòng)癥和尿急-尿頻綜合征。1999年,骶神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)被用于治療有影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)的尿潴留。到目前為止,已成為治療各種膀胱功能障礙的有效治療措施。
3.1經(jīng)皮脛后神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)
經(jīng)皮脛后神經(jīng)刺激(posterior tibial nerve stimulation,PTNS)是一種微創(chuàng)的周圍神經(jīng)刺激療法。脛后神經(jīng)包含L4~S3的神經(jīng)纖維,與支配膀胱和盆底的神經(jīng)纖維起源于相同的脊髓節(jié)段[28]。因此,刺激脛后神經(jīng)可影響膀胱功能。脛后神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)是臨床用于替代藥物抑制逼尿肌收縮,恢復(fù)膀胱容量的有效方法[29]。在麻醉的動(dòng)物模型實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,脛后神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)可抑制膀胱逼尿肌的過度活動(dòng)[30-31]。
脛后神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)的具體機(jī)制尚不完全清楚[32]。主要有以下幾點(diǎn)假說:①M(fèi)atsuta等認(rèn)為,PTNS可激發(fā)反射,經(jīng)下腹神經(jīng)傳至膀胱,通過β腎上腺素能機(jī)制松弛逼尿肌[33];②也有多項(xiàng)研究表明,中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)參與NDO的神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制[34-36];③PTNS通過抑制性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)機(jī)制起作用,即PTNS可激活抑制性的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),如阿片受體μ、δ和κ,進(jìn)而抑制逼尿肌的過度活動(dòng)[34]。
Chen等將100例伴有NDO的脊髓損傷患者隨機(jī)分成兩組,比較PTNS和琥珀酸索利那新治療脊髓損傷后繼發(fā)性NDO的療效,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組患者NDO癥狀都有明顯改善,從而證明PTNS治療脊髓損傷后NDO的有效性[35]。Ojha等實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),伴有NDO的10例脊髓損傷(C6~L3)患者,接受經(jīng)皮表面電刺激脛后神經(jīng)治療2周后,患者NDO癥狀有明顯改善;并且繼續(xù)治療至第4周,NDO癥狀進(jìn)一步改善[36]。Burton等通過Meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn),與安慰劑組相比,PTNS治療的患者膀胱逼尿肌活動(dòng)的癥狀可緩解7倍[37]。此外,Musco等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PTNS不僅可改善女性患者膀胱過度活動(dòng)癥,而且可提高女性患者的性功能[38]。
目前,尚沒有PTNS嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng)的報(bào)道。罕見的暫時(shí)性副作用包括疼痛、擦傷、刺痛或插入部位的出血、腿抽筋和腳的疼痛麻木等。且PTNS治療NDO的有效率為40%~100%[39]。
3.2陰部神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)
陰部神經(jīng)是一個(gè)包含軀體神經(jīng)和自主神經(jīng)的混合神經(jīng),從S2、S3、S4神經(jīng)腹側(cè)發(fā)出。陰部神經(jīng)的傳入神經(jīng)纖維與支配膀胱的盆叢傳入神經(jīng)纖維在相同的水平進(jìn)入腰骶段脊髓,因此,刺激陰部神經(jīng)可影響膀胱的功能。研究表明,刺激陰部神經(jīng),通過交感神經(jīng)傳出途徑,可以激活β3腎上腺素能受體的逼尿肌和/或膀胱神經(jīng)中樞α腎上腺素能受體,抑制膀胱逼尿肌收縮,調(diào)節(jié)膀胱順應(yīng)性[40]。也有研究表明,陰道內(nèi)刺激實(shí)際是通過刺激C傳入神經(jīng)纖維,調(diào)節(jié)陰部神經(jīng),進(jìn)而抑制膀胱的過度活動(dòng)[41]。
Peters等對(duì)30例存在下尿路功能障礙的患者進(jìn)行前瞻性、單盲、隨機(jī)對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),陰部神經(jīng)刺激治療的總有效率為63%[42]。Li等在狗脊髓損傷(T9~T10)早期(脊髓損傷后1 d)進(jìn)行低頻陰部神經(jīng)電調(diào)節(jié),分別在損傷后第1個(gè)月和第3個(gè)月接受尿流動(dòng)力學(xué)檢查,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),陰部神經(jīng)刺激組狗的膀胱容量和順應(yīng)性增加;并且在第3個(gè)月對(duì)纖維化的膀胱進(jìn)行組織學(xué)檢查,結(jié)果觀察到,陰部神經(jīng)刺激組狗膀胱的膠原纖維明顯增加,彈性纖維明顯減少[43]。這說明,脊髓損傷后,早期低頻陰部神經(jīng)刺激可以抑制NDO,增加膀胱容量,延緩膀胱纖維化的進(jìn)展。Kirkham等為了探索不同模式的急性陰莖背神經(jīng)刺激對(duì)脊髓損傷后膀胱逼尿肌反射亢進(jìn)、膀胱過度活動(dòng)和膀胱容量的影響,將14例脊髓損傷(C6~L1)患者隨機(jī)分成兩組,一組接受連續(xù)的陰莖背神經(jīng)刺激,即在整個(gè)膀胱充盈期連續(xù)刺激;一組接受條件性刺激,即在逼尿肌過度收縮,膀胱內(nèi)壓升高時(shí)開始刺激;結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),兩組患者膀胱容量均有所增加,但條件性刺激組膀胱容量增加更明顯[44]。此外,Lee等探索條件性陰莖背神經(jīng)刺激對(duì)膀胱容量與膀胱順應(yīng)性的影響,結(jié)果證明,陰莖背神經(jīng)刺激可有效抑制脊髓損傷患者的NDO,增加膀胱容量,改善膀胱壁畸形[45]。
3.3骶神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)
骶神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)是利用介入技術(shù)將一種短脈沖刺激電流連續(xù)施加于特定的骶神經(jīng)(S3或S4),以此影響神經(jīng)細(xì)胞本身的電生理特性,激活興奮性或抑制性神經(jīng)通路,調(diào)控異常的骶神經(jīng)反射弧,進(jìn)而影響與調(diào)節(jié)膀胱功能[46]。骶神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)可抑制副交感神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元,從而防止逼尿肌的收縮,對(duì)于許多排尿功能障礙的患者是一種微創(chuàng)的治療方法[47]。Elkelini等通過給予T10脊髓損傷的大鼠骶神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié),證明了SNS可通過抑制C纖維的活動(dòng),減少膀胱逼尿肌的過度活動(dòng)[8]。
Shi等為了解不同時(shí)間進(jìn)行骶神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)對(duì)脊髓損傷大鼠膀胱功能的影響,將完全性脊髓損傷(T9~T10)的Sprague-Dawley大鼠,隨機(jī)分成三組;A組于脊髓損傷后早期(小于2周,處于脊髓休克期)進(jìn)行骶神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié),B組于傷后較長時(shí)間(2~4周,逼尿肌過度活躍前)進(jìn)行骶神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié),C組于更長時(shí)間(大于5周)后進(jìn)行骶神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié);結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),A組經(jīng)骶神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)后,膀胱開始收縮和收縮持續(xù)的時(shí)間延長,但增加幅度小于20%,B組增加幅度平均值超過90%,C組增加幅度小于30%[48]。這說明,在脊髓休克后和NDO前,對(duì)完全性脊髓損傷的大鼠進(jìn)行骶神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)有顯著療效。一項(xiàng)研究評(píng)估伴有NDO的39例脊髓損傷患者,接受骶神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)治療的效果發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)骶神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)后,43%的患者能夠完全停止口服抗膽堿能藥物,80%的患者可以完全控制排尿[49]。另一項(xiàng)研究中,不完全性脊髓損傷患者經(jīng)骶神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)后,患者排尿次數(shù)和出現(xiàn)急迫性尿失禁次數(shù)明顯減少;每次排尿量也明顯增加[50]。Kim等調(diào)查短期經(jīng)皮雙相骶神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)對(duì)脊髓損傷后膀胱過度活動(dòng)的影響,結(jié)果證明,經(jīng)皮雙相骶神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)可能是治療NDO有效的治療方法,可減少尿失禁,提高生活質(zhì)量[51]。
脊髓損傷后出現(xiàn)的膀胱過度活動(dòng)癥是一種儲(chǔ)尿障礙疾病,雖不危及生命,但與人們生活息息相關(guān),嚴(yán)重影響患者的生活質(zhì)量。目前還沒有較滿意的治療方法。神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)療法對(duì)治療脊髓損傷后NDO是一種安全、有效的治療方法,以其副作用小,安全有效的優(yōu)點(diǎn),現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)被廣泛使用。近幾年,神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)治療膀胱過度活動(dòng)癥的研究發(fā)展較快,有望給患者帶來更滿意的治療效果,但確切作用機(jī)制仍需進(jìn)一步研究。
[1]Haab F.Chapter 1:The conditions of neurogenic detrusor overactivity and overactive bladder[J].Neurourol Urodyn,2014,33 (Suppl 3):S2-S5.
[2]Cruz CD,Coelho A,Antunes-Lopes T,et al.Biomarkers of spinal cord injury and ensuing bladder dysfunction[J].Adv Drug Deliver Rev,2015,82-83:153-159.
[3]del Popolo G,Mencarini M,Nelli F,et al.Controversy over the pharmacological treatments of storage symptoms in spinal cord injury patients:a literature overview[J].Spinal Cord,2012,50 (1):8-13.
[4]Madersbacher H,Murtz G,Stohrer M.Neurogenic detrusor overactivity in adults:a review on efficacy,tolerability and safety of oral antimuscarinics[J].Spinal Cord,2013,51(6):432-441.
[5]Sugaya K,Nishijima S,Kadekawa K,et al.Effect of distigmine combined with propiverine on bladder activity in rats with spinal cord injury[J].Int J Urol,2012,19(5):480-483.
[6]Santos-Silva A,da Silva CM,Cruz F.Botulinum toxin treatment for bladder dysfunction[J].Int J Urol,2013,20(1):956-962.
[7]Lee YH,Kim JM,Im HT,et al.Semiconditional electrical stimulation of pudendal nerve afferents stimulation to manage neurogenic detrusor overactivity in patients with spinal cord injury[J].Ann Rehabil Med,2011,35:605-612.
[8]Elkelini MS,Pravdivyi I,Hassouna MM.Mechanism of action of sacral nerve stimulation using a transdermal amplitude-modulated signal in a spinal cord injury rodent model[J].Can Urol Assoc J,2012,6(4):227-230.
[9]廖利民,鞠彥合.下尿路功能的神經(jīng)控制[J].中國康復(fù)理論與實(shí)踐,2005,11(11):883-884.
[10]Patra PB,Patra S.Research findings on overactive bladder[J].Current Urology,2015,8(1):1-21.
[11]Yamanishi T,Kaga K,F(xiàn)use M,et al.Neuromodulation for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms[J].Low Urin Tract Symptoms,2015,7(3):121-132.
[12]Choudhary M,van Mastrigt R,van Asselt E.Inhibitory effects of tibial nerve stimulation on bladder neurophysiology in rats[J].Springerplus,2016,5(1):35.
[13]Matsumoto Y,Miyazato M,Yokoyama H,et al.Role of M2 and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in activation of bladder afferent pathways in spinal cord injured rats[J]. Urology,2012,79(5):1115-1184.
[14]Seth JH,Dowson C,Khan MS,et al.Botulinum toxin-A for the treatment of overactive bladder:UK contributions[J].J Clin Urol,2013,6(2):77-83.
[15]Sanford MT,Suskind AM.Neuromodulation in neurogenic bladder[J].TranslAndrol Urol,2016,5(1):117-126.
[16]Yamanishi T,Chapple CR,Chess-Williams R.Which muscarinic receptor is important in the bladder?[J].World J Urol,2001,19(5):299-306.
[17]Abrams P,Cardozo L,Chapple C,et al.Comparison of the efficacy,safety,and tolerability of propiverine and oxybutynin for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome[J].Int J Urol,2006,13(6):692-698.
[18]Yamanishi T,Kamai T,Yoshida KI.Neuromodulation for the treatment of urinary incontinence[J].Int J Urol,2008,15(8):665-772.
[19]Madersbacher H.Conservative therapy of neurogenic disorders of micturition[J].in German.UrologeA,1999,38:24-29.
[20]Schmidt RA,Bruschini H,Tanagho EA.Urinary bladder and sphincter responses to stimulation of dorsal and ventral sacral roots[J].Invest Urol,1979,16:300-304.
[21]Tanagho EA,Schmidt RA.Bladder pacemaker:scientific basis and clinical future[J].Urology,1982,20(6):614-619.
[22]Tanagho EA.Neural stimulation for bladder control[J]. Semin Neurol,1988,8(2):170-173.
[23]Tanagho EA,Schmidt RA,Orvis BR.Neural stimulation for control of voiding dysfunction:a preliminary report in 22 patients with serious neuropathic voiding disorders[J].J Urol,1989,142:340-345.
[24]Caldwell KPS.The electrical control of sphincter incompetence[J].Lancet,1963,2:174-175.
[25]Schmidt RA.Application of neurostimulation in urology[J]. Neurourol Urodyn,1988,7:585-592.
[26]Tanagho EA.Neuromodulation in the management of voiding dysfunction in children[J].J Urol,1992,148(2 Pt 2):655-657.
[27]Shaker HS,Hassouna M.Sacral root neuromodulation in idiopathic nonobstructive chronic urinary retention[J].J Urol,1998,159:1476-1478.
[28]Brunner R,Zimmermann P,Klussmann FW.Localization and neurophysiological properties of moto-neurons of the M-triceps surae of the rat after retrograde labeling with Evans blue[J].Cell Tissue Res,1980,212(1):73-81.
[29]Peters KM,Carrico DJ,Wooldridge LS,et al.Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for the longterm treatment of overactive bladder:3-year results of the STEP study[J].J Urology,2013,189(6):2194-2201.
[30]Tai CF,Chen M,Shen B,et al.Irritation induced bladder overactivity is suppressed by tibial nerve stimulation in cats[J].J Urology,2011,186(1):326-330.
[31]Su X,Nickles A,Nelson DE.Differentiation and interaction of tibial versus spinal nerve stimulation for micturition control in the rat[J].Neurourol Urodyn,2015,34(1):92-97.
[32]Gaziev G,Topazio L,Iacovelli V,et al.Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation(PTNS)efficacy in the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunctions:a systematic review[J].BMC Urol,2013,13:61.
[33]Matsuta Y,Roppolo JR,de Groat WC,et al.Poststimulation inhibition of the micturition reflex induced by tibial nerve stimulation in rats[J].Physiol Rep,2014,2(1):e00205.
[34]Zhang Z,Slater RC,F(xiàn)erroni MC,et al.Role of μ,κ,and δ opioid receptors in tibial inhibition of bladder overactivity in cats[J].J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2015,355(2):228-234.
[35]Chen G,Liao L,Li Y.The possible role of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation using adhesive skin surface electrodes in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity secondary to spinal cord injury[J].Int Urol Nephrol,2015,47(3):451-455.
[36]Ojha R,George J,Chandy BR,et al.Neuromodulation by surface electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves for reduction of detrusor overactivity in patients with spinal cord injury:a pilot study[J].Spinal Cord,2013,38(2):207-213.
[37]Burton C,Sajja A,Latthe PM.Effectiveness of percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation for overactive bladder:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Neurourol Urodyn,2012,31(8):1206-1216.
[38]Musco S,Serati M,Lombardi G,et al.Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation improves female sexual function in women with overactive bladder syndrome[J].J Sex Med,2016,13(2):238-242.
[39]Gaziev G,Topazio L,Iacovelli V,et al.Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation(PTNS)efficacy in the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunctions:a systematic review[J].BMC Urol,2013,13:61.
[40]McGee MJ,Danziger ZC,Bamford JA,et al.A spinal GABAergic mechanism is necessary for bladder inhibition by pudendal afferent stimulation[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2014,307(8):F921-F930.
[41]Tian Y,Liao L,Wyndaele JJ.Inhibitory effect and possible mechanism of intraurethral stimulation on overactive bladder in female rats[J].Int Neurourol J,2015,19(3):151-157.
[42]Peters KM,F(xiàn)eber KM,Bennett RC.Sacral versus pudendal nerve stimulation for voiding dysfunction:a prospective,single-blinded,randomized,crossover trial[J].Neurourol Urodyn,2005,24(7):643-647.
[43]Li P,Liao L,Chen G,et al.Early low-frequency stimulation of the pudendal nerve can inhibit detrusor overactivity and delay progress of bladder fibrosis in dogs with spinal cord injuries[J].Spinal Cord,2013,51(9):668-672.
[44]Kirkham AP,Shah NC,Knight SL,et al.The acute effects of continuous and conditional neuromodulation on the bladder in spinal cord injury[J].Spinal Cord,2001,39(8):420-428.
[45]Lee YH,Kim SH,Kim JM,et al.The effect of semiconditional dorsal penile nerve electrical stimulation on capacity and compliance of the bladder with deformity in spinal cord injury patients:a pilot study[J].Spinal Cord,2012,50(4):289-293.
[46]Leong RK,De Wachter SG,Nieman FH,et al.PNE versus 1st stage tined lead procedure:a direct comparison to select the most sensitive test method to identify patients suitable for sacral neuromodulation therapy[J].Neurourol Urodyn,2011,30(7):1249-1252.
[47]Banakhar M,Hassouna M.Sacral neuromodulation for genitourinary problems[J].Prog Neurol Surg,2015,29:192-199.
[48]Shi P,F(xiàn)ang Y,Yu H.Bladder response to acute sacral neuromodulation while treating rats in different phases of complete spinal cord injury:a preliminary study[J].Int Braz J Urol,2015,41(6):1194-1201.
[49]W?llner J,Krebs J,Pannek J.Sacral neuromodulation in patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction[J].Spinal Cord,2016,54(2):137-140.
[50]Chen G,Liao L.Sacral neuromodulation for neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction with multiple symptoms secondary to spinal cord disease[J].Spinal Cord,2014.[Epub ahead of print].
[51]Kim JH,Ahn SH,Cho YW,et al.Short-term effect of percutaneous bipolar continuous radiofrequency on sacral nerves in patients treated for neurogenic detrusor overactivity after spinal cord injury:a randomized controlled feasibility study[J].Ann Rehabil Med,2015,39(5):718.
Neuromodulation Therapy for Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity after Spinal Cord Injury(review)
ZHANG Qin1,HONG Yi1,2,WANG Fang-yong1,2,LIU Shu-jia1,2
1.Capital Medical University School of Rehabilitation Medicine,Beijing 100068,China;2.Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery,Beijing Bo'ai Hospital,China Rehabilitation Research Centre,Beijing 100068,China
Correspondence:HONG Yi,WANG Fang-yong.E-mail:hongyihhyy@163.com(HONG Yi);wfybeijing@163.com (WANG Fang-yong)
Neurogenic detrusor overactivity(NDO)often occurs after spinal cord injury,which often causes urinary tract infection,vesicoureteral reflux,or even renal failure,and seriously impacts on the patient's quality of life.This paper reviewed the mechanism,the common treatment methods,and neuromodulation theray of NDO after spinal cord injury,and elaborated percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation,pudendal nerve regulation and the sacral neuromodulation respectively.
spinal cord injury;neurogenic detrusor overactivity;neuromodulation;review
10.3969/j.issn.1006-9771.2016.08.004
R651.2
A
1006-9771(2016)08-0892-04
首都衛(wèi)生發(fā)展科研專項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目(No.首發(fā)2014-4-4144)。
1.首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)院,北京市100068;2.中國康復(fù)研究中心北京博愛醫(yī)院脊柱脊髓外科,北京市100068。作者簡介:張芹(1988-),女,漢族,山東聊城市人,碩士研究生,主要研究方向:脊柱脊髓損傷與神經(jīng)康復(fù)。通訊作者:洪毅、王方永。E-mail:hongyihhyy@163. com(洪毅);wfybeijing@163.com(王方永)。
(2016-04-27
2016-06-01)