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神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后患者靜脈輸注替考拉寧腦脊液藥物濃度研究

2016-01-26 07:58康建磊武元星于書卿
中國(guó)感染控制雜志 2015年12期

康建磊,武元星,于書卿,王 強(qiáng)

(1 鄭州大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院,河南 鄭州 450008; 2 首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京天壇醫(yī)院,北京 100050)

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神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后患者靜脈輸注替考拉寧腦脊液藥物濃度研究

康建磊1,武元星2,于書卿2,王強(qiáng)2

(1 鄭州大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院,河南 鄭州450008; 2 首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京天壇醫(yī)院,北京100050)

[摘要]目的了解神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后患者靜脈輸注替考拉寧時(shí)腦脊液藥物濃度,探討神經(jīng)外科手術(shù)破壞血腦屏障后是否可增加腦脊液藥物濃度,以及藥物持續(xù)泵入對(duì)腦脊液藥物濃度的影響。方法選擇神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后留置術(shù)區(qū)/腦室引流管的患者,分為常規(guī)給藥組(替考拉寧400 mg,30 min泵入,1次/12 h重復(fù)給藥)和持續(xù)給藥組(替考拉寧400 mg,30 min泵入,再以200 mg,1次/6 h持續(xù)泵入),于給藥后相應(yīng)時(shí)間點(diǎn)采集腦脊液標(biāo)本檢測(cè)替考拉寧濃度。結(jié)果常規(guī)給藥組腦脊液替考拉寧濃度泵入后即刻濃度為(0.004±0.0123)mg/L,泵入后1 h達(dá)峰值(0.712±1.028)mg/L,后逐漸下降,泵入后12、18、24 h分別為(0.254±0.222)、(0.173±0.152)、(0.355±0.207)mg/L。持續(xù)給藥組腦脊液替考拉寧泵入后即刻濃度為(0.017±0.020)mg/L,4 h后達(dá)峰值(0.587±0.255)mg/L,泵入后6、12、18、24 h分別為(0.429±0.416)、(0.325±0.254)、(0.476±0.686)、(0.318±0.464)mg/L,6 h后藥物濃度相對(duì)穩(wěn)定,介于(0.318±0.464)~(0.476±0.686)mg/L。常規(guī)給藥組、持續(xù)給藥組的AUC0—24 h分別為5.590 mg/L·h、9.082 mg/L·h。兩組患者僅峰值附近區(qū)域替考拉寧濃度達(dá)到凝固酶陰性葡萄球菌(CNS)MIC50,但其濃度高于CNS MIC50的時(shí)間占整個(gè)給藥時(shí)間的比例遠(yuǎn)小于50%;兩組患者腦脊液替考拉寧濃度均未能達(dá)到金黃色葡萄球菌MIC50。結(jié)論持續(xù)輸注替考拉寧后,患者腦脊液藥物濃度較常規(guī)給藥組有所增加,但仍未能達(dá)所要求的MIC;結(jié)合血藥濃度的實(shí)驗(yàn),血液濃度增高有利于腦脊液藥物濃度增加,可考慮適當(dāng)增加劑量以達(dá)到臨床治療目的。

[關(guān)鍵詞]替考拉寧; 持續(xù)輸注; 藥代動(dòng)力學(xué); 藥效動(dòng)力學(xué); 腦脊液藥物濃度

[Chin Infect Control,2015,14(12):798-802]

首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)北京天壇醫(yī)院感染流行病學(xué)調(diào)查資料[1-2]顯示,神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后顱內(nèi)感染革蘭陽(yáng)性細(xì)菌主要是凝固酶陰性葡萄球菌(coagulase negative staphylococcus,CNS)和金黃色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusaureus,S.aureus)。替考拉寧對(duì)這兩種細(xì)菌具有良好的抗菌活性,但是由于替考拉寧血腦屏障的透過(guò)率較低[3-4],雖有個(gè)案[5-6]報(bào)道,替考拉寧用于顱內(nèi)感染的治療,但其仍不被廣泛應(yīng)用于顱內(nèi)感染的治療??紤]到神經(jīng)外科顱內(nèi)病變及手術(shù)對(duì)血腦屏障的破壞[7],可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致替考拉寧在術(shù)后患者腦脊液中濃度增加。為驗(yàn)證神經(jīng)外科手術(shù)后藥物穿透率是否增加,是否能達(dá)到有效抗菌濃度,以及延長(zhǎng)藥物輸注時(shí)間對(duì)藥物濃度的影響,開展了本項(xiàng)研究。

1對(duì)象與方法

1.1病例選擇選擇年齡為18~65歲的開顱手術(shù)術(shù)后保留術(shù)區(qū)/腦室引流,且醫(yī)囑給予替考拉寧預(yù)防顱內(nèi)感染的患者?;颊呒韧鶡o(wú)心、肺、肝、腎等功能不全。研究的知情同意書由患者家屬簽署。

1.2替考拉寧給藥和標(biāo)本采集方案替考拉寧(商品名:他格適),法國(guó)賽諾菲-安萬(wàn)特公司(Gruppo Lepetit S.p.A.)生產(chǎn),規(guī)格200 mg/瓶。常規(guī)給藥組:400 mg,1次/12 h,每次使用50 mL生理鹽水溶解替考拉寧,30 min精確泵入;持續(xù)給藥組:50 mL生理鹽水溶解400 mg,30 min精確泵入,再以200 mg,1次/6 h持續(xù)泵入。在泵入后0、0.5、1、2、3、6、12、18、24 h,抽取患者腦脊液2~2.5 mL,4 000 r/min迅速離心3~5 min,取上清液置于-20℃冰箱保存,并盡快轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至北京天壇醫(yī)院藥理實(shí)驗(yàn)室,-70℃冰箱保存;再根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備及標(biāo)本采集情況,送往中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院醫(yī)藥生物技術(shù)研究所分析測(cè)試中心,最終同期檢測(cè),標(biāo)本最長(zhǎng)保存時(shí)間8個(gè)月。

1.3替考拉寧濃度測(cè)定采用液相色譜質(zhì)譜儀(LC-MS/MS)測(cè)定腦脊液標(biāo)本中替考拉寧濃度。

1.3.1儀器設(shè)備采用Thermo U-3000雙三元液相色譜儀(雙三元低壓梯度泵、自動(dòng)在線脫氣機(jī)、自動(dòng)進(jìn)樣器、柱溫箱、二極管陣列檢測(cè)器),變色龍7.1工作站,Thermo LTQ XL 質(zhì)譜儀,OHAUS CP214電子天平,Mettler Toledo Seven Easy pH計(jì),KH-500超聲清洗器(昆山禾創(chuàng)超聲儀器公司)。

1.3.2標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線的繪制精密稱取Toronto Research Chemicals Inc提供的替考拉寧對(duì)照品10.02 mg(純度:90%),置10 mL容量瓶中,加水溶解并定容至刻度、搖勻,即得對(duì)照儲(chǔ)備液(1 002 mg/L)。分別取替考拉寧對(duì)照儲(chǔ)備液適量,用水稀釋至濃度分別為0.025、0.05、0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0、5.0、10.0 mg/L的對(duì)照品溶液。分別精密量取上述對(duì)照品溶液100 μL,置于1.5 mL離心管中,加入空白血漿300 μL,漩渦混勻,配成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)含藥腦脊液,加入內(nèi)標(biāo)氫溴酸東莨菪堿溶液(500 mg/L)20 μL,加入600 μL 乙腈/三氯甲烷(2∶1)漩渦振蕩5 min,于4℃靜置10 min后,16 000 g離心10 min,取上清液用0.22 μm濾膜過(guò)濾,進(jìn)行LC-MS/MS分析。計(jì)算替考拉寧峰面積AS和內(nèi)標(biāo)峰面積Ai的比值(Y)與腦脊液替考拉寧濃度(X)進(jìn)行加權(quán)(1/x2)回歸計(jì)算,得目標(biāo)物的工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線。

1.3.3樣品處理和測(cè)定樣本解凍后,放置室溫,渦旋混合,按“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線”項(xiàng)下操作,取上清液進(jìn)行LC-MS/MS分析,記錄峰面積。將樣品溶液主成分峰面積代入工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線,結(jié)合替考拉寧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品純度值(90%),計(jì)算各樣品中替考拉寧的實(shí)際含量。

2結(jié)果

2.1患者基本情況2012年2—6月,常規(guī)給藥組共收集患者15例,其中男性9例、女性6例,年齡30~65歲,平均年齡(49±11)歲,體重53~95 kg,平均體重(71.3±13.6)kg;其中膠質(zhì)瘤7例,腦膜瘤4例,中樞神經(jīng)細(xì)胞瘤、鞍區(qū)血管外皮細(xì)胞瘤、血腫清除術(shù)和垂體瘤術(shù)后血腫清除術(shù)各1例。2012年7—9月,持續(xù)給藥組共收集患者11例,其中男性5例、女性6例,年齡18~65歲,平均年齡(51±15)歲,體重49~73 kg,平均體重(63.2±7.2)kg;其中膠質(zhì)瘤5例,腦膜瘤2例,動(dòng)靜脈畸形、橋小腦角區(qū)(CPA)神經(jīng)鞘瘤、頸靜脈孔神經(jīng)鞘瘤和CPA表皮樣囊腫各1例。所有患者均于術(shù)后12 h內(nèi)開始用藥?;颊呋厩闆r見(jiàn)表1。

2.2標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線腦脊液替考拉寧濃度工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線: Y=-9.75776e-005+0.00761238X,相關(guān)系數(shù)R=0.9990。依據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線計(jì)算患者各時(shí)間點(diǎn)腦脊液中替考拉寧濃度,結(jié)果見(jiàn)表2。常規(guī)給藥組腦脊液替考拉寧濃度泵入后即刻濃度為(0.004±0.0123)mg/L,泵入后1 h達(dá)峰值(0.712±1.028)mg/L,后逐漸下降,泵入后12、18、24 h分別為(0.254±0.222)、(0.173±0.152)、(0.355±0.207)mg/L。持續(xù)給藥組腦脊液替考拉寧泵入后即刻濃度為(0.017±0.020)mg/L,4 h后達(dá)峰值(0.587±0.255)mg/L,泵入后6、12、18、24 h分別為(0.429±0.416)、(0.325±0.254)、(0.476±0.686)、(0.318±0.464)mg/L,6 h后藥物濃度相對(duì)穩(wěn)定,介于(0.318±0.464)~(0.476±0.686)mg/L。

表1 兩組患者基本情況

2.3患者腦脊液替考拉寧濃度-時(shí)間曲線常規(guī)給藥組、持續(xù)給藥組的AUC0—24 h分別為5.590、9.082 mg/L·h。兩組患者僅峰值附近區(qū)域替考拉寧濃度達(dá)到CNS MIC50,但其濃度高于CNS MIC50的時(shí)間占整個(gè)給藥時(shí)間的比例遠(yuǎn)小于50%。見(jiàn)圖1。兩組患者腦脊液替考拉寧濃度均未能達(dá)到金黃色葡萄球菌MIC50。

表2 兩組患者各時(shí)間點(diǎn)腦脊液替考拉寧濃度(mg/L)

Range:表示最小至最大的測(cè)量值

圖1  腦脊液中替考拉寧濃度-時(shí)間曲線

3討論

由于腦脊液標(biāo)本儲(chǔ)存時(shí)間不能過(guò)長(zhǎng),且較難收集,檢測(cè)標(biāo)本例數(shù)較少。因此未能發(fā)現(xiàn)藥物濃度數(shù)值波動(dòng)與患者年齡、體重、病灶和手術(shù)特點(diǎn)、腦脊液引流方式、入組開始用藥時(shí)間等因素的明確關(guān)系。同時(shí),由于治療需要,給藥后引流管并未關(guān)閉,入組患者的引流量各不相同,影響腦脊液中的藥物濃度。加上標(biāo)本采集時(shí)間誤差,標(biāo)本儲(chǔ)存時(shí)間不同等,導(dǎo)致本組數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差較大。參考既往研究數(shù)據(jù)[11],顯示此類研究數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差均較大。由于影響因素眾多,加上腦脊液內(nèi)藥物濃度受血-腦屏障的破壞程度不同,數(shù)據(jù)變異大是普遍現(xiàn)象。

檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后患者腦脊液中的替考拉寧濃度符合文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的<1 mg/L[12-14],未能提示顱內(nèi)病變及神經(jīng)外科手術(shù)后,患者腦脊液替考拉寧濃度升高;個(gè)別患者腦脊液替考拉寧濃度較高(常規(guī)組5號(hào)最高濃度達(dá)3.080 mg/L),個(gè)別患者未檢出,考慮與個(gè)體差異、腫瘤的大小、位置、腦脊液引流量等有關(guān),也可能與術(shù)后激素、甘露醇等的使用有關(guān),上述差異也可能真實(shí)地反映了腦脊液中替考拉寧濃度,所以研究結(jié)果中未剔除變異較大的極值。

對(duì)比兩組患者腦脊液藥物濃度,發(fā)現(xiàn)24 h內(nèi)持續(xù)給藥組患者藥物濃度基本高于常規(guī)給藥組,同時(shí)計(jì)算兩組AUC0—24 h發(fā)現(xiàn),持續(xù)給藥組AUC0—24 h為9.082 mg/L·h,高于常規(guī)給藥組(5.590 mg/L·h)近1倍,提示持續(xù)給藥會(huì)增加腦脊液藥物濃度。結(jié)合既往實(shí)驗(yàn)[11]結(jié)果,考慮濃度的升高與血藥濃度的升高有關(guān)。目前,替考拉寧透過(guò)血腦屏障的機(jī)制還不清楚,可以推測(cè)腦內(nèi)外藥物濃度差的提高,有利于腦內(nèi)藥物濃度的增加。為達(dá)到有效的腦脊液藥物濃度,可考慮增加替考拉寧的給藥劑量。文獻(xiàn)[15-16]報(bào)道,日劑量可用至1 200 mg, 未見(jiàn)明顯不良反應(yīng),其中Cruciani等[16]報(bào)道了1例分流術(shù)后感染患者,采用替考拉寧治療1 200 mg/d,測(cè)得腦脊液替考拉寧濃度達(dá)1.5~2 mg/L,故可嘗試進(jìn)一步加大藥物劑量,以增加腦脊液中藥物濃度。增大劑量可能導(dǎo)致患者不良反應(yīng)增加,以及經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)加重,可考慮通過(guò)特殊給藥途徑,如腦室給藥、鞘內(nèi)注射等提高腦脊液內(nèi)藥物濃度,改善療效[16-17],但其利弊有待進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。

本組研究結(jié)果提示, 持續(xù)輸注替考拉寧后,患者腦脊液藥物濃度較常規(guī)給藥組有所增加,但仍未能達(dá)所要求的MIC,結(jié)合既往文獻(xiàn)[16]結(jié)果,提高替考拉寧使用劑量有利于腦內(nèi)藥物濃度的增加,因而可考慮適當(dāng)增加劑量或者直接采用局部給藥的方式,以達(dá)到臨床治療目的。

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(本文編輯:左雙燕)

·論著·

Teicoplanin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid during intravenous infusion in patients following neurosurgery operation

KANGJian-lei1, WU Yuan-xing2, YU Shu-qing2, WANG Qiang2(1 The Affiliated TumorHospital,ZhengzhouUniversity,Zhengzhou450008,China; 2BeijingTiantanHospital,CapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100050,China)

[Abstract]ObjectiveTo understand teicoplanin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during intravenous infusion in patients following neurosurgery operation, and evaluate whether drug concentration can be increased if blood-brain barrier was damaged, and effect of continuous pump of drug on drug concentration in CSF.MethodsThe post-neurosurgical surgery patients with surgical site/ventricular drainage were enrolled in the study, patients were divided into routine administration group(a dose of teicoplanin of 400 mg/12 h was administered for 30 min) and continuous administration group (a dose of 400 mg teicoplanin was administered for 30 min followed by a continuous infusion of 200 mg/6 h). CSF specimens were collected at respective time points of administration, teicoplanin concentration in specimens was measured.ResultsFor routine administration group, drug concentration in CSF was(0.004±0.0123)mg/L immediately after teicoplanin was bumped, the peak concentration was (0.712±1.028)mg/L after 1-hour bumping, then concentration decreased gradually, which were (0.254±0.222),(0.173±0.152), and (0.355±0.207)mg/L at 12,18, and 24 hours of bumping respectively. For continuous administration group, drug concentration in CSF was(0.017±0.020))mg/L immediately after teicoplanin was bumped, the peak concentration reached (0.587±0.255)mg/L after 4-hour bumping, then concentration were (0.429±0.416),(0.325±0.254),(0.476±0.686),and (0.318±0.464)mg/L at 6,12,18, and 24 hours of bumping respectively, teicoplanin concentration was relatively stable 6 hours later, which were (0.318±0.464)mg/L-(0.476±0.686)mg/L. The area under the curve during 24 hours (AUC0-24) in routine administration group and continuous administration group were 5.590 mg/ L·h and 9.082 mg/L·h respectively. For two groups of patients, teicoplanin concentration only at the area near peak value achieved 50% minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC50) for coagulase negative staphylococcus (CNS), but the time for achieving concentration higher than CNS MIC50was far less than 50% of total administration time; teicoplanin concentration in CSF of both groups of patients didn’t achieve MIC50for Staphylococcus aureus.ConclusionAfter continuous infusion of teicoplanin, drug concentration in CSF can be increased compared with routine administration group,but still can’t achieve the effective MIC; the increase of blood drug concentration is benefit to drug concentration in CSF, it is necessary to increase the dose appropriately to achieve clinical effectiveness.

[Key words]teicoplanin; continuous infusion; pharmacokinetics; pharmacodynamics; CSF drug concentration

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-9638.2015.12.003

[通信作者]李強(qiáng)E-mail:liqianggz@126.com

[作者簡(jiǎn)介]郭健蓮(1981-),女(漢族),福建省福安市人,主管技師,主要從事病原微生物感染研究。

[基金項(xiàng)目]南京軍區(qū)聯(lián)勤十八分部醫(yī)藥科技青年培養(yǎng)項(xiàng)目(18FBQN2014007)

[收稿日期]2015-05-10

[中圖分類號(hào)]R969.1

[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A

[文章編號(hào)]1671-9638(2015)12-0798-05

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