論《看不見(jiàn)的人》中主/客體的相互凝視與身份建構(gòu)

張弛1, 2

(1. 南京大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院，江蘇南京210093；2. 南京林業(yè)大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院，江蘇南京210037)

摘要：通過(guò)對(duì)主人公與美國(guó)白人之間看與被看行為的描寫(xiě)，《看不見(jiàn)的人》揭示了種族主義和殖民主義對(duì)美國(guó)黑人身份和意識(shí)形態(tài)的限制。本文以薩特和拉康為代表的視覺(jué)理論為基礎(chǔ)，結(jié)合法農(nóng)對(duì)于種族與黑人身體的后殖民論述，解讀小說(shuō)中作為文化主體的白人群體與作為文化他者的黑人群體間的視線交流，分析在各自目光中被異化的黑/白人形象，從而揭示被種族化的人類整體共同面臨的身份危機(jī)。

關(guān)鍵詞：視覺(jué)理論；種族；身份；主體；他者

DOI：10.3876/j.issn.1671-4970.2015.05.019

收稿日期：2015-07-19

基金項(xiàng)目：江蘇省高校哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)研究一般項(xiàng)目(2015SJB035);南京林業(yè)大學(xué)高學(xué)歷人才基金項(xiàng)目(GXL201324)

作者簡(jiǎn)介：張弛(1985—)，男，江蘇南京人，講師，博士研究生，從事英美文學(xué)及文化研究。

中圖分類號(hào)：I712.09

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼：A

文章編號(hào)：1671-4970(2015)05-0098-05

Abstract:Although the core socialist values are a positive response to the issues in China, the innovative constructing of the core socialist values and the experienced concerned is of universal significance because of the worldwide impact of Chinese model. The Chinese experience and inspiration of the core socialist values in the process of construction are the following: Firstly, the rational constructing of core values should be directed by advanced theories; Secondly, the core values cannot be practical without being concretely implemented; Thirdly, the core values possess exuberant vitality only when they have a tolerant and open attribute. Based on the objective rules of the social development, the core socialist values embody people-oriented spirit.The core values assimilate the achievements of civilizations in an inclusive and open-minded way, which creates its landmark status in the history of the development of human society’s core values. Xi Jinping is adept at using dialectics to analyze and solve the problems in social governance and forms his thought on social governance with distinctive Chinese characteristics. He analyzes some basic issues such as the essential characteristics, the theoretical basis, the ways of realization, the reliant strength of social governance from the perspective of materialist dialectics and forms his thought on social governance which contains the nature of dialectical thinking. The dialectical thinking is reflected concretely in the dialectical unity of the social governance system and its subsystems and elements, the dialectical unity of the two-point doctrine and focal-point one, the dialectical unity of the inheritance and innovation, the dialectical unity of the objectives of social governance and improvement of people’s livelihood, and the dialectical unity of the subject and object. It is necessary to deeply and systematically analyze and summarize the dialectical thinking of Xi Jinping’s thought on social governance and it is of important guidance to perfect the system of social governance, improve the capacity of social governance and improve people’s well-beings. A series theoretical propositions on the construction of the rule of law in China, which causes the boom of the rule of law were put forward after the Eighteenth National Congress of CPC. As a special form, the concept of the rule of law in China has particular context and orientation. It is necessary to analyze the concept of the rule of law in China from the perspective of the construction of the rule of law in China. Also it is important to go beyond and innovate. At the same time, the construction of the rule of law in China should focus on the building of a society with an adequate legal system and avoiding the possible of idea of great leap forward with the rule of law, the abuse of the discourse of the rule of law and the paradox between the leading force of the construction of rule of law and the connotation of rule of law. Faced with the irrational application of science in the war and based on the deep understanding of Marx’s concept of practice, Benal rebels the practice of traditional philosophy of science, concentrates on a social practice of science and develops a full range of social studies of science. The traditional western philosophical science theory focuses on the effort of science and the knowledge of science. Such theory ignores the reality of life and depicts the outlook of science. Bernal’s social practice centers on the basis of science with details and open-minded ideas and history, which initiates the social practice turn of science study. Bernal’s research theory originates from practical issues and finally returns to dealing with real problems. In summary, concentrating on knowledge of science and turning to the social practice of science is the research path of returning to life-world-philosophy angle. It is one of the core propositions of historical materialism that human being is the main body of material production, spiritual production and the development of social history and plays a main role in the process of cognition and transformation of the world. To construct socialist culture and define the subject of socialist cultural construction, it is important to do the following: deconstructing the interpretation of traditional philosophy; reemphasizing the status of the subject pertaining to historical materialism; tracing the philosophical origin of Marx’s theory of subject and clarifying the scientific connotation of the subject of Marxism and discussing the spiritual production in Marxism subject theory which has been ignored for a long time. Then, the socialist culture with Chinese characteristics, which is based on the theory of Marxism, is the reflection of the cultural form of the vivid and realistic practice of contemporary China and aims to promote the free and comprehensive development of the subject. Therefore, the cultural construction of contemporary China must deal with the relationship between the subject and the object, the leader and the masses, the popular culture and the mainstream culture, which can arouse people’s "cultural consciousness" and provide a theoretical reference for the construction of cultural power. With regard to resettlement, the government takes a new way of affinity urbanization which is different from the urbanization of voluntary resettlement, the city-centered urbanization or the urbanization of merging villages. Such urbanization breaks the previous social stratification and reflects the following three changes: landscape, manufacturing and economics. At the beginning of resettlement, it focuses on landscape. After the steady resettlement, it then centers on economic and professional urbanization. The new interests and relationship patterns are developed to reconstruct the social structure of migrants. And the changes in the stratification structure have impact on the level and quality of urbanization. Environmental sociology is proposed in a specific social background and academic tradition. Its origin and development is analyzed here by a framework of “what”, “why” and “how”. ① Riley E. Dunlap and some other American scholars gave the definition of environmental sociology in 1978. Allan Schnaiberg used the metaphor of the Treadmill of Production to explain the environmental problems caused by capitalism, while Lyn White, Jr, traced American’s historical root from Judeo-Christian tradition. The theory on risk society centers on the source of social structure of environmental problems, while the theory on ecological modernization centers on solving the environmental problem. Constructionism then focuses on a new strategy to understand the social process of the environmental problem. ② Based on Japanese environmental problems, Iijima and Funabashi analyze the multi-impacts of environmental pollution on society by proposing theories on the structures of victims of the environmental problems and the theories on victim groups and affected groups. Torigoe and other scholars propose life environmentalism to explain and to solve the water environmental problems of Biwa Lake. Funabashi applies the theory on environmental control systems to interpret the environmental problems and its solution process. ③ Being aware of the relationship between the livelihood of Chinese grassland husbandry, Fei and his team devote to application research on grassland degeneration and desertification. Social transformation theorists try to find out solution to Chinese existing environmental problems from the undergoing structural change in Chinese society. Breaking out of the water pollution by industrialization mirrors multi-beneficiaries’ social relationship and reveals the social and historical roots. A comprehensive analysis shows that environmental sociology’s focus changes from the “social problems” to “social system” and from being aware of problems to solving problems. The paper analyzes the governmental coordination of land allocation of reservoir resettlement from the following aspects: the coordination of the main body and object, the coordination of the target and principle, the coordination of means and strategy and the coordination of the needs and coordination process. And the demand judgement of coordination depends on the comparison of the input and output of the public and the input and output of the reference standard from the perspective of fairness. Then, according to the policy concerned and the work focus of the government, the paper makes suggestion on the improvement of land allocation pertaining to the implementation and guarantee of coordination. With the rapid development of market economy and the constant progress of the society, many problems appear in the development process of Chinese public broadcasting. The key one is the identity crisis of public broadcasting in China. Public broadcasting has always been changing its identity when playing with national policy, market rule and broadcasting technology, resulting in failing to adapt to the environment and stick to its nonprofit publicity. In order to get out of the dilemma, a set of strategies must be implemented, including theory constructing, national policy reform and broadcasting technology convergence. With the sustainable development of China’s economy, innovation has become the focus of economic development. This paper establishes an input-output index system and uses the Super-Efficience DEA model and Malmquist index model to analyze the science-technology resource allocation efficiency of the Yangtze River economic zones on the basis of the data collected in 11 provinces from 2001 to 2004. The results show that the allocation capacity of the overall areas is on the rise, but over half of these places are inefficient. Furthermore, this paper provides reasonable support for the decision of the innovation and development of the Yangtze River economic zones. The more fragile financial system, the greater the likelihood of financial crises. The evaluation index system of Chinese financial system is established from three dimensions: risk exposure, sensitivity and risk adaptability capability. Moreover, a model is built for measuring the degree of fragility of Chinese financial system from 1998 to 2013. The results show that the degree of fragility presents obvious characteristics of different stages and shows “increase-decrease-increase-decrease” trend from 1998 to 2013. The severe fragile figures appear after financial crisis, which indicates the impact of the financial crisis on Chinese financial system having the time-lag and sustainability. The liquidity risk is the main risk factor of risk exposure. At the same time, the financial system shows that the system is more sensitive to enterprises’ operating liabilities, credit inflationary pressures and exchange rate fluctuation. All of these are the main controlling and regulating direction and objects for making monetary policy. To explore the impact of characteristic regulation and situational regulation on online shopping decision, the paper uses Information Board Technology and selects 144 undergraduate students as the test subjects to make experiment on the two kinds of characteristic regulation orientation and two kinds of situational regulation orientation, It studies the impact of different regulation orientation on decision depth, decision time，decision satisfaction and information searching pattern. The results are the following: ① Characteristic regulation of promotion orientation and prevention orientation have no difference in search pattern; However, when situational orientation has been primed, situational promotion orientation individuals use the incomplete information processing strategy and non-compensatory decision-making strategies while situational prevention orientation individuals use the complete information processing strategy and compensatory decision-making strategies. ② When situational promotion orientation has been primed, there is no significant difference in characteristic regulation of promotion orientation and prevention orientation; When situational prevention orientation has been primed, individuals with characteristic regulation of promotion orientation have more decision satisfaction. ③ Promotion orientation individuals in both characteristic and situational regulation have less decision time. Then the conclusion is made that manipulating situation can have significant impact on online shopping decision-making. The five central Asian countries are the key investment objects in the contex of “ One Belt and One Road” strategy. The impact of Chinese OFDI on the economic growth of five central Asian countries is measured based on the FGLS model constructed by C-D production function and the panel data from 2003 to 2013. Studies show that the overall impact of Chinese OFDI on five central Asian countries’ economic growth is relatively significant, but there are differences among the five countries. The impact on Kazakhstan is the strongest, the impact on Tajikistan and Turkmenistan is medium and the impact on Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan is the weakest. With a combination of various factors, it is predicted that based on “One Belt and One Road” Strategy, the impact gap of Chinese OFDI on the economic growth of five Central Asian countries may be further widened: Tajikistan may have the maximum improvement space, Uzbekistan has the second one, and the other three countries have the minimum space. The research results provide a reference for Chinese investment policies: comprehensive transformation of investment and cooperation mode in terms of environment evaluation, investment partners, investment fields and cooperation modalities. As an important part of organization environment, leaders have impact on their subordinates’ work by means of demands, control and support. Based on literature review, the impact of leaders and their behavior on employee’s work are introduced. It is shown that the behavior, the style, the emotion and the personality of the leaders may have different impact on their subordinates’ work. Therefore, future research should improve the design of studies, expand cross-cultural study and pay attention to the mechanism of the impact. At present, in the contex of the vigorous construction of water ecological civilization in China, it is an important and urgent task to speed up the pace of the construction of water culture with the main purpose of the harmonious development between man beings and water. Li Bing, the prefect of Shu (a county in Qin dynasty) constructed the classical Dujiang Weir water conservancy project, which is well-known to the world and is still in use now. Taking the relationship between man and nature, man and water as the main thread, the paper analyzes the water-control concept, engineering solutions, comprehensive benefits of Dujiang Weir water conservancy project, and the philosophical idea, thought view, the outlook on development and cultural viewpoint concerned. All these illustrate that the core idea of the Dujiang Weir water conservancy project’s water culture is highly in accordance with the overall direction of the development of contemporary ecological culture, and it is in keeping with the direction of contemporary water ecological civilization construction. Then, it puts forward four viewpoints: keeping the unity of inheritance and development, achieving complementarity between science-technology and humanities, forming a drive system of research and education, and maintaining the coordination between the government and the society, etc. Stamps have always been known as “State Appearance Card”, and stamps of water conservancy play an important part in the building of the images of state water conservancy. Based on the systematic organization and analysis of water conservancy stamps issued by new China, this paper analyzes and reflects on the images of water conservancy represented by stamps according to the relevant knowledge of journalism. In general, the images of water conservancy represented by stamps can be summarized as follows: Firstly, water conservancy is an important part of national economic and social development; Secondly, flood prevention, irrigation, water supply in urban and rural areas, and the construction of large hydropower plants are major missions of water conservancy construction; Thirdly, the prospect of water conservancy development in present stage is fine; Fourthly, people working in water conservancy reflect the virtues such as selfless devotion, team spirit, perseverance and persistence; Finally, the environment of the construction and development of water conservancy is beautiful. The images of water conservancy mirrored in stamps have shown the development of water conservancy over the last sixty years since the founding of China, though there are some deviations compared with the objective and real image of water conservancy. Major cause of the deviation lies in the inadequate understanding of water conservancy of the postal administration. This paper proposes that the active communication between water conservancy department and the postal administration in terms of ideology, theme-selection, popularization of science and construction of special culture should be strengthened. Then the building of the image of water conservancy can be improved and a favorable external environment for the development of water conservancy in a new era can be available. In the context of economic globalization, the whole world may have the new surge of translation and the economic profit of translation industry may be great. Based on Structure-Conduct-Performance paradigm (SCP) and New Empirical Industry Organization (NEIO) method of industry organization of economics, the paper explores the necessity of forming translation economies of scale and the development situation of translation industry in China. It is pointed out that the forming of translation economies of scale in China and the sustainable development of translation industry should be on the basis of the following aspects: the reasonable adjustment of the market structure of translation industry and optimization of translation resource allocation; the improvement of market conduct of translation industry and establishment of appraisal system of market access of translation service enterprises and translation service standard; the improvement of market performance of translation industry and adopting of management of translation projects. Then it is possible for China’s translation service enterprises to gain the biggest profit. Referring to the ultimate value, life is a process from inauthentic being-towards-death to the first authentic experience of death. Only if the Dasein has a fairly sober consciousness of death, getting rid of the “verfallen” caused by the fear and envision, he can face up to the unavoidable death with composed posture, obtaining the Eigen freedom beyond the life itself. Thinking Everyman’s being and death from the perspective of “being” under the existential ontology, a conclusion can be reached: as a sensible being one, the greatness of human being is that they can become the alive gods by comprehending death thoroughly; actually, everyone is mortal “everyman” being towards death, moreover, he can highlight the true meaning of “being” by experiencing the death first. Through the description of complicated visual relations between the anonymous protagonist and the American white, Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man displays the restriction on both the identity and ideology of the black due to racial prejudice and colonialism. Based on the gaze theory proposed by Sartre and Lacan and Fanon’s postcolonial analysis of race and the blackness, this paper explores how the images, as well as the identity, of both the whites as the subject and the blacks as the Other, are distorted and re-constructed in their gaze at the other and themselves, further revealing the identity crisis of the racialized human being as a whole.

拉爾夫·艾里森是二戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)最重要的黑人作家之一，在文學(xué)創(chuàng)作與文學(xué)、文化評(píng)論領(lǐng)域中表現(xiàn)出超前的文化思想，對(duì)美國(guó)黑人文學(xué)的發(fā)展做出了里程碑式的貢獻(xiàn)?！犊床灰?jiàn)的人》是他生前完成并出版的唯一一部長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)。通過(guò)描寫(xiě)無(wú)名主人公對(duì)白人世界的窺視及其受到的來(lái)自白人世界的普遍的凝視，小說(shuō)揭示了種族主義和殖民主義對(duì)美國(guó)黑人與白人身份和意識(shí)形態(tài)造成的共同限制。在視覺(jué)文化理論中，看與被看的行為往往與階級(jí)、種族、性別等身份問(wèn)題聯(lián)系在一起，構(gòu)建出如黑人凝視白人，男人凝視女人，西方凝視東方等一系列二元對(duì)立的權(quán)力話語(yǔ)[1]。本文以薩特和拉康為代表的視覺(jué)理論為基礎(chǔ)，結(jié)合法農(nóng)對(duì)于種族與黑人身體的后殖民論述，解讀小說(shuō)中作為文化主體的白人群體與作為文化他者的黑人群體間的視線交流，分析在各自目光中被異化的黑/白人形象，從而揭示被種族化的人類整體共同面臨的身份危機(jī)。

一、主體注視下的不可見(jiàn)性

小說(shuō)以無(wú)名黑人“我”的第一人稱回憶角度，講述了其在20世紀(jì)二三十年代在美國(guó)南部的社會(huì)里打拼的生活。作為非裔美國(guó)人，他在白人社會(huì)中幾乎沒(méi)有任何地位，他的遭遇被人忽視。艾里森也沒(méi)有賦予小說(shuō)主人公姓名，在他看來(lái)，“這種無(wú)形性的聲音源自美國(guó)復(fù)雜的地底深處”[2]9?！皬?fù)雜的地底深處”不僅明指主人公出場(chǎng)時(shí)身處的廢棄地窖，也暗指美國(guó)黑人受到的隱性的種族歧視與種族隔離。南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后，美國(guó)黑人雖然名義上獲得了與白人平等的權(quán)利，但實(shí)際上仍被視為野蠻的劣等民族，被邊緣化和他者化，意識(shí)形態(tài)受到不斷地改變和侵蝕。

殖民主義視域中種族意識(shí)的自我與他者的對(duì)立來(lái)源于薩特的注視，主體與客體的相互注視使得主客體分別得以確立。在薩特的理論中，當(dāng)“主體—我”進(jìn)行注視時(shí)，我就是世界的中心，萬(wàn)物的存在都隨著我的目光向我靠攏，它們存在于我的意識(shí)中，這時(shí)的我不僅存在的，而且具有主體性質(zhì)。造成無(wú)名主人公“看不見(jiàn)性”的原因通常被理解為作為主體的白人群體對(duì)作為客體的黑人群體采取漠視的態(tài)度。因而，作為客體存在的黑人群體雖然有血有肉，也并不是“纏磨著埃德加·愛(ài)倫·坡的那種幽靈”或是“習(xí)以為常的好萊塢電影中虛無(wú)縹緲的幻影”，他們依然無(wú)法被看見(jiàn)[2]1。在序言中，一天晚上無(wú)名主人公不小心撞到了一個(gè)白膚黃發(fā)的男人。主人公認(rèn)為這個(gè)白人看見(jiàn)了他，因?yàn)槟莻€(gè)男人用“一雙藍(lán)眼睛傲慢地注視”他，拼命掙扎，但就是拒絕道歉。從主人公的視角來(lái)看，作為主體的自己注視了白人這個(gè)對(duì)象，因此作為主人公視線中的他者的白人同樣應(yīng)該注視著作為主體的主人公，這種來(lái)自他者的注視雖然不是自由的，但也足以“使我是我所是了”[3]22。主人公希望通過(guò)對(duì)象—白人反觀的視線定義自己的身份，所以他要求對(duì)方以恰當(dāng)方式做出對(duì)身份的承認(rèn)——道歉。然而，當(dāng)時(shí)的美國(guó)黑人一直處于被剝削和壓迫的地位，白人剝奪了他們的人身權(quán)、文化權(quán)與話語(yǔ)權(quán)，一如杰倫斯基指出，“白人只能看見(jiàn)符合他們期望扮演特定角色的黑人”[4]。盡管這個(gè)男人一直睜大那雙傲慢的藍(lán)眼睛似乎在注視著主人公，其實(shí)，作為此時(shí)注視行為發(fā)出的主體，白人并沒(méi)有把主人公歸類為視線中的值得被看的對(duì)象，否定了他作為對(duì)象—他者存在的權(quán)力。

這種否定往往是主動(dòng)的、強(qiáng)制性的。畢業(yè)典禮之后，主人公應(yīng)邀在鎮(zhèn)里白人頭面人物的集會(huì)上進(jìn)行格斗。進(jìn)入格斗場(chǎng)地后，他們做好準(zhǔn)備“讓人用白色寬布條把眼睛蒙起來(lái)”[2]18。白色的蒙眼布與黑色的雙眼強(qiáng)化了黑與白這一組對(duì)立的視覺(jué)意象。鎮(zhèn)里的白人頭面人物試圖用自己的行為準(zhǔn)則與文化信仰蒙蔽主人公的視線，使他看不清社會(huì)的本質(zhì)，盲目順從主流文化的引導(dǎo)。黑人格斗者對(duì)白人的反抗沒(méi)有付諸行動(dòng)，順從地接受了將要被蒙眼的事實(shí)。薩特認(rèn)為，“在他者的注視下，我成為世界上我之外的我的存在，成了非我之我，我接受了他人賦予的存在，被物化了，這樣在別人的注視下，我就感到痛苦、混亂與不安”[5]106。他者的注視對(duì)客體主體性的存在具有很大的威脅，會(huì)使主體異化甚至消亡。白人—主體害怕成為黑人—他者眼中的自我，對(duì)他者的視線感到了莫大的威脅，因此，盡管他們?cè)谝曈蛑锌吹搅俗鳛樗叽嬖诘暮谌烁穸氛邆?，但?dāng)白人意識(shí)到黑人客體具有“注視”的權(quán)力時(shí)，他們剝奪了黑人觀視的權(quán)力，唯恐自己的世界因注視而受到損害。當(dāng)長(zhǎng)相俏麗的金發(fā)女郎一絲不掛地在會(huì)場(chǎng)中跳舞時(shí)，黑人格斗者們不敢注視舞者的裸體。白人觀眾對(duì)此反應(yīng)不一：“要是我們瞧了姑娘有人就露出兇相，要是我們沒(méi)有去瞅她又會(huì)有人怒形于色”[2]17。由此可見(jiàn)，白人群體對(duì)黑人的視線充滿了矛盾心理，一些白人要求黑人通過(guò)觀視來(lái)表明自己是充滿獸欲的劣等種族，同時(shí)他們也能通過(guò)黑人的視線滿足他們對(duì)“白人女性的不可控制的欲望”；另一些白人則禁止黑人觀看，因?yàn)椤昂谌四行耘c白人女性的性接觸”是被禁止的，而且白人也擔(dān)心黑人展現(xiàn)的男性氣質(zhì)會(huì)破壞以白人為中心的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)[4]。根據(jù)薩特的視覺(jué)理論，“不管眼睛的本性是什么，眼睛顯示的注視都是純粹歸結(jié)到我本身的”[6]。從本體論的角度考慮，無(wú)論他者到場(chǎng)與否，“世界上總有他者面對(duì)我在場(chǎng)而且我總有為他存在的一維”[7]。因此，白人集會(huì)者盡管在這場(chǎng)視覺(jué)實(shí)踐中竭力強(qiáng)化自我的主體地位并將黑人格斗者客體化、邊緣化，他們對(duì)客體注視行為的否定態(tài)度不僅剝奪了客體的在場(chǎng)，還使他們自己的主體身份也成了一種可以質(zhì)疑的在場(chǎng)。

黑人在視覺(jué)實(shí)踐中之所以總是被“看不見(jiàn)”既可以歸咎于白人——主體的拒絕觀視導(dǎo)致了“看不見(jiàn)性”的產(chǎn)生，也因?yàn)楹谌巳狈φ_內(nèi)視的能力，無(wú)法確定自己的身份核心。正如貝爾指出的那樣，“在向外看待其他人和他們認(rèn)定自己的身份之前，一個(gè)人必須首先眼睛向內(nèi)，找到自己存在的核心——一種歷史遺產(chǎn)和成就的產(chǎn)物”[8]。主人名字的缺失意味著主體自我意識(shí)的缺失，這也是他一直找尋自我意識(shí)的原因。無(wú)論他走到哪里，總有白人告訴他這個(gè)社會(huì)的規(guī)范，盡管這些“解答往往相互矛盾，甚至本身也是矛盾的”，他總是選擇全盤(pán)接受[2]13。作為奴隸的后代，主人公處處以溫順的表現(xiàn)迎合白人眼中順從懦弱的黑人形象，成了“品行端正的楷模”[2]14。

在大學(xué)校園里，他成為該校奠基人布克·T·華盛頓的忠實(shí)信徒。作為融入白人思想的代表，華盛頓要求黑人“暫時(shí)放棄對(duì)平等政治權(quán)利的訴求”，以“換取白人對(duì)他們?cè)诮逃?、?chuàng)業(yè)方面的支持和資助”[9]。主人公對(duì)自我身份的構(gòu)建毫無(wú)意識(shí)，努力成為一名未來(lái)的華盛頓，成為白人期待的樣子。在紐約的飯店里用餐時(shí)，他刻意拒絕了黑人的民族食物，然而，他又擔(dān)心自己的刻意為之會(huì)引起別人的不滿，“我得小心行事，不要像一個(gè)北方的黑人那樣說(shuō)的太多”[2]157。由此可見(jiàn)，主人公對(duì)自我意識(shí)的構(gòu)建采取了消極的認(rèn)知態(tài)度，對(duì)黑人文化的存在與否并沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一性和整體性的觀念，一如嬰兒在鏡像階段的表現(xiàn)。拉康把6-18個(gè)月大的嬰兒視為進(jìn)入鏡像階段，在這一時(shí)期，嬰兒愛(ài)照鏡子，并讓內(nèi)在世界與外在世界以此建立起某種聯(lián)系，在對(duì)鏡像的觀看中，嬰兒不僅完成了屬于想象界的自戀性認(rèn)同，也完成了屬于象征界的他者認(rèn)同，“前者是對(duì)自己或與自己相似的他人形象的看，后者則是以他者的目光來(lái)看自己，按照他人指給自己的理想形象來(lái)看自己，以使自己成為令人滿意的、值得愛(ài)的對(duì)象”[10]。然而鏡像階段卻又是場(chǎng)悲劇，“它的內(nèi)在沖勁從不足匱乏奔向預(yù)見(jiàn)先定——對(duì)于受空間確認(rèn)誘惑的主體來(lái)說(shuō)，它策動(dòng)了從身體的殘缺形象到我們稱之為整體的矯形形式的種種狂想”[11]。換言之，盡管主人公并非是6-18個(gè)月階段的嬰兒，但是不斷內(nèi)化的奴性使其一直受困于鏡像階段。對(duì)他而言，白人世界的文化規(guī)范就是一面鏡子，他試圖從他人那里尋求自我的行動(dòng)好比嬰兒一次又一次地照鏡子。雖然鏡像有可能催生自我意識(shí)的產(chǎn)生，但這終究只是虛幻的存在。不斷迎合他人要求的結(jié)果就是不斷將一個(gè)接一個(gè)的幻象強(qiáng)加在自己身上而已。

二、他者凝視下虛幻的鏡像

在種族主義的二元對(duì)立范式中，看與被看成了一種單向的視覺(jué)關(guān)系，構(gòu)建出總是處于對(duì)立位置上的主體與他者，正如“總是男性在凝視女性，女性也變得用男性的目光和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)凝視自己一樣，正如總是白人在凝視黑人，黑人也變得用白人的目光和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)凝視自己一樣”[3]56。實(shí)際上，正如薩特指出，注視是一個(gè)雙向的、可逆的過(guò)程，作為客體的對(duì)象可以對(duì)主體進(jìn)行注視從而使自身主體化，使主體他者化。拉康也在凝視理論中認(rèn)同了這一點(diǎn)，他認(rèn)為，在“我”看之前，“我”已經(jīng)被光線照射而被看到，來(lái)自外部的凝視先于觀看而存在，因此觀者被一種預(yù)先存在的凝視回望——透過(guò)這種凝視，我進(jìn)入光線[12]。齊澤克進(jìn)一步解讀了這種凝視的預(yù)先存在，他認(rèn)為“我可觀看客體，客體也透過(guò)某個(gè)點(diǎn)位凝視我，我卻永遠(yuǎn)看不到那個(gè)點(diǎn)位”[13]216。換言之，由于“我”的觀視行為被來(lái)自四面八方的凝視所主導(dǎo)，“我”既是觀視的主體也是被觀視的客體，而“我”又通過(guò)想象逃避了一直被看的事實(shí)，因此，“我”發(fā)出的觀視行為就成了對(duì)自己的觀看。

就無(wú)名主人公的遭遇而言，在他觀視白人社會(huì)時(shí)，白人的主導(dǎo)文化與社會(huì)架構(gòu)具備了凝視的預(yù)先存在的全視者功能。白人無(wú)處不在的話語(yǔ)剝奪了黑人群體的主體性，白人的目光注視成為監(jiān)視黑人一舉一動(dòng)的工具。白人可以“透過(guò)屋頂和墻壁的窺視洞”密切監(jiān)視，“看你會(huì)不會(huì)有什么越軌的行為”，他們會(huì)在任何地方，也許“馬路對(duì)面那幢灰色大樓上的大鐘背后隱藏著一雙銳利的眼睛”[2]145。然而通過(guò)主人公想象的反轉(zhuǎn)，這個(gè)注視在他內(nèi)心被刪除了，所以他在序言中聲稱自己無(wú)法獲得白人的認(rèn)同，是不能被看見(jiàn)的人。因此，主人公對(duì)白人的觀視行為其實(shí)就是對(duì)自己的觀視，他眼中的白人男性形象也是自我理想形象的內(nèi)化體現(xiàn)。

在大學(xué)校園，主人公開(kāi)車載白人校董諾頓四處參觀，車前的反光鏡成為主人公注視諾頓先生的媒介。主人公覺(jué)得鏡子中的諾頓先生動(dòng)作優(yōu)雅，態(tài)度隨和，是“精明的銀行家、熟練的科學(xué)家、董事和慈善家”，是白人“偉大傳統(tǒng)的象征”[2]33。當(dāng)兩人的目光在反光鏡中相遇時(shí)，主人公立刻緊張地低下了頭，無(wú)法看到自己在鏡子中的映像，這并不是說(shuō)，他一點(diǎn)也不在意自己的不在場(chǎng)，因?yàn)橹Z頓先生在鏡中的成功者形象掩蓋了主人公自我的鏡像，主人公也想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為自己或許也該按照諾頓的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)而努力。透過(guò)諾頓先生的鏡像，他似乎看到了自己想象中的未來(lái)。

到了紐約之后，主人公依然沉浸在他人虛幻的形象中，絲毫沒(méi)有意識(shí)到自我主體的不在場(chǎng)。在旅館里，他微笑地幻想自己成為校長(zhǎng)先生身邊的精明強(qiáng)干的年輕助手，“換上了上等質(zhì)料、款式入時(shí)的服裝，顯得衣冠楚楚，就像《紳士》雜志上那種年輕經(jīng)理之類的人物”[2]144。主人公投射了自己的愿望，并陷入想象界中無(wú)法自拔，以至于在去愛(ài)默生先生的辦事處求職時(shí)，他還為沒(méi)有在觀察辦公室內(nèi)奢華的陳設(shè)之前先注意到白人男秘書(shū)而自責(zé)，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)男人“和衣領(lǐng)廣告畫(huà)上的人極為相似：紅潤(rùn)的臉色、金黃色的頭發(fā)梳的整整齊齊，一件按照熱帶式樣編織的衣服大方地從他那寬闊的肩膀上披下來(lái)”[2]159。為了延長(zhǎng)對(duì)虛幻鏡像的體驗(yàn)，主人公甚至改變了黑人傳統(tǒng)的行為方式，并為摒棄黑人文化而自得。在鏡子前面，他幻想自己開(kāi)始用渾厚低沉的明星腔調(diào)演講致辭，他在南方不能這樣說(shuō)話，因?yàn)榘兹瞬幌矚g這樣的方式。這里，主人公正在“為了別人而扮演一個(gè)角色，他的想象性認(rèn)同就是他的為了他人的存在，而這個(gè)別人正是他自己，他扮演角色是為了某一凝視，而他已經(jīng)在符號(hào)上認(rèn)同了這一凝視”[14]147。

當(dāng)然，人的目光不是被動(dòng)的、機(jī)械的，而是經(jīng)常受到自身境遇與周遭文化和環(huán)境的制約。因而，主人公對(duì)白人觀看的方式與看到的形象也會(huì)受到影響。在油漆廠的事故中，主人公受傷被送進(jìn)了醫(yī)院。在醫(yī)院里一張冰冷的白椅子上，一個(gè)頭戴反射鏡的白人醫(yī)生看著他，腦門(mén)當(dāng)中“仿佛有一只閃閃發(fā)光的、明亮的第三只眼”正在進(jìn)行窺視[2]207。此時(shí)，鏡子中的形象不再是虛幻的白人形象，而是主人公自己受傷的殘?bào)w。他難以接受這種突如其來(lái)的鏡像轉(zhuǎn)變，因而在想象中再次刪除了這個(gè)穿著奇怪白色工裝褲的形象，以至于失去意識(shí)前接受醫(yī)生提問(wèn)時(shí)，他腦中唯一的形象就是“那面灼人的鏡子”[2]207。一臺(tái)用玻璃和鎳制造的機(jī)器在主人公身上產(chǎn)生了前額腦葉切除手術(shù)的效果。盡管肉體上完好無(wú)損，但他丟失了自由表達(dá)情緒的能力，他“試著想象自己發(fā)怒了，結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種更加深刻的冷漠的意識(shí)”[2]213。換言之，主人公腦中的記憶、原有的意識(shí)乃至以往一系列虛幻的鏡像和對(duì)外界的認(rèn)知全部被手術(shù)抹除，再次變成了正在進(jìn)入鏡像階段的嬰兒。雖然他對(duì)自己的認(rèn)知幾乎是零，對(duì)于醫(yī)生卡片上的問(wèn)題難以作答，但同樣，白人通過(guò)視線強(qiáng)加給他的約束力也降到了最低。此時(shí)，他不再是過(guò)去那個(gè)對(duì)白人文化無(wú)條件遵從的、被白人塑造出的模范黑人，經(jīng)由這次手術(shù)的改造，他獲得了擁有自我意識(shí)的機(jī)會(huì)。

在白人杰克的邀請(qǐng)下，主人公參加了兄弟會(huì)。起初，主人公像以往一樣對(duì)白人的規(guī)范言聽(tīng)計(jì)從。為了符合杰克為他量身打造的黑人形象，他努力工作，盡可能擴(kuò)大兄弟會(huì)的影響。當(dāng)他與杰克產(chǎn)生政見(jiàn)分歧的時(shí)候，他意識(shí)到兄弟會(huì)需要的不過(guò)是個(gè)符合他們要求的順從的黑人“演員”。在激烈爭(zhēng)辯中，杰克的假眼球從他臉上彈了出來(lái)，掉進(jìn)了杯中，在光線照射下投射出一個(gè)“透明的、有明顯凹槽的影子”[2]430。杰克的形象由高高在上的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者變成了獨(dú)眼巨人般的怪物，可以操控視線的眼球躺在杯底，只能被光線任意扭曲，這無(wú)不暗示著白人主體形象的弱化。加之在醫(yī)院手術(shù)之后，白人視覺(jué)對(duì)他的約束力早已降到最低點(diǎn)，因此，主人公終于看清了鏡像的虛幻性，兄弟會(huì)白人并非他以往幻想的那樣同情黑人群體。白人的鏡中投影破碎之后，他也因此得以正視身體中的自我意識(shí)，“我不是別人，我就是我自己”[2]13。

三、互視過(guò)程中扭曲的身體意象

不論是在主體主動(dòng)發(fā)出的注視中，還是在預(yù)先存在的凝視下，身體一直暴露在視線之中，成為視線的交匯點(diǎn)，同時(shí)，主體與客體的自我意識(shí)也會(huì)借身體的意象而展現(xiàn)。在先驗(yàn)性的白人社會(huì)中，感知與話語(yǔ)成為分化人種的方式，甚至在白人認(rèn)識(shí)或了解黑人之前，黑人先天的黑皮膚已經(jīng)成為白人評(píng)價(jià)黑人的先決條件。不管黑人的自我意識(shí)高貴與否，只要他們擁有黑色的皮膚，他們的身份就是低下的。

受到這種先入為主的偏見(jiàn)影響，白人在遇到黑人時(shí)總是會(huì)先看見(jiàn)他們外在的黑皮膚而不是他們的內(nèi)在自我，黑人身體的意象在白人的種族主義的眼光中被再現(xiàn)、重構(gòu)，最終發(fā)生扭曲。黑人從白人的眼中只能看到自己扭曲的身體意象，因而難以構(gòu)建自己的自我意識(shí)。作為身處白人主導(dǎo)社會(huì)中的黑人知識(shí)分子，法農(nóng)認(rèn)為種族主義不僅異化了黑人的自我覺(jué)醒，還迫使他們屈服于先驗(yàn)性的白人規(guī)范。在《黑皮膚，白面具》中，他回憶了在巴黎街頭遭遇白人孩童的經(jīng)歷。白人小男孩看到法農(nóng)后對(duì)媽媽大喊“看那個(gè)黑人，我害怕！”在白人的注視下，黑人沒(méi)有“任何本體論的抗力，”白人的目光將黑人的身體物化了[15]83。而對(duì)于黑人來(lái)說(shuō)，他們只能從白人的眼中認(rèn)識(shí)自己的身體，體內(nèi)的自我意識(shí)“我”也因此成了被白人規(guī)范了性質(zhì)的黑人他者。孩童污蔑性的種族主義言辭迫使作為黑人的法農(nóng)獲得了自己被扭曲的身體意象：他的身體使他“又覺(jué)得被暴露無(wú)遺，渾身散了架，精疲力竭”；他“客觀地掃視自己，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的黑色皮膚，[他]種族的特征——吃人肉、智力遲鈍、拜物教”，他是長(zhǎng)得丑的壞人，是頭低劣的“牲口”[15]85-86。

格斗場(chǎng)上，主人公是“姜黃色的黑鬼”，是對(duì)白人舞女有不良意圖的“黑雜種”。他的身體成為白人“用來(lái)構(gòu)建一場(chǎng)想象中的色情儀式并強(qiáng)化他們觀看對(duì)跨種族性行為的快感”的工具[16]。得知白人希望格斗者們通過(guò)爭(zhēng)搶的方式贏取賞錢(qián)時(shí)，主人公不僅沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)出絲毫的抵觸情緒，反而樂(lè)在其中，他不顧觸電的麻痹感，專揀美鈔和金幣，像只落水的老鼠。被種族主義扭曲的黑人身體意象不僅異化了黑人的自我覺(jué)醒，還迫使他們屈服于先驗(yàn)性的白人規(guī)范。白人視自己的世界為唯一正直的所在，拒絕黑人的一切參與，并要求黑人“有黑膚色人的舉止——或至少是黑人的舉止”[15]87。因此，想要在白人的世界中生活，黑人要么得遵守白人的苛刻要求，循規(guī)蹈矩地扮演白人想讓他們扮演的低劣的黑人角色，要么就得背叛黑人的傳統(tǒng)文化，將被漂白的自我意識(shí)與黑色的身軀分離開(kāi)來(lái)，成為白人的奴隸。大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)布萊索就是一個(gè)被白人文化奴化且背叛自己膚色的典型，他對(duì)白人唯命是從，極力討好，一直精心扮演白人希望看到的黑鬼的角色，并揚(yáng)言“不惜讓國(guó)內(nèi)所有的黑人一個(gè)早上都在樹(shù)上吊死”[2]127。油漆工廠地下室的黑人負(fù)責(zé)人布羅克韋也是如此。他總是一身黑人工人的傳統(tǒng)打扮，卻要求主人公尊稱他為布羅克韋先生，還套用了一首充滿憤怒和悲哀的黑人民謠為光學(xué)白油漆編寫(xiě)廣告語(yǔ)[17]。

在《論白人性與黑色身體的回歸》中，彥西認(rèn)為，身體的意象，不論其膚色如何，都先于其被種族化之前而存在，雖然這種存在有可能是虛幻的，因?yàn)樘幱谥鲗?dǎo)地位的種族會(huì)將其他種族的身體視為低等的或是不在場(chǎng)的[16]。而在有關(guān)男性與女性的文學(xué)書(shū)寫(xiě)中，觀者與被看者之間的關(guān)系呈現(xiàn)的是非對(duì)稱的權(quán)力關(guān)系，女性往往是被動(dòng)的、被觀看的客體，是男性性幻想的目標(biāo)，而“看”的動(dòng)作也成了男性對(duì)女性的征服。同樣，席凡德指出，主人公一直以來(lái)對(duì)男子氣概與兄弟情義青睞有加，這讓他無(wú)法正視女性與他一樣作為人類存在的形象[18]。舞廳里，他被金發(fā)舞女的裸體強(qiáng)烈吸引，他既想“撫摸她柔軟的大腿，愛(ài)撫她，同時(shí)又想毀掉她，想愛(ài)憐她同時(shí)又想殺害她”[2]16。在他的注視下，金發(fā)女郎的身體被物化了，正扮演著他所希望看到的誘惑角色，成為喚醒性欲的工具。在冥神大廈的聚會(huì)上，主人公一看到穿著時(shí)髦的埃瑪就對(duì)她身上濃郁的香味格外注意，沖著她撲鼻的溫柔的香氣靠了過(guò)去。舞會(huì)后，他對(duì)?，?shù)挠∠笸Ａ粼谌庥麑用?，束緊的胸部，逗人的秋波，柔軟的身體“緊貼”在他身上，讓他“欲火旺盛”[2]467。白人婦女西比爾一出場(chǎng)就被主人公視為一個(gè)極具女性生育象征的角色。在她家里，主人公的視線將她物化成了與墻上掛著的“真人一樣大小的粉紅色的裸體畫(huà)”相同的物品。西比爾的腦中充滿各種色情幻想，一直希望自己能被黑人男性強(qiáng)奸。主人公故意讓她喝醉而沒(méi)有強(qiáng)奸她，這意味著主人公徹底物化了西比爾的身體，并沒(méi)有把她視為可以進(jìn)行性接觸的女人來(lái)看待。之后，主人公用唇膏在她身上寫(xiě)下玩笑似的便條，也正是說(shuō)明他將西比爾的身體異化為可以隨意操縱的物體。

由此可見(jiàn)，白人女性從主人公眼中再次獲得的身體意象也是被重構(gòu)的，是被扭曲的，她們的自我意識(shí)也只能通過(guò)主人公視線的聚焦和過(guò)濾才由外及內(nèi)地呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。在他看來(lái)，白人女性的身體意象成為淫蕩、色情、誘惑的范式，一如他自己在白人眼中始終是骯臟、低賤的黑鬼一樣。

四、結(jié)語(yǔ)

艾里森在小說(shuō)自序中坦言，他創(chuàng)作這部小說(shuō)的目的不僅在于“揭示人類在于苦難中的普遍因素，不管他們是黑人還是美國(guó)人”，也為了“駁斥全國(guó)性拒絕共同人性的傾向”，因?yàn)檫@種黑人和白人和睦相處的現(xiàn)實(shí)的自然認(rèn)知中存在“有關(guān)跨越種族、宗教、階級(jí)、膚色和地區(qū)等障礙——這些障礙包括許多設(shè)計(jì)好并繼續(xù)起作用的區(qū)分策略”[2]12。在這里，這種“拒絕共同人性的傾向”在看與被看的行為中，在以主人公為代表的黑人群體與作為文化主體的白人群體的相互觀視中得到了表現(xiàn)。在白人注視下，黑人在發(fā)掘自我意識(shí)的過(guò)程中四處碰壁，迷失在白人文化構(gòu)建的權(quán)力體系中；同時(shí)，在黑人的目光中，白人的身體意象也發(fā)生了扭曲，白人女性被物化成了他者眼中的他者。換言之，通過(guò)描寫(xiě)他者眼中的被異化的主體形象，艾里森還原了黑白種族矛盾的根源，進(jìn)一步揭示了白人與黑人共有的人性與非人性。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1] 鐘遠(yuǎn)波. 凝視: 作為權(quán)力的觀看[J]. 美術(shù)觀察, 2010(6): 122.

[2] 拉爾夫·艾里森. 看不見(jiàn)的人[M]. 任紹曾，譯. 上海: 上海文藝出版社, 2014.

[3] 朱曉蘭. “凝視”理論研究[D]. 南京：南京大學(xué)，2011.

[4] JARENSKI S. Invisibility embraced: the abject as a site of agency in Ellison’sInvisibleMan[J]. Multi-Ethnic Literature of the U. S. , 2010,35(4): 85-109.

[5] 杜小真. 一個(gè)絕望者的希望：薩特引論[M]. 上海: 上海人民出版社, 1988.

[6] 薩特. 存在與虛無(wú)[M]. 陳宣良，譯. 北京:生活·讀書(shū)·新知三聯(lián)書(shū)店, 1997： 335.

[7] 呂理. 薩特“他者”理論研究[D]. 哈爾濱：黑龍江大學(xué), 2008： 13.

[8] BELL B W. The Afro-American novel and its tradition[M]. Amherst: U. of Massachusetts P. , 1987： 199.

[9] 王業(yè)昭. 布克·華盛頓思想解析[J]. 世界民族, 2012(6): 74-81.

[10] 吳瓊. 他者的凝視：拉康的凝視理論[J]. 文藝研究, 2010(4): 33-42.

[11] 拉康. 拉康選集[M]. 褚孝泉，譯. 上海: 上海三聯(lián)書(shū)店, 2000： 93.

[12] LACAN J. The seminar of jacques lacan, book XI: the four fundamental concepts of psychoanalysis[M]. New York: W. W. Norton, 1998： 72.

[13] 斯拉沃熱·齊澤克. 斜目而視: 透過(guò)通俗文化看拉康[M]. 季廣茂，譯. 杭州: 浙江大學(xué)出版社, 2011.

[14] 斯拉沃熱·齊澤克. 意識(shí)形態(tài)的崇高客體[M]. 季廣茂，譯. 北京: 中央編譯出版社, 2001.

[15] 弗朗茲·法農(nóng). 黑皮膚，白面具[M]. 萬(wàn)冰譯. 南京: 譯林出版社, 2005.

[16] YANCY G. Whiteness and the return of the black body[J]. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 2005，19(4): 215-241.

[17] 李美芹. 《看不見(jiàn)的人》中黑人的自我異化[J]. 廣西社會(huì)科學(xué), 2002(5): 191-192.

[18] SYLVANDER C W. Ralph Ellison’s invisible man and female stereotypes[J]. Negro American Literature Forum, 1975,9(3): 77-79.

Constructing Core Socialist Values: Experience and Inspiration/HUANG Mingli，et al (School of Marxism Hohai University, Nanjing 211000, China)

Key words: core socialist values; Marxism; ideology; experience and inspiration

On the Dialectical Thinking of Xi Jinping’s Thought on Social Governance/LIU Ailian, et al(School of Marxism, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Key words: social governance; materialist dialectics; dialectical thinking; people’s livelihood issues

The Rule of Law in China:The Advanced Form of China’s Rule of Law/XING Hongfei，et al (Law School, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Key words: rule of law; rule by law; rule of law in China; the great leap forward with rule of law

The Social Practice Turn of Science Study: Contemporary Understanding of Bernal’s Science of Science/ZHANG Yan(School of Marxism, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Key words: Bernal; science of science; science research; the turn of social practice

On the Subject of Socialist Cultural Construction/MIAO Zimei(Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China)

Key words: socialism with Chinese characteristics; culture; subject

On Social Stratification of Reservoir Resettlement in the Context of Affinity Urbanization: A Case Study of LRC Resettlement Village/SHI Guoqing，et al (Research Center of China’s Migrants, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Key words: affinity urbanization of reservoir resettlement; social stratification; social structure; LRC Village

The Origin and Development of Environmental Sociology/CHEN Ajiang(The Research Center of Environment and Society in Yangtze River Delta, Key Research Base of Jiangsu Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanjing 210098, China)

Key words: environmental sociology; history of discipline; America and Europe; Japan; China

Governmental Coordination of Land Allocation of Reservoir Resettlement/XU Jiajun，et al(School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Key words: reservoir resettlement; land allocation; governmental coordination

Identity Crisis of Public Broadcasting in China: Research into Development Dilemma and Strategy Concerned/YU Hong，et al(School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Key words: public broadcasting; identity crisis; game theory; development strategy

An Empirical Analysis of Allocation Efficiency of Science-Technology Resources in Yangtze River Economic Zones/SHI Anna，et al(Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Key words: the Yangtze River economic zones； allocation efficiency of science-technology resources；Super-Efficience DEA model；Malmquist index

A Fragility Evaluation of Chinese Financial System from 1998 to 2013/HUANG Dechun，et al(Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Key words: financial system; fragility evaluation; risk exposure; sensitivity; risk adaptability capability

The Impact of Regulation Orientation on Online Shopping Decision-Making/CHEN Youqing，et al (School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Key words: online shopping; regulation orientation; decision-making

Impact Measurement of Chinese OFDI on the Economic Growth of Five Central Asian Countries in the Context of One Belt and One Road strategy/ZHU Zhiming，et al(Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Key words: OFDI; five central Asian countries; One Belt and One Road Strategy; impact measurement; qualitative prediction

A Review of the Relationship between Leaders and Subordinates Work Pressure/LIU Quzhi(Students’ Affairs Division, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Key words: leaders; interaction between leaders and subordinates; stress; health

The Connotation and Enlightenmentof Water Culture of Dujiang Weir Water Conservancy Project from the Perspective of Water Ecological Civilization/ZHENG Dajun，et al ( School of Marxism, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Key words: Dujiang Weir water conservancy project；water ecological civilization；water culture

Representation and Building of the Images of Water Conservancy:Investigation and Analysis Based on Stamps of Water Conservancy Theme in China Since 1949/ZHANG Weibing，et al (China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038，China)

Key words: water conservancy stamp; image of water conservancy; image-building

A Study of Translation Economy from the Perspective of Industry Organization/SUN Ningning(College of International Languages and Cultures,Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Key words: Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP); New Empirical Industry Organization (NEIO); translation economies of scale; translation industry; management of translation economy

Thinking ofEveryman’s Death from the Perspective of Existential Ontology/ZHU Guicheng，et al(College of International Languages and Cultures, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Key words:Everyman; existential ontology; being towards death; first experience of death

Gaze at the Other and Identity Construction inInvisibleMan/ZHANGChi(SchoolofForeignLanguageStudies,NanjingUniversity,Nanjing210093,China)

Keywords:gazetheory；race；identity；subject；Other