肖 浩,陳廖斌,,張先榮,上官揚帆,潘正啟,汪 暉
(武漢大學1.中南醫(yī)院骨科,2.發(fā)育源性疾病湖北省重點實驗室,湖北 武漢 430071)
骨質(zhì)疏松癥的腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)發(fā)生機制及治療靶點研究進展
肖 浩1,陳廖斌1,2,張先榮2,上官揚帆1,潘正啟1,汪 暉2
(武漢大學1.中南醫(yī)院骨科,2.發(fā)育源性疾病湖北省重點實驗室,湖北 武漢 430071)
骨質(zhì)疏松癥(OP)是一種骨代謝疾病,表現(xiàn)為骨形成減少和骨吸收增加,導致骨量丟失、骨組織微結構破壞,全身各處易于骨折。骨組織局部可表達腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)(RAS)的主要成分并通過經(jīng)典及非經(jīng)典途徑參與細胞氧化應激、增殖、分化及凋亡等過程。骨組織局部RAS過度激活時,一方面可以抑制成骨細胞分化或直接損傷其骨形成功能,另一方面促進破骨細胞分化和成熟,二者共同導致骨形成減少、骨吸收增加,參與OP發(fā)生。RAS抑制劑包括腎素抑制劑、血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑和血管緊張素Ⅱ受體拮抗劑,已經(jīng)被證實可以有效地拮抗RAS慢性激活時產(chǎn)生的病理效應,因此被認為是治療OP的候選藥物之一。
腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng);骨質(zhì)疏松癥;骨代謝
骨質(zhì)疏松癥(osteoporosis,OP)是一種病理性骨代謝改變,表現(xiàn)為骨形成減少和骨吸收增加,導致骨量丟失、骨組織微結構破壞,易于骨折[1]。OP常見的原因有缺乏雌激素、長期使用糖皮質(zhì)激素等,但其進一步發(fā)生機制尚不明確[2-3]。流行病學和實驗研究均表明,骨組織局部腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)(renin-angiotensin system,RAS)過度激活是OP的重要發(fā)生機制之一[4-5]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),應用RAS抑制劑治療高血壓的同時,患者骨量增加,OP得到緩解,揭示RAS抑制劑對OP的藥理價值[6-7]。本文綜述了骨組織局部RAS在OP發(fā)生機制中的重要作用以及常見RAS抑制劑對OP的治療作用及應用前景,為OP的臨床用藥提供新見解。
RAS主要由腎素、血管緊張素Ⅱ(angiotensinⅡ,AngⅡ)、血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶(angiotensin con?verting enzyme,ACE)和血管緊張素受體(angio?tensin receptors,ATR)等組成,其中AngⅡ是RAS的主要效應因子[8]。AngⅡ的產(chǎn)生和作用需要經(jīng)過3個過程:①腎素的作用下,血管緊張素原水解為AngⅠ,這是RAS級聯(lián)反應的限速步驟;②AngⅠ在ACE的作用下轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)锳ngⅡ;③AngⅡ通過結合不同的ATR產(chǎn)生不同的生物效應[9]。研究表明,骨組織局部可以表達RAS相關成分,例如成骨細胞和破骨細胞均可表達ACE,AT1R和AT2R;骨髓組織中也存在局部RAS,參與骨髓中前體細胞的增殖及分化等過程[10-13]。
RAS作用途徑可分為經(jīng)典和非經(jīng)典途徑。RAS的經(jīng)典途徑主要通過ACE-AngⅡ-AT1R軸發(fā)揮作用,非經(jīng)典途徑則通過ACE-AngⅡ-AT2R軸和(或)ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas受體軸發(fā)揮作用[14]。在循環(huán)中,RAS通過經(jīng)典和非經(jīng)典途徑共同維持血壓穩(wěn)定和水鹽平衡。除了循環(huán)中的RAS,各臟器組織(包括骨組織)中也存在局部RAS,通過上述2種途徑介導細胞氧化應激、增殖、分化及凋亡等過程[15]。
骨代謝是一個動態(tài)過程,主要包括成骨細胞形成骨及破骨細胞吸收骨,二者相對平衡是維持骨代謝穩(wěn)定的重要條件。OP表現(xiàn)為嚴重的骨代謝失衡且具體發(fā)生機制至今尚未明確。越來越多的研究表明,骨組織局部RAS過度激活時,可通過經(jīng)典和非經(jīng)典途徑調(diào)節(jié)成骨細胞和破骨細胞分化和成熟或影響二者的功能,導致骨形成減少及骨吸收增加,隨之發(fā)生OP。
2.1骨組織RAS與成骨細胞
成骨細胞是一種由骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞分化而來的特異性細胞,通過分泌骨基質(zhì)參與骨形成,也參與調(diào)節(jié)破骨細胞分化與成熟。成骨細胞的分化和成熟過程受到多種細胞因子調(diào)節(jié),如Runt相關轉(zhuǎn)錄因子2(runt-related transcription factor 2,Runx2)、骨鈣素和骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白等[16]。Zhang等[4]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),過度激活的骨局部RAS可致骨形成減少,骨量降低,從整體水平闡明了骨組織局部RAS過度激活是OP的重要發(fā)生機制之一。進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),AngⅡ可通過結合于前成骨細胞和大鼠骨肉瘤細胞系(ROS17/2.8)表面的AT1R抑制Runx2及骨鈣素表達,從而影響其分化和成熟,從細胞水平證實骨組織局部RAS過度激活可影響成骨細胞分化和成熟,導致骨基質(zhì)合成及礦化減少,誘發(fā)OP[17-19]。
骨組織RAS除影響細胞分化和成熟以外,也可參與氧化應激和細胞凋亡等過程。骨組織RAS是否可通過氧化應激直接損傷成骨細胞而影響骨代謝仍不清楚。最近有研究者提出,氧化應激反應增強可能是老年性OP的發(fā)病機制之一[20]。流行病學調(diào)查也發(fā)現(xiàn),人體內(nèi)活性氧(reactive oxygen spe?cies,ROS)含量隨著年齡增長不斷增加,而動物實驗也證實了ROS會嚴重危害成骨細胞、破骨細胞及骨細胞的正常生理活動,導致骨代謝失衡[21-22]。進一步研究表明,AngⅡ可升高成骨細胞線粒體中ROS和超氧化物水平,而降低呼吸酶復合物和ATP水平,直接損傷成骨細胞線粒體,導致成骨細胞凋亡[23-24]。
由此可知,過度激活的骨組織局部RAS對成骨細胞的影響主要是通過RAS經(jīng)典途徑,即ACEAngⅡ-AT1R軸抑制成骨細胞分化和成熟或通過氧化應激反應直接損傷成骨細胞,導致骨形成減少和OP發(fā)生。
2.2 骨組織RAS與破骨細胞
破骨細胞來源于造血干細胞,其分化過程主要受成骨細胞分泌的NF-κB受體活化因子配體(re?ceptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand,RANKL)及骨保護素(osteoprotegerin,OPG)調(diào)控[25]。許多細胞因子和激素可以通過調(diào)節(jié)RANKL和OPG表達水平,從而調(diào)控破骨細胞分化和成熟,如維生素D3、雌激素、甲狀旁腺激素和糖皮質(zhì)激素等。骨組織RAS也不例外。Gu等[26-27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),老年性OP以及糖皮質(zhì)激素誘發(fā)性OP與骨組織RAS激活有關,同時RANKL表達增加,提示骨組織RAS可能通過促進破骨細胞分化和成熟,導致骨吸收增加,參與OP發(fā)生。Shimizu等[28]通過雌性去勢大鼠模型進一步研究也證實,骨組織RAS激活參與了老年性OP發(fā)生。在進一步的前成骨細胞及破骨細胞聯(lián)合培養(yǎng)實驗中,發(fā)現(xiàn)AngⅡ通過與前成骨細胞表面AT1R結合,刺激前成骨細胞表達和分泌RANKL,導致RANKL/OPG表達比增加,從而促進破骨細胞分化和成熟。也有研究者提出,AngⅡ可以刺激成骨細胞表達RANKL,并呈劑量和時間依賴性改變,且其發(fā)生機制是AngⅡ與成骨細胞表面的AT1R結合后,增強NADPH氧化酶活性以及刺激ROS產(chǎn)生,上調(diào)細胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶信號通路,從而導致RANKL表達增加[29,30]。以上研究均證實,骨組織局部激活的RAS可以通過ACE-AngⅡ-AT1R軸調(diào)控破骨細胞的分化和成熟。
然而,Kaneko等[31]在整體及細胞實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),AT1aR敲除后可增加RANKL/OPG表達比并促進破骨細胞分化和成熟,導致骨吸收增加,提示骨組織RAS并非通過ACE-AngⅡ-AT1R軸調(diào)節(jié)破骨細胞分化和成熟。Asaba等[32]進一步細胞實驗表明,AngⅡ可通過與前成骨細胞表面的AT2R結合,刺激其釋放RANKL,并與前破骨細胞表面的受體RANK結合,促進前破骨細胞分化為成熟的破骨細胞,參與骨吸收過程。
綜上,骨組織RAS可通過ACE-AngⅡ-AT1R軸或ACE-AngⅡ-AT2R軸促進前成骨細胞表達RANKL,誘導前破骨細胞過度分化為成熟的破骨細胞,導致骨吸收增加,OP發(fā)生。但是,AT1R和AT2R在過度激活的骨組織局部RAS刺激破骨細胞分化過程中的具體作用仍需進一步研究加以明確。
目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)和應用于臨床的RAS抑制劑主要是通過減少AngⅡ產(chǎn)生或阻斷AngⅡ與AT1R結合來治療RAS過度激活所誘發(fā)的疾病,因此,RAS抑制劑或許可成為治療OP的候選藥物之一[33-34]。目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)和應用于臨床的RAS抑制劑主要包括腎素抑制劑、ACE抑制劑(angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor,ACEI)和血管緊張素Ⅱ受體拮抗劑(angiotensinⅡreceptor blockers,ARB)。
3.1 腎素抑制劑
腎素抑制劑可以抑制血管緊張素原轉(zhuǎn)換為AngⅠ,從而減少AngⅡ生成,理論上可以有效地改善高血壓和OP[35]。阿利吉侖(aliskiren)是腎素抑制劑的代表性藥物。目前研究已經(jīng)證實,阿利吉侖可以有效地延緩骨吸收,從而改善雌性去勢小鼠骨量丟失、骨小梁變細、骨密度降低等表現(xiàn),其機制可能是阿利吉侖抑制了破骨細胞分化以及減弱其吸收能力[36-37]。由于目前尚無臨床試驗表明阿利吉侖可以有效治療OP,所以臨床應用其治療OP尚不普遍。但是,阿利吉侖作為一種新型的RAS抑制劑,其對OP治療的應用前景仍然值得關注和進一步探索。
3.2 血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑
ACEI通過減少AngⅡ的產(chǎn)生可達到抑制循環(huán)及組織中RAS的功能。目前,關于ACEI對OP的治療作用說法不一。臨床研究顯示,患者使用ACEI治療后可以增加骨密度以及減少骨折發(fā)生風險[38]。然而,通過大規(guī)模的回顧性研究顯示,長期使用ACEI對老年人骨密度有降低作用,甚至加重OP[39]。還有研究表明,ACEI可以改善卵巢切除術后及自發(fā)性高血壓大鼠骨量丟失等表現(xiàn),其機制為阻斷慢性激活的骨組織局部RAS對骨代謝的不利影響,從而抑制骨吸收并促進骨形成[40-41]。另外,也有研究表明,卡托普利對正常骨代謝具有危害作用,可能與骨組織局部RAS以及緩激肽系統(tǒng)被激活有關,而后二者被認為可減少成骨細胞分化,刺激破骨細胞形成及降低骨密度[35,42]。ACEI雖已成為治療心血管疾病的支柱藥物,治療效果也得到了一致認可,但對OP患者的治療效果仍處在探索過程??傊?,ACEI對OP的治療作用是否與藥物種類、藥物劑量、個體差異、ACE表型及其他因素有關仍需進一步研究。
3.3 血管緊張素Ⅱ受體拮抗劑
ARB作為RAS抑制劑另一類代表性藥物,具有其他抑制劑不可比擬的優(yōu)勢。由于絕大多數(shù)的研究都證實骨代謝紊亂源于AngⅡ與AT1R結合所產(chǎn)生的病理效應,因此ARB通過阻斷AngⅡ與AT1R結合,可以抑制骨組織局部過度激活的RAS對骨代謝的不良影響,從而達到治療OP的效果[43-45]。也有少量研究認為,AT2R抑制劑可增加成年大鼠骨量,從而緩解OP[46]。近年來,多種選擇性抑制AT1R的藥物被開發(fā)并應用于臨床,包括洛沙坦、纈沙坦和厄貝沙坦等,而且這些藥物的副作用遠少于ACEI,因此被普遍應用于心血管疾病治療,尤其適用于高血壓合并OP。但是選擇性AT2R阻斷劑是否可以改善OP仍存在爭議。
綜上所述,骨組織RAS在介導OP發(fā)生過程中具有重要作用,并可能成為治療OP的潛在靶點。大量研究提示,RAS抑制劑可以改善OP患者骨量丟失,或許可以成為治療OP的另一類新藥物,而且這種“一藥多用,老藥新用”的研究可以減少患者的服藥種類和降低社會經(jīng)濟負擔,因此受到研究者廣泛關注。但是,RAS抑制劑對OP的確切療效和作用機制仍有待全面證實。此外,隨著對RAS深入了解,RAS新成員如ACE2、Ang-(1-7)相繼被研究者熟知,其參與的RAS另一條非經(jīng)典途徑即ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas受體軸的保護作用,例如促進血管舒張、降低氧化應激、抑制炎癥反應以及刺激細胞分化等被廣大研究者認可。許多研究提示,ACE2和Ang-(1-7)具有藥理作用,并可能成為繼腎素抑制劑、ACEI和ARB之后又一類治療心血管疾病的代表性藥物[47-49]。進一步研究表明,鑒于ACE2和Ang-(1-7)具有抗炎、抗氧化應激以及舒張血管的作用,ACE2和Ang-(1-7)甚至被認為是治療和預防心腦血管意外如心肌梗死、腦梗死和腦出血等疾病的潛在藥物之一[50-52]。此外,最近研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Ang-(1-7)與Mas受體結合后可以增加胰島素敏感性、促進脂質(zhì)代謝和減少機體脂肪沉積,因此被認為可以預防和治療肥胖、糖尿病和血脂異常等代謝綜合征[53-54]。然而,目前尚未有研究報道ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas受體軸在OP發(fā)生過程中的具體作用。因此,進一步探討ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas受體軸的作用,并發(fā)揮其拮抗ACE-AngⅡ-AT1R軸的藥理效應,達到治療RAS過度激活產(chǎn)生的OP,將可能是繼研究RAS抑制劑對OP的療效之后又一個研究熱點。
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Mechanisms of renin-angiotensin system and therapeutic targets of osteoporosis:research progress
XIAO Hao1,CHEN Liao-bin1,2,ZHANG Xian-rong2,SHANG-GUAN Yang-fan1,PAN Zheng-qi1,WANG Hui2
(1.Department of Orthopedics,Zhongnan Hospital,2.Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430071,China)
Osteoporosis is a bone metabolic disease,characterized by reduced bone formation and increased bone resorption that lead to loss of bone mass,microarchitecture changes in bone tis?sue and susceptibility to fracture.Bone tissue expresses the main components of the renin-angiotensin sys?tem(RAS),which is involved in many biological processes through classic and non-classic pathways,including oxidative stress,cell proliferation,differentiation,apoptosis.Excessive activation of the bone tissue RAS can inhibit osteoblast differentiation,damage its bone formation function directly,and pro?mote osteoclast differentiation and maturation,leading to decreased bone formation and increased bone resorption,and inducing osteoporosis.RAS inhibitors include renin inhibitor,angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensinⅡreceptor blockers,which have been shown to antagonize pathological effects resulting from chronic activation of RAS effectively.Therefore,RAS inhibitors are considered one of the potential drugs for osteoporosis.
renin-angiotensin system;osteoporosis;bone metabolism
CHEN Liao-bin,E-mail:lbchen@whu.edu.cn
R966
A
1000-3002-(2016)10-1114-06
10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2016.10.005
Foundation item:The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81220108026);and National Natural Science Foundation of China(81371940)
2016-04-21 接受日期:2016-06-21)
(本文編輯:喬 虹)
國家自然科學基金(81220108026);國家自然科學基金(81371940)
肖 浩(1992-),男,碩士研究生,從事骨質(zhì)疏松癥研究;陳廖斌(1963-),男,教授,主要從事骨質(zhì)疏松癥及骨關節(jié)炎研究。
陳廖斌,E-mail:lbchen@whu.edu.cn